Computer Graphics

MBUYA
Introduction of Computer Graphics
Computer Graphics:
• It is the use of computers to
create and manipulate pictures
on a display device.
• It comprises of software
techniques to create, store,
modify, represents pictures.
Application of Computer Graphics
• Entertainment
• Design and Visualization
• Education and Training
• Medical Imaging and
Healthcare
• Scientific Research and Data
Visualization
Interactive and Passive Graphics
Interactive Graphics:
• Interactive graphics involve real-time user interaction with computer-
generated content. Users can manipulate, navigate, and modify visual
elements dynamically, allowing for immediate feedback and response to
user input. Interactive graphics are commonly found in applications such as
video games, computer-aided design (CAD) software, virtual reality (VR)
environments, and data visualization tools.
• Video Games: Interactive graphics in video games enable players to control
characters, explore virtual worlds, and interact with objects within the game
environment.
• CAD Software: Designers and engineers use interactive graphics in CAD software to
manipulate 3D models, make design changes, and visualize their designs from
different perspectives.
• VR Environments: Virtual reality applications leverage interactive graphics to create
immersive experiences where users can interact with virtual objects and
environments using motion controllers or other input devices.
• Data Visualization: Interactive data visualization tools allow users to explore and
analyze datasets by interacting with visual representations, such as charts, graphs,
and interactive maps.
Interactive and Passive Graphics
Passive Graphics:
• Passive graphics, on the other hand, involve the display of pre-rendered or
static visual content without user interaction. Users typically observe and
consume the visual information without the ability to modify or
manipulate it in real-time. Passive graphics are prevalent in various media
forms, including films, television, printed materials, and pre-rendered
animations.
• Films and Television: Passive graphics are used extensively in films, television shows,
and commercials to present pre-rendered visual effects, animations, and computer-
generated imagery (CGI) sequences.
• Printed Materials: Passive graphics are commonly found in printed materials such as
books, magazines, posters, and advertisements, where static images and illustrations
are used to convey information or enhance visual appeal.
• Pre-rendered Animations: Passive graphics are employed in pre-rendered
animations for storytelling, educational content, and promotional videos, where
visual sequences are created in advance and played back to the audience without
user interaction.
Graphic Systems
[Link] Processor:
• It is interpreter or piece of hardware that converts display processor
code into pictures. It is one of the four main parts of the display
processor
• Parts of Display Processor
i. Display File Memory
ii. Display Processor
iii. Display Generator
iv. Display Console
Display System
Parts of Display Processor
a. Display File Memory: It is used for generation of the picture. It is used for identification of
graphic entities.
b. Display Controller:
i. It handles interrupt
ii. It maintains timings
iii. It is used for interpretation of instruction.
c. Display Generator:
i. It is used for the generation of character.
ii. It is used for the generation of curves.
d. Display Console: It contains
i. Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)
ii. Light Pen and Keyboard
iii. Deflection system
[Link] scan system
• The raster scan system is a method used in display technology to
generate images on a screen by scanning electron beams across the
screen's surface in a systematic pattern.
• This method is primarily associated with cathode ray tube (CRT)
monitors, which were prevalent before the advent of modern flat-
panel displays like LCDs and LEDs
[Link] scan system
A raster display system with a display
processor
-is a common method used in computer graphics to generate images on a display
screen, typically using a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. The system involves
several components working together to convert digital image data into visible
pixels on the screen.
Raster display system with a display processor:Components
1. Display Processor: The display processor is responsible for generating the
signals required to control the electron beam in the CRT monitor. It receives
digital image data from the computer's memory or graphics card and converts
it into signals that determine the intensity and position of the electron beam
on the screen.
2. Frame Buffer: The frame buffer is a portion of memory dedicated to storing the
digital image data for the current frame. Each location in the frame buffer
corresponds to a specific pixel on the screen, and the color or intensity value
stored at that location determines the appearance of the pixel.
Raster display system with a display
processor:Components
3. Raster Scan System: The raster scan system involves scanning the electron
beam across the screen in a systematic pattern, known as raster scanning. The
beam moves horizontally across each scan line, from left to right, and then
vertically down to the next line, repeating this process until the entire screen is
covered. This creates a raster grid of pixels, with each pixel illuminated by the
electron beam according to the corresponding value in the frame buffer.
4. Display Controller: The display controller is responsible for synchronizing the
timing of the raster scan with the generation of image data by the display
processor. It ensures that the electron beam moves across the screen at the
correct rate and that each pixel is illuminated at the appropriate time.
5. Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC): In a CRT monitor, the intensity of the
electron beam is controlled by analog signals. The DAC converts the digital
color or intensity values from the frame buffer into analog voltages that control
the brightness of the electron beam.
Raster display system with a display
processor:Components
6. Beam Deflection System: The beam deflection system consists of
horizontal and vertical deflection coils or yokes that generate
magnetic fields to control the movement of the electron beam. The
horizontal deflection system moves the beam horizontally across
the screen, while the vertical deflection system moves it vertically
down the screen.
7. Pixel Illumination: As the electron beam scans across the screen, it
illuminates phosphor dots on the screen's surface, creating visible
pixels. The intensity of the beam, controlled by the DAC, determines
the brightness of each pixel, while the position of the beam,
controlled by the deflection system, determines its location on the
screen.
[Link] Devices
• The most commonly used display device is a video monitor. The
operation of most video monitors based on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).
The following display devices are used:
i. Refresh Cathode Ray Tube
ii. Random Scan and Raster Scan
iii. Color CRT Monitors
iv. Direct View Storage Tubes
v. Flat Panel Display
vi. Lookup Table
Display devices commonly used in computer
graphics
• Refresh Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):
• The refresh CRT is a type of cathode ray tube used in video monitors.
• It operates by scanning an electron beam across the screen's phosphor-coated
surface to create images.
• The beam is rapidly scanned across the entire screen in a systematic pattern, known
as raster scanning, to refresh the display multiple times per second.
• Random Scan and Raster Scan:
• Random scan and raster scan are two methods used in CRT displays to generate
images.
• In raster scan systems, the electron beam systematically scans across the screen
from left to right and top to bottom, creating a grid of pixels.
• In random scan systems, the electron beam is directed to specific points on the
screen as needed, rather than following a fixed raster pattern.
Display devices commonly used in computer
graphics
• Color CRT Monitors:
• Color CRT monitors use a combination of red, green, and blue phosphors to
produce a wide range of colors.
• They employ multiple electron guns and shadow masks to ensure precise
alignment of the three color components.
• Direct View Storage Tubes:
• Direct view storage tubes (DVSTs) are CRT-based display devices that store
image information directly on the screen's phosphor coating.
• They use a persistent phosphor that retains the image even after the electron
beam has moved on, allowing for long-term display of static images without
constant refreshing.
Display devices commonly used in computer
graphics
• Flat Panel Display:
• Flat panel displays, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting
diode (OLED) displays, have largely replaced CRT monitors in modern computing.
• They use an array of pixels composed of liquid crystals or organic compounds to
create images, offering advantages such as slim profiles, reduced power
consumption, and higher resolutions.
• Lookup Table:
• A lookup table (LUT) is a method used in graphics systems to map digital color values
to specific display colors.
• In CRT displays, the LUT converts digital color values from the frame buffer into
analog voltages that control the intensity of the electron beam for each color
channel (red, green, and blue).
• In modern displays, LUTs are often used for color correction, gamma correction, and
calibration to ensure accurate color reproduction.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):
• CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in
traditional computer monitors and televisions.
• The image on CRT display is created by firing electrons from the back
of the tube of phosphorus located towards the front of the screen.
• Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are
projected on a screen.
• The color you view on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue
and green light.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):
Components of CRT:
1. Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a
heating filament (heater) and a cathode. The electron gun creates a source
of electrons which are focused into a narrow beam directed at the face of
the CRT.
2. Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off.
3. Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the
electrons into a narrow beam.
4. Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It
creates an electric or magnetic field which will bend the electron beam as it
passes through the area. In a conventional CRT, the yoke is linked to a sweep
or scan generator. The deflection yoke which is connected to the sweep
generator creates a fluctuating electric or magnetic potential.
5. Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is coated
with phosphors. Phosphors glow when a high-energy electron beam hits
them. Phosphorescence is the term used to characterize the light given off
by a phosphor after it has been exposed to an electron beam.
Random Scan and Raster Scan Display
[Link] Scan Display:
• Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a
pencil to create a line image on the CRT screen.
• The picture is constructed out of a sequence of straight-line
segments.
• Each line segment is drawn on the screen by directing the beam to
move from one point on the screen to the next, where its x & y
coordinates define each point. After drawing the picture.
• The system cycles back to the first line and design all the lines of the
image 30 to 60 time each second.
Random Scan Display:
Random Scan Display:
• It can draw and refresh component lines of a picture in any specified
sequence. A Pen plotter is an example of random-scan device.
• The number of lines regulates refresh rate on random-scan displays.
An area of memory called refresh display files stores picture
definition as a set of line drawing commands.
• The system returns back to first-line command in the list, after all the
drawing commands have been processed. High-quality vector systems
can handle around 100, 00 short lines at this refresh rate.
Random Scan Display:
• Faster refreshing can burn phosphor. To avoid this every refresh cycle
is delayed to prevent refresh rate greater than 60 frames per second.
Suppose we want to display a square ABCD on the screen. The
commands will be:
• Draw a line from A to B
• Draw a line from B to C
• Draw a line from C to D
• Draw a line from D to A
Random Scan Display:
• Random-Scan Display Processors: Input in the form of an application
program is stored in the system memory along with graphics package.
Graphics package translates the graphic commands in application
program into a display file stored in system memory.
• This display file is then accessed by the display processor to refresh
the screen. The display processor cycles through each command in
the display file program. Sometimes the display processor in a
random-scan is referred as Display Processing Unit / Graphics
Controller.
Random Scan Display:
Random Scan Display:
ADVANTAGES:
• Higher resolution as compared to raster scan display.
• Produces smooth line drawing.
• Less Memory required.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Realistic images with different shades cannot be drawn.
• Colour limitations.
Raster Scan Display:
• A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the
form of a rectangular box called Raster on the screen.
• Information of on and off pixels is stored in refresh buffer or Frame
buffer. Televisions in our house are based on Raster Scan Method.
• The raster scan system can store information of each pixel position, so
it is suitable for realistic display of objects.
• Raster Scan provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames per second
Raster Scan Display:
• Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the
positions are called picture elements or pixels.
• Beam refreshing is of two types. First is horizontal retracing and
second is vertical retracing.
• When the beam starts from the top left corner and reaches the
bottom right scale, it will again return to the top left side called at
vertical retrace.
Raster Scan Display:
Raster Scan Display:
Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan
1. Interlaced Scanning
2. Non-Interlaced Scanning
• In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top
to bottom. Due to which fading of display of object may occur. This
problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning.
• In this first of all odd numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron
beam, then in the next circle, even number of lines are located.
• For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it
gives flickers. For interlaced display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is
used.
Color CRT Monitors
• The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The
phosphors are different colors.
• There are two popular approaches for producing color displays with a
CRT are:
1. Beam Penetration Method
2. Shadow-Mask Method
Beam Penetration Method
• The Beam-Penetration method has been used with random-scan
monitors.
• In this method, the CRT screen is coated with two layers of phosphor,
red and green and the displayed color depends on how far the
electron beam penetrates the phosphor layers.
• This method produces four colors only, red, green, orange and
yellow. A beam of slow electrons excites the outer red layer only;
hence screen shows red color only.
• A beam of high-speed electrons excites the inner green layer
Beam Penetration Method
Advantages:
• Inexpensive
Disadvantages:
• Only four colors are possible
• Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.
[Link] View Storage Tubes
• DVST terminals also use the random scan approach to generate the
image on the CRT screen.
• The term "storage tube" refers to the ability of the screen to retain
the image which has been projected against it, thus avoiding the need
to rewrite the image constantly.
• Function of guns: Two guns are used in DVST
• Primary guns: It is used to store the picture pattern.
• Flood gun or Secondary gun: It is used to maintain picture display.
[Link] View Storage Tubes
Advantage:
1. No refreshing is needed.
2. High Resolution
3. Cost is very less
Disadvantage:
1. It is not possible to erase the selected part of a picture.
2. It is not suitable for dynamic graphics applications.
3. If a part of picture is to modify, then time is consumed.
[Link] Panel Display
• The Flat-Panel display refers to a class of
video devices that have reduced volume,
weight and power requirement compare to
CRT.
• Example: Small T.V. monitor, calculator,
pocket video games, laptop computers, an
advertisement board in elevator.
• 1. Emissive Display: The emissive displays
are devices that convert electrical energy
into light. Examples are Plasma Panel, thin
film electroluminescent display and LED
(Light Emitting Diodes).
• 2. Non-Emissive Display: The Non-Emissive
displays use optical effects to convert
sunlight or light from some other source into
graphics patterns. Examples are LCD (Liquid
Crystal Device).
Plasma Panel Display
• Plasma-Panels are also called as Gas-Discharge Display. It consists of
an array of small lights. Lights are fluorescent in nature.
The essential components of the plasma-panel display are:
i. Cathode: It consists of fine wires. It delivers negative voltage to gas cells.
The voltage is released along with the negative axis.
ii. Anode: It also consists of line wires. It delivers positive voltage. The voltage
is supplied along positive axis.
iii. Fluorescent cells: It consists of small pockets of gas liquids when the
voltage is applied to this liquid (neon gas) it emits light.
iv. Glass Plates: These plates act as capacitors. The voltage will be applied, the
cell will glow continuously.
Plasma Panel Display
Advantage:
• High Resolution
• Large screen size is also possible.
• Less Volume
• Less weight
• Flicker Free Display
Disadvantage:
• Poor Resolution
• Wiring requirement anode and the cathode is complex.
• Its addressing is also complex.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• Liquid Crystal Displays are the devices that produce a picture by passing
polarized light from the surroundings or from an internal light source
through a liquid-crystal material that transmits the light.
• LCD uses the liquid-crystal material between two glass plates; each plate is
the right angle to each other between plates liquid is filled. One glass plate
consists of rows of conductors arranged in vertical direction. Another glass
plate is consisting of a row of conductors arranged in horizontal direction.
The pixel position is determined by the intersection of the vertical &
horizontal conductor. This position is an active part of the screen.
• Liquid crystal display is temperature dependent. It is between zero to
seventy degree Celsius. It is flat and requires very little power to operate.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Advantage:
• Low power consumption.
• Small Size
• Low Cost
Disadvantage:
• LCDs are temperature-dependent (0-70°C)
• LCDs do not emit light; as a result, the image has very little contrast.
• LCDs have no color capability.
• The resolution is not as good as that of a CRT.
Scan Conversion a line
[Link] Conversion Definition
• It is a process of representing graphics objects a collection of pixels. The
graphics objects are continuous. The pixels used are discrete. Each pixel can
have either on or off state.
• The circuitry of the video display device of the computer is capable of
converting binary values (0, 1) into a pixel on and pixel off information. 0 is
represented by pixel off. 1 is represented using pixel on. Using this ability
graphics computer represent picture having discrete dots.
• Any model of graphics can be reproduced with a dense matrix of dots or
points. Most human beings think graphics objects as points, lines, circles,
ellipses. For generating graphical object, many algorithms have been
developed.
Advantage of developing algorithms for scan
conversion
• Algorithms can generate graphics objects at a faster rate.
• Using algorithms memory can be used efficiently.
• Algorithms can develop a higher level of graphical objects.
Pixel or Pel
• The term pixel is a short form of the picture element.
• It is also called a point or dot.
• It is the smallest picture unit accepted by display devices.
• A picture is constructed from hundreds of such pixels.
• Pixels are generated using commands.
• Lines, circle, arcs, characters; curves are drawn with closely spaced
pixels. To display the digit or letter matrix of pixels is used.
Pixel or Pel
• The closer the dots or pixels are, the better will be the quality of
picture. Closer the dots are, crisper will be the picture. Picture will not
appear jagged and unclear if pixels are closely spaced. So the quality
of the picture is directly proportional to the density of pixels on the
screen.
• Pixels are also defined as the smallest addressable unit or element of
the screen.
Pixel or Pel
[Link] Converting a Point
• Each pixel on the graphics
display does not represent a
mathematical point.
• Instead, it means a region
which theoretically can
contain an infinite number of
points.
• Scan-Converting a point
involves illuminating the
pixel that contains the point.
[Link] Converting a Straight Line
• A straight line may be defined by two
endpoints & an equation. In fig the
two endpoints are described by (x1,y1)
and (x2,y2).
• The equation of the line is used to
determine the x, y coordinates of all
the points that lie between these two
endpoints.
[Link] Algorithm
• DDA (Digital Differential Analyzer) is a line drawing algorithm used in
computer graphics to generate a line segment between two specified
endpoints.
• It is a simple and efficient algorithm that works by using the
incremental difference between the x-coordinates and y-coordinates
of the two endpoints to plot the line
The steps involved in DDA line generation
algorithm are:
1. Input the two endpoints of the line segment, (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).
2. Calculate the difference between the x-coordinates and y-
coordinates of the endpoints as dx and dy respectively.
3. Calculate the slope of the line as m = dy/dx.
4. Set the initial point of the line as (x1,y1).
5. Loop through the x-coordinates of the line, incrementing by one
each time, and calculate the corresponding y-coordinate using the
equation y = y1 + m(x – x1).
6. Plot the pixel at the calculated (x,y) coordinate.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until the endpoint (x2,y2) is reached.
// calculate dx , dy
1. Calculate dx and dy: Calculate the differences between the x-
coordinates and y-coordinates of the two endpoints of the line.
dx = X1 - X0
dy = Y1 - Y0
2. Determine number of steps: Depending on the absolute values of
dx and dy, choose the larger of the two as the number of steps.
steps = abs(dx) if abs(dx) > abs(dy) else abs(dy)
3. Calculate increments: Calculate the increment in x and y for each
step.
Xinc = dx / steps
Yinc = dy / steps
// calculate dx , dy
[Link] pixel for each step: Iterate through each step and plot the pixel
at the rounded coordinates.
X = X0
Y = Y0
for i in range(steps + 1):
put_pixel(round(X), round(Y), WHITE)
X += Xinc
Y += Yinc
Advantages of DDA Algorithm:
• It is a simple and easy-to-implement algorithm.
• It avoids using multiple operations which have high time complexities.
• It is faster than the direct use of the line equation because it does not
use any floating point multiplication and it calculates points on the
line.
Disadvantages of DDA Algorithm:
• It deals with the rounding off operation and floating point arithmetic
so it has high time complexity.
• As it is orientation-dependent, so it has poor endpoint accuracy.
• Due to the limited precision in the floating point representation, it
produces a cumulative error.
[Link]'s Line Algorithm
• This algorithm is used for scan converting a line.
• It was developed by Bresenham.
• It is an efficient method because it involves only integer addition,
subtractions, and multiplication operations.
• These operations can be performed very rapidly so lines can be
generated quickly.
• In this method, next pixel selected is that one who has the least
distance from true line.
[Link]'s Line Algorithm
• Given the coordinate of two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2).
• The task is to find all the intermediate points required for drawing line
AB on the computer screen of pixels.
• Note that every pixel has integer coordinates.
[Link]'s Line Algorithm
def nachoraLine(x1, x2, y1, y2):
m = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)
for x in range(x1, x2 + 1):
# Assuming that the round function finds
# closest integer to a given float.
y = round(mx + c)
print(x, y)
[Link]'s Line Algorithm
The above algorithm works, but it is slow.
• The idea of Bresenham’s algorithm is to avoid floating point
multiplication and addition to compute mx + c, and then compute the
round value of (mx + c) in every step.
• In Bresenham’s algorithm, we move across the x-axis in unit intervals.
• We always increase x by 1, and we choose about next y, whether we
need to go to y+1 or remain on y.
• In other words, from any position (Xk, Yk) we need to choose between
(Xk + 1, Yk) and (Xk + 1, Yk + 1).
[Link]'s Line Algorithm
[Link]'s Line Algorithm
• We would like to pick the y value (among Yk + 1 and Yk) corresponding
to a point that is closer to the original line.
• We need a decision parameter to decide whether to pick Yk + 1 or
Yk as the next point.
• The idea is to keep track of slope error from the previous increment
to y. If the slope error becomes greater than 0.5, we know that the
line has moved upwards one pixel and that we must increment our y
coordinate and readjust the error to represent the distance from the
top of the new pixel – which is done by subtracting one from the
error.
Scan Conversion Circle
1. Circle
• Circle is an eight-way symmetric figure.
• The shape of circle is the same in all
quadrants. In each quadrant, there are
two octants.
• If the calculation of the point of one
octant is done, then the other seven
points can be calculated easily by using
the concept of eight-way symmetry.
1. Circle
There are two standards methods of mathematically defining a circle
centered at the origin.
1. Defining a circle using Polynomial Method
2. Defining a circle using Polar Co-ordinates
Defining a Circle using Polynomial Method
• The Polynomial Method, also known as the Cartesian method, is a
mathematical approach used to define geometric shapes, such as
circles, using algebraic equations in Cartesian coordinates.
• In the context of defining a circle, the Polynomial Method expresses
the relationship between the coordinates (x, y) of points on the
circle's circumference and its center (h, k) in terms of algebraic
equations.
Defining a circle using Polar Co-ordinates
• In polar coordinates, a circle is defined as a set of points (r, θ) where
'r' represents the distance from the origin (center of the circle) to any
point on the circumference of the circle, and 'θ' represents the angle
formed between the positive x-axis and the line connecting the origin
to the point.
• This method of defining a circle offers a different perspective from the
Cartesian method and is particularly useful for describing circular
shapes with radial symmetry.
[Link]'s Circle Algorithm
• Bresenham's Circle Algorithm is a method used to approximate and
rasterize the points on the circumference of a circle in computer
graphics.
• It efficiently calculates and plots these points using integer arithmetic,
making it suitable for implementation on digital devices where
floating-point arithmetic may be computationally expensive.
• Points are generated from 90° to 45°
Scan Converting a Ellipse
• Scan converting an ellipse involves generating pixel coordinates that
approximate the shape of the ellipse on a raster display, such as a
computer screen.
• This process is also known as rasterization and is commonly used in
computer graphics to render geometric shapes.
• The general idea behind scan converting an ellipse is to discretize the
continuous mathematical representation of the ellipse into a set of
discrete pixel coordinates.
• One common algorithm used for scan converting ellipses is the
midpoint ellipse algorithm, which iteratively determines which pixels
to include in the rasterized representation of the ellipse.
Scan Converting a Ellipse
Scan Converting a Ellipse
• Initialization:
• Initialize the major and minor axes of the ellipse (a and b).
• Set the initial point (x, y) at the topmost point of the ellipse where x = 0 and y = b.
• Calculate the initial decision parameter d based on the ellipse equation and the initial point.
• Region 1 Scan Conversion:
• Iteratively move along the x-axis while updating the decision parameter d.
• Depending on the value of d, choose the next point to be either (x+1, y) or (x+1, y-1).
• Update d according to the chosen point.
• Region 2 Scan Conversion:
• Once the decision parameter d becomes negative, switch to the second region.
• Iteratively move along the diagonal while updating d.
• Depending on the value of d, choose the next point to be either (x+1, y-1) or (x, y-1).
• Update d according to the chosen point.
• Plotting:
• At each iteration, plot or store the pixel coordinates (x, y) that fall within the ellipse.
• Also, plot or store the symmetric points in the other three quadrants of the ellipse.
• Repeat:
• Continue the process until all points within the ellipse have been plotted.
Filled Area Primitives
Filled Area Primitives
• Filled area primitives, also known as solid shapes or filled polygons,
are geometric objects defined by a closed set of vertices and edges.
• These primitives are characterized by having an interior region that is
completely filled with color or texture, distinguishing them from
outlined shapes.
• They play a crucial role in computer graphics, as they are fundamental
for rendering complex scenes, creating 2D images, and designing
graphical user interfaces.
Filled Area Primitives
• Region filling is the process of
filling image or region.
• Filling can be of boundary or
interior region as shown in fig.
• Boundary Fill algorithms are used
to fill the boundary and flood-fill
algorithm are used to fill the
interior.