CHAPTER 11.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING

Table 11.3 Conversion Factors for Various Fuels

Fuel Fuel Unit Energy Fuel to Obtain

Efficiency 1 Mbtu
Electric heat 1.0 0.0034 Mbtu/kWh 293 kWh
Coal 0.65 30 Mbtu/ton 0.05 ton
No. 2 fuel oil 0.70 0.14 Mbtu/gal 10 gal
Natural gas 0.70 1.0 Mbtu/mCF 1.4 mCF/Mbtu

(B7) If spot relamping is used, then the lamp cost per year will be:

Lamp cost per year =

(cost for spot replacement of one lamp) x (no. of lamps in the system)
(lamp life) / (annual burning hours)

For group relamping, use:

Lamp cost per year = (cost/lamp of group relamping) X (number

of lamp replaced/yr)

Either way, the number on this line should be peso amount.

(B8) To annualize ballast cost, use:

Ballast cost per year =

(cost to replace one ballast) x (number of ballast in the system)

(ballast life) / (annual burning hours)
Where:
A = cost to replace one ballast,
B = number of ballasts,
L = annual burning hours,

(B12) (B1 + B2 + B3 + B4 + B5 + B6 + B7 + B8 + B9 + B10 + B11) x (1- ITR)

ITR = income tax rate

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 CHAPTER 11. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING

(B13) Depreciation will reduce owner income tax liability.

The annual depreciation is given by:

Initial cost from A10

D=
Economic life of system

If a given tax rate (ITR) is expressed as a decimal fraction then tax effect is
T = D x ITR.

This is entered as a negative value, since it is a saving.

Section C

(C1) A present-worth comparison is done by finding "time zero"

equivalents of all future costs and adding those to the initial costs of line
A10. Eq. 11.5 is used to convert the residual value (A13).

(C2) An annual-cost comparison requires that all one-time costs

(initial costs and residual values) be converted to annual equivalents.
These are then added to the annual energy and maintenance costs. Use
Eq. 11.6 to convert the initial cost of line A10 to its annual equivalent.
The residual value (line A13) is converted to an annual value using Eq.
11.7.

11.6.2 Financial Equations

After completing the Worksheet, the second step is to make all terms into
the time equivalent to allow for comparison. The following equations are
used to take the time value of money into consideration:

The single present-worth factor is calculated as follows;

P=F x 1 Eq.11.4
(1 + i)n

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 CHAPTER 11. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING

Where:

P = present worth, or the equivalent value at present (pesos),

F = future worth, or the amount in the future (pesos),
n = number of years,
i = opportunity or interest rate per annum as a decimal
fraction (e.g. 5% equals 0.05).

In other words, one will be willing to spend P pesos now as to pay F pesos at
time n years in the future.

The uniform present-worth factor is determined by the following equation:

P=A x (1 + i)n - 1 Eq.11.5

i(1 + i)n

Where:
P = present worth, or the equivalent value at present (pesos),
A = annual payment amount (pesos),
n = number of years,
i = opportunity or interest rate per annum as a decimal
fraction.

The equation converts annual amounts into a single present value. There
is no difference between making annual payment of A pesos for the next
n year and paying P pesos today.

The uniform capital recovery factor is

A=P x i(1 + i)n Eq.11.6

(1 + i)n - 1

Where:
A = annual payment amount (pesos),
P = present worth, or amount at present (pesos),
n = number of years,
i = opportunity or interest rate per annum as a decimal
fraction .

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 CHAPTER 11. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING

This is the reciprocal of the uniform present-worth factor, the uniform

capital recovery factor, is the annual amount which, in a uniform stream,
is equivalent to P pesos today.

The uniform sinking fund factor is determined by:

A=F x i Eq. 11.7

(1 + i)n - 1

Where:
F = future worth or amount in the future (pesos),
A = annual payment amount (pesos),
n = number of years,
i = opportunity or interest rate per annum as a decimal
fraction .

This equation is an equal stream of annual amounts that is equivalent to

some specified amount at a specific time in the future. Again, there is no
cost difference between the offer of F pesos at n years from now and the
offer of A pesos each year for n years.

The present worth of an escalating annual cost can be determined by one

of several formulas. The general form is

n
P= A (1 + r)k Eq. 11.8(a)
k= 1
(1 + i)k

Where:
P = present worth, or amount at present time(pesos),
A = initial annual payment, amount (pesos),
n = number of years,
i = opportunity or interest rate per annum,
r = rate of escalation, or percentage by which the annual
payment increase each year, as a decimal fraction.

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 CHAPTER 11. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING

If the initial interest rate, i, and the rate of escalation, r, are the same, the
equation becomes,

P = An Eq. 11.8(b)

If i and r are different, Eq. 11.8(b) becomes;

(1 + r) [(1 + i)n – (1 + r)n]

P=A x (1 – r)(1 + i)n Eq.11.8(c)

Where:
P = present worth, or annual amount at present (pesos),
A = initial annual payment, amount (pesos),
n = number of years,
i = opportunity or interest rate per annum,
r = rate of escalation, or percentage by which the annual
payment increase each year, as a decimal fraction
(e.g. 5% equals 0.05).

The system comparison can be made either way. Either by the residual
value (line A13 from Table 11.2) and annual costs (lines B12 and B13)
which can be converted to their present values using Eqs. 11.4 and 11.5
respectively, or by the total initial cost (line A10 from Table 11.2) and
the residual value (line A13), which can be converted to annualize
amounts using Eqs. 11.6 and 11.7, respectively. Once all costs for a
system have been converted to either annual equivalents or present-
worth equivalents, they can be computed to obtain a single value for
each system. Both systems can now be compared on the basis of a single
number. These approaches are summarized in section C of Table 11.2.

An additional condition can be injected if an estimate is available for the

expected rate of cost increase over time for any of the costs (for
example, if it is predicted that the cost of energy will increase 5% each
year over the planning horizon). Using Eq 11.8 (a), (b), or (c), escalation

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 CHAPTER 11. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING

rates of this type can be applied to the annual costs of lines B1 through
B11 of Table11.2.

11.6.3 Notes on the Use of Equations 11.4 through 11.8

Equations 11.4 through 11.8 imply that one peso today is not the same in
value to one peso a year from now. This is easily seen from the example
of Php 5,000.00 deposited that bears 5% annual interest. At the end of
one year, the amount has grown to Php 5000.00 plus 5%, or Php
5250.00. Therefore, Php 5,000.00 today is in some sense equivalent to
Php 5,250.00 one year from today. In terms of Eq 11.4;

P=F x 1
(1 + i)n

Php5,000 = Php5,250 x 1
(1 + 0.05)1

If we want to know how much should be deposited today in order to yield

Php100,000 in 20 years after at an interest rate of 5%. Using Equation 11.4;

P = Php100,000 x 1
(1 + 0.05)20

= Php37,689

Again, Php37,689.00 today is equivalent to Php100,000.00 in 20 years with an

interest rate of 5%.

Similarly, if the depositor in the previous example does not have Php37,689.00
today to deposit how much money must be set aside each year over the next
20 years in order to have Php 100,000.00 on hand at the end of that period.
Using Equation 11.7 ;

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 CHAPTER 11. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING

A=F x i
(1 + i)n - 1

= Php100,000 x 0.05
(1 + 0.05)20 - 1

= Php3,024

Twenty annual payments of Php3,024.00 are equivalent to Php

100,000.00 20 years from now, at 5% interest rate. One might be willing to
put up Php3,024.00 annually in maintenance costs to avoid the need to
replace a lighting system at a cost of Php100,000.00 after 20 years.

To illustrate the use, of Eq. 11.5, consider a lighting retrofit that saves
Php 10,000 .00 annually in energy costs over the next 10 years. How much
should one be willing to pay for this retrofit today if the interest rate is 6%?

P=A x (1 + i)n - 1
i(1 + i)n

P = Php10,000 x (1 + 0.06)10 - 1
0.06(1 + 0.06)10

= Php73,601

So Php73,601 today is equivalent to a stream of equal payments (or receipts)

of Php 10,000.00 annually for 10 years at 6% interest.

294
 Appendix A. Checklist of Energy-Saving
Guidelines
Appendix A contains recommendations for the development of an
energy management program for new construction and existing spaces.
The list can be scanned quickly to determine which ideas may be
applicable for a particular installation. The designer should review these
guidelines in consultation with the client and consider those which meet
the needs of the client and occupants.

Lighting Needs
Visual tasks: Identify specific visual tasks and
specification locations to determine recommended
illuminance for tasks and for
surrounding areas.
Safety and esthetics Review lighting requirements for given
applications to satisfy safety and
esthetic criteria.
Over lighted In existing spaces, identify
application applications where maintained
illumination is greater than
recommended. Reduce energy by
adjusting illuminance to meet
recommended levels.
Groupings: similar Group visual tasks having the same
visual tasks illuminance requirements, and avoid
widely separated workstations.
Task lighting
Illuminate work surfaces with
luminaires properly located in or on
furniture; provide lower ambient
Luminance ratios levels.
Use wall washing and lighting of
decorative objects to balance

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 APPENDIX A. CHECKLIST OF ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES

Space Design and Utilization

Space plan When possible, arrange for occupants
working after hours to work in close
proximity to one another.
Room surfaces Use light colors for walls, floors,
ceilings and furniture to increase
utilization of light, and reduce
connected lighting power to achieve
required illuminance. Avoid glossy
finishes on room and work surfaces to
limit reflected glare.
Space utilization: Use modular branch circuit wiring to
branch circuit allow for flexibility in moving,
wiring relocating or adding luminaires to suit
changing space configurations.
Light building for occupied periods
Space utilization: only, and when required for security or
occupancy cleaning purposes (see chapter 31,
Lighting Controls).

Daylighting
Daylight If daylighting can be used to replace
compensation some electric lighting near fenestration
during substantial periods of the day,
lighting in those areas should be
circuited so that it may be controlled
manually or automatically by
switching or dimming.

Daylight sensing Daylight sensors and dimming systems

can reduce electric lighting energy.

Daylight control Maximize the effectiveness of existing

fenestration-shading controls (interior
and exterior) or replace with proper
devices or shielding media.

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 APPENDIX A. CHECKLIST OF ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES

Space utilization Use daylighting in transition zones, in

lounge and recreational areas, and for
functions where the variation in color,
intensity and direction may be
desirable. Consider applications where
daylight can be utilized as ambient
lighting, supplemented by local task
lights.
Lighting Sources: Lamps and Ballasts
Source efficacy Install lamps with the highest
efficacies to provide the desired light
source color and distribution
requirements.

Fluorescent lamps Use T8 or T5 fluorescent and high-

wattage compact fluorescent systems
for improved source efficacy and color
quality.

Ballasts Use electronic or energy efficient

ballasts with fluorescent lamps.

HID Use high-efficacy metal halide and

high-pressure sodium light sources for
exterior floodlighting.

Incandescent Where incandescent sources are

necessary, use reflector halogen lamps
with IR recycling for increased
efficacy.

Compact fluorescent Use compact fluorescent lamps, where

possible, to replace incandescent
sources.

Lamp wattage In existing spaces, use reduced-wattage

reduced-wattage lamps where illuminance is too high
lamps but luminaire locations must be
maintained for uniformity.

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 APPENDIX A. CHECKLIST OF ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES

Caution: These lamps are not

recommended where the ambient space
temperature may fall below 16oC
(60oF).

Control compatibility If a control system is used, check

compatibility of lamps and ballasts
with the control device.

System change Substitute metal halide and high-

pressure sodium systems for existing
mercury vapor lighting systems.
Luminaires
Maintained Select luminaires which do not collect
efficiency dirt rapidly and which can be easily
cleaned.

Improved Improved maintenance procedures may

maintenance enable a lighting system with reduced
wattage to provide adequate
illumination throughout system or
component life.

Luminaire efficiency Check luminaire effectiveness for task

replacement or lighting and for overall efficiency; if
relocation ineffective or inefficient, consider
replacement or relocation.

Heat removal When luminaire temperatures exceed

optimal system operating temperatures,
consider using heat removal luminaires
to improve lamp performance and
reduce heat gain to the space. The
decrease in lamp temperature may,
however, actually increase power
consumption.

Maintained Select a lamp replacement schedule for

efficiency all light sources, to more accurately

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 APPENDIX A. CHECKLIST OF ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES

predict light loss factors and possibly

decrease the number of luminaires
required.
Lighting Controls
Switching: local Install switches for local and
control convenient control of lighting by
occupants. This should be in
combination with a building-wide
system to turn lights off when the
building is unoccupied.

Selective switching Install selective switching of

luminaires according to groupings of
working tasks and different working
hours.

Low-voltage Use low-voltage switching systems to

switching systems obtain maximum switching capability.

Master control Use a programmable low-voltage

system master switching system for the entire
building to turn lights on and off
automatically as needed, with
overrides at individual areas.

Multipurpose spaces Install multicircuit switching or preset

dimming controls to provide flexibility
when spaces are used for multiple
purposes and require different ranges
of illuminance for various activities.
Clearly label the control cover plates.
"Tuning" illuminance Use switching and dimming systems as
a means of adjusting illuminance for
variable lighting requirements.

Scheduling Operate lighting according to a

predetermined schedule.

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 APPENDIX A. CHECKLIST OF ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES

Occupancy / motion Use occupancy / motion sensors for

sensors unpredictable patterns of occupancy.

Lumen maintenance Fluorescent dimming systems may be

utilized to maintain illuminance
throughout lamp life, thereby saving
energy by compensating for lamp-
lumen depreciation and other light loss
factors.

Ballast switching Use multilevel ballasts and local

inboard-outboard lamp switching
where a reduction in illuminances is
sometimes desired.
Operation and Maintenance
Education Analyze lighting used during working
and building cleaning periods, and
institute an education program to have
personnel turn off incandescent lamps
promptly when the space is not in use,
fluorescent lamps if the space will not
be used for 5 min or longer, and HID
lamps (mercury, metal halide, high-
pressure sodium) if the space will not
be used for 30 min or longer.
Parking Restrict parking after hours to specific
lots so lighting can be reduced to
minimum-security requirements in
unused parking areas.

Custodial service Schedule routine building cleaning

during occupied hours.
Reduced illuminance Reduce illuminance during building
cleaning periods.
Cleaning schedules Adjust cleaning schedules to minimize
time of operation, by concentrating
cleaning activities in fewer spaces at

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APPENDIX A. CHECKLIST OF ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES

the same time and by turning off lights

in unoccupied areas.
Program evaluation Evaluate the present lighting
maintenance program, and revise it as
necessary to provide the most efficient
use of the lighting system.
Cleaning and Clean luminaires and replace lamps on
maintenance a regular maintenance schedule to
ensure proper illuminance levels are
maintained.
Regular system Check to see if all components are in
checks good working condition. Transmitting
or diffusing media should be
examined, and badly discolored or
deteriorated media replaced to improve
efficiency.
Renovation of Replace outdated or damaged
luminaires luminaires with modern ones which
have good cleaning capabilities and
which use lamps with higher efficacy
and good lumen maintenance
characteristics.

Area maintenance Trim trees and bushes that may be

obstructing outdoor luminaire
distribution and creating unwanted
shadows.

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APPENDIX A. CHECKLIST OF ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES

304
 Appendix B. Efficient Lighting Initiative
(ELI) Voluntary Technical Specification
1. Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) should meet the performance

specifications below:

Laboratory and Test Performance Specifications

Requirements
Must be accredited according to ISO/IEC
17025 and qualified for pertinent lighting
product tests by a recognized national or
Laboratory Facility regional accreditation body. (See the ELI
Certification Protocol on the ELI website.)
A copy of the accreditation document
must be provided to ELI.
Performed at 25±1 °C in an international
Testing Conditions standard atmosphere with maximum
relative humidity of 65%.
Measurements should be recorded from
Position and Initial products in vertical base-up position, after
Burn-in an initial burn-in period of 100 hours, at
stabilized light output and current.
The applicants shall submit a separate set
of test reports for each individual model.
The test reports for the lowest wattage
model in each certification unit as
described in 4.1 and 4.3 must be from
testing laboratories which meet the
Test Data and Sample conditions described above. For other
Size rated wattages in the same certification
unit, the test reports from non-accredited
testing laboratories are recognized.

Test data must be from the model for

which qualification is sought. Values
indicated on the Product Application
Form Self-ballasted Compact Fluorescent
Lamps should be the testing data from the
samples tested. Measurements of

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

photometric and electrical characteristics

must be submitted for 8 units of the same
model.
Longevity of Test Longevity of test results is two years,
Results unless the applicant can document to

accurately portray the performance of the

present model.

Electrical Performance Specifications

Characteristics
Electromagnetic and Comply with CISPR 15 and relevant local
Radio Frequency regulations.
Interference
Harmonic Comply with harmonic current limits set
by IEC 61000-3-2.
Power Factor
power.
Electromagnetic Comply with IEC 61547 and all relevant
Compatibility local regulations if available.
Interference
Transient Protection Comply with IEC 61547.

Operating Performance Specifications

Characteristics
Operating Conditions The product package must declare the
operating temperature conditions.
In such conditions, with 92%~106% rated
voltage, the lamp can start reliably and
maintain stable operation.
Minimum Starting The product package must declare the
Temperature minimum starting temperature and any
other conditions (such as installation in an
enclosed luminaire) that would affect
either reliable starting or the starting
time.
Starting time CFL must continuously illuminate within
1.5 second of being switched on at
25±1oC and 92 % of rated voltage.
Lifetime Must have a minimum rated lifetime of
6,000 hours as defined in 3.11. Rated
lifetime should be clearly indicated in
hours on product packaging.

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

The full lifetime test shall be measured in

accordance with IEC 60969. The full
lifetime test results are allowed not to
accompany with the Product Application
Form Self-ballasted Compact Fluorescent
Lamps. However, the full lifetime test
results shall officially be submitted upon
completion of the lifetime testing. ELI
reserves the right to withdraw the use of
the logo if the test results do not meet the
ELI specification, or require the applicants
to revise the rated lifetime indicated on the
product packaging if the actual full life
time testing results do not meet the
claimed rated lifetime.
Safety Must comply with IEC 60968 and relevant
local regulations.

Light Characteristics Performance Specifications

Correlated Color Must comply with IEC 60969 and the
Temperature color tolerance shall be within 5SDCM
from the target values.
Correlated color temperature (CCT) must
appear on the product packaging.
Color Rendering Index Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be at
least 80, as measured in accordance with
CIE13.3.
Lumen Maintenance The luminous flux of the lamp must be >
80% of initial levels at 40% rated of

shall be measured according to IEC

60969.

Efficiency Specifications

Lamp wattage shall be classified based on the rated wattage, but the
test wattage shall be within ± 15% of rated wattage. Initial luminous
efficacy shall be calculated from initial luminous flux and input
power for the specific lamps measured at 25±1oC and at rated
voltage. Where the rated voltage is a range, then the test voltage
shall be: (a) the nominal voltage of the country/region of intended
use; or; (b) the mid point of test voltage shall be: (a) the nominal

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

voltage of the country/region of intended use; or; (b) the mid point of
efficacy (lm/W) of the lamps applying for ELI shall not be less than
the value indicated in the table.

Input Initial Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)

Power of Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Lamp (W) 6500K 5000K 4000K 3500K 3000K 2700K
46 50
52 55
57 60
62 65

The minimum initial luminous efficacy of a lamp model with a cover

(no reflector) shall be no less than 85% of the requirements indicated
in the above table. Separate applications must be made for models
offered with a cover option.

The produce packaging must clearly state the performance of the

following characteristics:

Rated power in watts, and

Rated operating voltage, and
Light output in lumens (luminous flux).

Other Specifications

Requirements Specifications
Label and Comparison Product packaging, enclosed literature, or
of Self-ballasted product specification sheet shall list the
Compact Fluorescent diameter of lamp tubes and the lamp-cap
Lamps to General type, and the length, efficiency and color
Lighting Service rendering index of the lamp.

The packaging or enclosed literature

should specify the rated luminous flux of
the lamps, and should note its equivalency
compared to the luminous flux of an
incandescent lamp for general lighting
service (GLS). The equivalent GLS must
be elected in accordance with IEC 60064.

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Light output (lm) Power of standard

GLS (W)
25
40
50
60
75
90
100
150
200
Materials Lamp and lamp package must comply with
any local regulations regarding disclosure
and disposal, including regulations
regarding toxic materials such as
mercury.
ELI encourages manufacturers to inform
all purchasers about environmentally
responsible options for disposal or
recycling of lamps at end of the useful
lamp life.
Quality Management Manufacturers shall have in place and
System implement a Quality Management System
in accordance with ISO 9001-2000 or
equivalent (equivalency to be determined
by ELI).
Product Use Guidance The manufacturer or distributor shall offer
a clear and credible guidance in the
relevant local language on how to select
compatible components to create a highly
efficient lighting system.
Warranty Purchaser may replace a defective ELI-
certified lamp at point of purchase within
12 months from the date of purchase.
A written no-questions-asked warranty in
at least one applicable local language and
a local address for consumer contacts and
complaints must be included with product
when purchased.

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

2. Double-capped Fluorescent Lamps

Double-capped Fluorescent Lamp should meet the performance

specifications below:
Laboratory and Test Performance Specifications
Requirements
Must be accredited according to ISO/IEC
17025 and qualified for pertinent lighting
product tests by a recognized national or
Laboratory Facility regional accreditation body. (See the ELI
Certification Protocol on the ELI website.)
A copy of the accreditation document
must be provided to ELI.
Performed at 25±1 °C in an international
Testing Conditions standard atmosphere with maximum
relative humidity of 65%; the light
characteristics of high efficient preheated
cathode double-capped T5 fluorescent
lamps shall be performed at 35±1 °C.
Measurements should be recorded from
Position and Initial products in vertical base-up position, after
Burn-in an initial burn-in period of 100 hours, at
stabilized light output and current.
The applicants shall submit a separate set
of test reports for each individual model.
The test reports for the lowest wattage
model in each certification unit as
described in 4.1 and 4.3 must be from
testing laboratories, which meet the
Test Data and Sample conditions described above. For other
Size rated wattages in the same certification
unit, the test reports from non-accredited
testing laboratories are recognized.

Test data must be from the model for

which qualification is sought. Values
indicated on the Product Application
Form Self-ballasted Compact Fluorescent
Lamps should be the testing data from the
samples tested. Measurements of
photometric and electrical characteristics
must be submitted for 8 units of the same
model.

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Longevity of Test Longevity of test results is two years,

Results unless the applicant can document to

accurately portray the performance of the

present model.
Operating Performance Specifications
Characteristics
Operating Conditions The product package must declare the
operating temperature conditions.
At 10 °C 50 °C, with 92%~106% rated
voltage, the lamp can start reliably and
maintain stable operation.
Starting Time The product package must declare the
minimum starting temperature and any
other conditions (such as installation in an
enclosed luminaire) that would affect
either reliable starting or the starting
time.
Starting time Comply with starting characteristics limits
set by IEC 60081.
Lifetime Must have a minimum rated lifetime of
15,000 hours as defined in 3.9. Rated
lifetime should be clearly indicated in
hours on product packaging.

Method of test for the life of a lamp shall

be in accordance with IEC 60081. The
full lifetime testing may be conducted by

other non-accredited testing facilities.

ELI, nevertheless, may request
clarification and/or additional supporting
documents as appropriate, and reserves the
right to accept or reject the test reports
submitted. Requirements of longevity of
test result in this specification and validity
period of the test report specified in the
ELI Qualification Protocol are not
applicable to the full lifetime test report of
double-capped fluorescent lamp..
Safety Must comply with IEC 61195 and relevant
local regulations.

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Light Characteristics Performance Specifications

Correlated Color Must comply with IEC 60081 and the
Temperature color tolerance shall be within 5SDCM
from the target values.
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
must appear on the product packaging.
Color Rendering Index Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be at
least 80, as measured in accordance with
CIE13.3.
Lumen Maintenance The luminous flux of the lamp must be >
90% of initial levels at 40% rated of

shall be measured according to IEC

60081.

Efficiency Specifications

Lamp wattage shall be classified based on the rated wattage, but the
test wattage shall be within 105% + 0.5 W of rated wattage.

Initial luminous efficacy shall be calculated from initial luminous

flux and input power for the specific lamps measured at rated voltage
and specified temperature. The value of initial luminous efficacy
(lm/W) of the lamps applying for ELI shall not be less than the value
indicated in the table.

Input Power Initial Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)

of Lamp Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
(W) 6500K 5000K 4000K 3500 3000 2700K
K K
60 65
70 75
78 83

NOTE: This table and requirements are not applicable to high

efficient preheated cathode double-capped T5 fluorescent Note: This
table and requirements are not applicable to high efficient preheated
cathode double-capped T5 fluorescent lamps.

High efficient preheated cathode double-capped T5 fluorescent lamps

that adopt high frequency shall meet the following luminous
efficiency requirements as specified in Table 3.

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 APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Input Initial Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)

Power of Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Lamp (W) 6500K 5000K 4000K 3500K 3000K 2700K
80 85
90 95
The produce packaging must clearly state the performance of the
following characteristics:
Rated power input in watts, and
Light output in lumens.

Other Specifications
RequirementsSpecifications
Label Product packaging, enclosed literature, or product
specification sheet shall list the diameter of lamp
tubes and the lamp-cap type, and the length,
efficiency and color rendering index of the lamp.
The packaging or enclosed literature should specify
the rated luminous flux of the lamp.
Materials Lamp and lamp package must comply with any
local regulations regarding disclosure and
disposal, including regulations regarding toxic
materials such as mercury.
ELI encourages manufacturers to inform all
purchasers about environmentally responsible
options for disposal or recycling of lamps at end of
the useful lamp life.
Quality Manufacturers shall have in place and implement a
Management Quality Management System in accordance with
System ISO 9001-2000 or equivalent (equivalency to be
determined by ELI).
Product Use The manufacturer or distributor shall offer a clear
Guidance and credible guidance in the relevant local language
on how to select compatible components to create a
highly efficient lighting system.
Warranty Purchaser may replace a defective ELI-certified
lamp at point of purchase within 12 months from
the date of purchase.
A written no-questions-asked warranty in at least
one applicable local language and a local address
for consumer contacts and complaints must be
included with product when purchased.

313
APPENDIX B. ELI VOLUNTARY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

314
 Appendix C. Levels of Illumination Currently
Recommended

While the convenience of this table sometimes lists locations rather

than tasks, the recommended lux values have been arrived at for specific
visual tasks. The tasks selected for this purpose have been more difficult
ones that commonly occur in the various areas.
In order to assure these values at all times, higher initial levels
should be provided as required by the maintenance conditions.
Where task are located near the perimeter room of a special
consideration should be given to the arrangement of the luminaires in
order to provide the recommended level of illumination on the task.
The illumination levels shown in the table are intended to be
minimum on the task irrespective of the plane in which it is located. In

sphere illumination, E8. The commonly used lumen method of

illumination calculation that gives results only for a horizontal work
plane cannot be used to calculate or predetermine Es values. The ratio of
vertical to horizontal illumination will generally vary from 1/3 for
luminaires having narrow distribution to ½ for luminaires of wide
distribution. For a more specific determination one of the point
calculation methods should be used. Where the levels thus achieved are
inadequate, special luminaire arrangements should be used or
supplemental lighting equipment employed.
Supplementary luminaires may be used in combination with general
lighting to achieve these levels. The general lighting should be not less
than 200 lux and should contribute at least one-tenth the total
illumination level.
Many of the following values have appeared, or in the future will
appear, in other reports of the Society, some of which is jointly
sponsored with other agencies and organizations.

315
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Interior Lighting
Area lux
Aircraft Manufacturing
Stock parts
Production 1100
Inspection 220
Parts manufacturing
Drilling, riveting, screw fastening 750
Spray booths 1100
Sheet aluminum layout and template work, shaping, and
smoothing of small parts for fuselage, wing sections,
cowling, etc. 1100j
Welding
General illumination 50
Precision manual arc welding 10800a
Subassembly
Landing gear, fuselage, wing sections, cowling and
other large units. 1100
Final assembly
Placing of motors, propellers, wing
sections, landing gear 1100
Inspection of assemble ship and its equipment 1100
Machine tool repairs 1100
Aircraft hangars
Repair service only 1100
Armories
Drill 220
Exhibition 320
Art galleries
General 320
On paintings (supplementary) 320b
On statuary and other displays 1100c
Assembly
Rough easy seeing 320
Rough difficult seeing 540
Medium 1100
Fine 5400a
Extra fine 10800a
Auditoriums
Assembly only 160
Exhibitions 320
Social activities 50

316
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Automobile showrooms (see Stores)

Automobile manufacturing
Frame assembly 540
Chassis assembly line 1100
Final assembly, inspection line 2200
Body manufacturing
Parts 750
Assembly 1100
Finishing and inspecting 2200
Bakeries
Mixing rooms 540
Face of shelves (vertical illumination) 320
Inside the mixing bowl (vertical mixers) 540
Fermentation room 320
Make-up room
Bread 320
Sweet yeast-raised products 540
Proofing room 320
Oven room 320
Fillings and other ingredients 540
Decorating and icing
Mechanical 540
Hand 1100
Scales and thermometers 540
Wrapping room 320
Banks
Lobby
General 540
Writing areas
Tellers' stations
Posting and keypunch
Barbers shops and beauty parlors 1100
Book binding
Folding, assembling, pasting, etc. 750
Cutting, punching, stitching 750
Embossing and inspection 2200
Breweries
Brew house 320
Boiling and keg washing 320
Filling (bottles, cans, kegs) 540

Candy making 540

Box department

317
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Chocolate department
Husking, winnowing, fat extraction 540
crushing and refining, feeding
Bean cleaning, sorting, dipping, packing, 540
wrapping 1100
Milling
Cream making 540
Mixing, cooking, molding 540
Gum drops and jellied forms 1100
Hand decorating
Hard candy 540
Mixing, cooking, molding 1100
Die cutting and sorting 1100
Kiss making and wrapping
Canning and preserving 540
Initial grading raw materials samples 1100
Tomatoes 2200a
Color grading (cutting rooms)
Preparation
Preliminary sorting 540
Apricots and peaches 1100
Tomatoes 1600
Olives 1100
Cutting and pitting 1100
Final sorting
Canning 1100
Continuous-belt canning 1100
Sink canning 540
Hand packing 1100
Olives 2200f
Examination of canned samples
Container handling 2200a
Inspection 750
Can unscramblers 320
Labeling and cartoning
Central station
Air-conditioning, equipment, air preheater and fan 110
floor, ash sluicing
Auxiliaries, battery rooms, boiler feed pumps, tanks 220
compressors, gauge area 110
Boiler platforms 220
Burner platforms 110
Cable room, circulatory, or pump bay 540

318
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Chemical laboratory
Coal conveyor, crusher, feeder, scale areas, 110
pulverizer, fan area, transfer tower
Condensers, deaerator floor, evaporator floor, heater 110
floors
Control rooms (see Control rooms) 220
Hydrogen and carbon dioxide manifold area. 110
Precipitators 220
Screen house 110
Soot or sag blower platform 110
Steam headers and throttles 220
Switchgear, power 220
Telephone equipment room 110
Tunnels or galleries, piping 220
Turbine bay sub-basement 320
Turbine room 220
Visitor's gallery 220
Water treating area
Chemical works
Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, stationary driers, 320
stationary and gravity crystallizers
Mechanical furnaces, generators and stills,
mechanical driers, evaporators, filtration, 320
mechanical crystallizers, bleaching
Tanks for cooking, extractors, percolators, nitrators, 320
electrolytic cells
Churches and synagogues 1100e
Altar, ark, reredos 320e
Choir4 and chancel
Classrooms 540e
Pulpit, rostrum (supplementary illumination)
Main worship area4 160e
Light and medium interior 320d
For churches with special zeal
Art glass windows (test recommended) 540
Light color 1100
Medium color 5400
Dark color 10800
Especially dense windows
Clay products and cements
Grinding, filter presses, kiln rooms 320
Molding, pressing, cleaning, trimming 320
Enameling 1100

319
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Color and glazing rough work 1100

Color and glazing fine work 3200a
Cleaning and pressing industry
Checking and sorting 540
Dry and wet cleaning and steaming 540
Inspection and spotting 5400a
Pressing 1600
Repair and alternation 2200a
Cloth products
Cloth inspection 21500a
Cutting 3200a
Sewing 5400a
Pressing 3200a
Clothing manufacture (men's)
Receiving, opening, storing, shipping 320
Examining (perching) 21500a
Sponging, decating, winding, measuring 320
Piling up and marking 1100
Cutting 3200a
Pattern making, preparation of trimming, piping,
Canvas and shoulder pads 540
Fitting, bundling, shading, stitching 320
Shops 1100
Inspection 5400a
Pressing 3200a
Sewing 5400a
Club and lodge rooms
Lounge and reading rooms 320
Auditoriums (see Auditoriums)
Coal tipples and cleaning plants
Breaking, screening 110
Picking 3200a
Control rooms and dispatch rooms
Control rooms
Vertical face of switchboards
Simplex or section of duplex facing operators:
Type A large centralized control room 1676 mm
(66 inches) above floor 540
Type B Ordinary control room 1676 mm (66
inches) above floor 320
Section of duplex facing away from operator 320
Bench boards (horizontal level) 540
Area inside duplex switch board 110

320
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Rear of all switchboards 110

Emergency lighting, all areas 30
Dispatch boards
Horizontal plane (desk level) 540
Vertical ace of board [1219 mm (48 inches) above floor,
facing operator]:
System load dispatch room 540
Secondary dispatch room 320
Cotton gin industry
Overhead equipment separators, driers, grid cleaners,
stick machines, conveyers, feeders and catwalks 320
Gin stand 540
Control console 540
Lint cleaner 540
Bale press 320
Court rooms
Seating area 320
Court activity area 750
Dairy farms (see farms)
Dairy products
Fluid milk industry
Boiler room 320
Bottle storage 320
Bottle sorting 540f
f
Bottle washers
Can washers 300
Cooling equipment 300
Filling: inspection 1100
Gauges (on face) 540
Laboratories 1100
Meter panels (on face) 5400
Pasteurizers 320
Separators 320
Storage refrigerator 320
Tanks, vats
Light interiors 220
Dark interiors 1100
Thermometer (on face) 540
Weighting room 320
Scales 750
Dance halls 50
Depots, terminals, and stations
Waiting room 320

321
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Ticket offices
General
Ticket rack and counters
Rest rooms and smoking room 320
Baggage checking 540
Concourse 110
Platforms 2200
Toilets and washrooms 320
Dispatch boards (see control rooms)
Drafting room (see offices)
Electrical equipment manufacturing
Impregnating 540
Insulating: coil winding 1100
Testing 1100
Electrical Generating Station (see Central Station)
Elevators, freight and passenger 220
Engraving (wax) 2200a
Explosives
Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, stationary driers, stationary
and gravity crystallizers 320
Mechanical furnace, generators and stills, mechanical
driers, evaporators filtration, mechanical crystallizers 320
Tanks for cooking, extractors, filtration, percolators,
nitrators 320
Farm dairy
Milking operation area (milking parlor and stall
barn)
General 220
Cow's udder 540
Milk handling equipment and storage area (milk
house or milk room)
General 220
Washing area 1100
Bulk tank interior 1100
Loading platform 220
Feeding area (stall barn feed alley, pens, loose
housing feed area) 220
Feeding storage area forage
Haymow 30
Hay inspection area 220
Ladders and stairs 220
Silo 30
Silo room 220

322
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Feed storage area grain and concentrate

Grain bin 30
Concentrate storage area 110
Feed Processing area 110
Livestock housing area (community, maternity, individual
calf pens, and loose housing holding and resting areas) 75
Machine storage area (garage and machine shed) 50
Farm shop area
Active storage area 110
General shop area (machinery repair, rough sawing 320
Rough bench and machine work (painting, fine storage,
ordinary sheet, metal work, welding, medium
bench work) 540
Medium bench work and machine work (fine
woodworking, drill press, metal lathe, grinder) 1100
Miscellaneous
Farm office
Restrooms 320
Pump house 220
Farms poultry (see Poultry industry)
Fire hall (see Municipal buildings)
Flour mills
Rolling, sitting, purifying 540
Packing 320
Product control 1100
Cleaning, screens, man lifts, aisleways and walkways, bin
checking 320
Forge shops 540
Foodservice facilities
Dinning areas
Cashier 540
Intimate type
Light environment 110
Subdued environment 30
For cleaning 220
Leisure type
Light environment 320
Subdued environment 160
Quick service type
Bright surroundingsn 110
Normal surroundingsn 540
Food displays twice the general level but not under 540
Kitchen, commercial

323
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Inspection, checking, preparation, and pricing 750

Entrance foyer 320
Marquee
Dark surroundings 320
Bright surroundings 540
Foundries
Annealing (furnaces) 320
Cleaning 320
Core making
Fine 1100
Medium 540
Grinding and chipping 1100
Inspection
Fine 5400a
Medium 1100
Molding
Medium 1100
Large 540
Pouring 540
Sorting 540
Copula 220
Shakeout 320
Garage automobile and truck
Service garages
Repairs 1100
Active traffic areas 2200
Parking garages
Entrance 540
Traffic lanes 110
Storage 50
Gasoline station (see Service station)
Glass works
Mix and furnace rooms, pressing and lehr, glassblowing
machines 320
Grinding, cutting glass to size, silvering 540
Fine grinding, beveling, polishing 1100
Inspection, etching and decorating 2200f
Glove manufacturing
Pressing 3200a
Knitting 1100
Sorting 1100
Cutting 3200a
Sewing and inspection 5400a

324
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Hangars (see aircraft hangars)

Hat manufacturing
Dyeing, stiffening, braiding, cleaning, refining 1100
Forming, sizing, pouncing, flanging, finishing, ironing 2200
Sewing 5400a
Homes (see Residences)
Hospitals
Anesthetizing and preparation room 320
Autopsy and morgue
Autopsy room 1100
Autopsy table 10800
Museum 540
Morgue, general 220
Central sterile supply
General, work room 320
Work table 540
Glove room 540
Syringe room 1600
Needle sharpening 1600
Storage area 320
Issuing sterile supplies 540
Corridor
General in nursing areas daytime 220
General in nursing areas night (rest period) 30
Operating, delivery, recovery, and laboratory suites and
service areas 320
Cystoscopic room
General 1100
Cystoscopic table 26900
Dental suite
Operatory, general 750
Instrument cabinet 1600
Dental entrance to oral cavity 10800
Prosthetic laboratory bench 1100
Recovery room, general 50
Recovery room, local for observation 750
(EEG) encephalographic suite
Office (see Offices)
Work room, general 320
Work room, desk and table 1100
Examining room 320
Preparation rooms, general 320
Preparation rooms, local 540

325
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Storage, records, charts 320

Electromyographic suite
Same as EEG but provisions for reducing level in
preparation area to 1
Emergency operating room
General 1100
Local 2150
EKG, BMR, and specimen room
General 3200
Specimen table 540
EKG machine 540
Examination and treatment room
General 540
Examining table 1100
Exit, at floor 50
Eye, ear, nose, and throat suite
Darkroom (variable) 0-110
Eye examination and treatment 540
Ear, nose, throat room 540
Flower room 110
Formula room
Bottle washing 320
Preparation and filling 540
Fracture room
General 540
Fracture table 2200
Splint closet 540
Plaster sink 540
Intensive care nursing areas
General 320
Local 1100
Laboratories
General 540
Close work areas 1100
Linens (see Laundries)
Sorting soiled linen 320
Central (clean) linen room 320
Sewing room, general 320
Sewing room, work area 1100
Linen closet 110
Lobby (or entrance foyer)
During day 540
During night 220

326
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Locker rooms 220

Medical records room
Nurses station
General day
General night 320
Desk for records and charting
Table for doctor's making or viewing reports
Medicine counter
Nurses gown room
General 320
Mirror for grooming 540
Nurseries, infant
General 320
Examining, local and bassinet 110
Examining and treatment table 110
Nurses station and work space (see Nurses Station)
Obstetrical suite
Labor room, general 220
Labor room, local 110
Scrub-up area 320
Delivery room, general 110
Substerilizing room 320
Delivery table 26900
Clean-up room 320
Recovery room, general 320
Recovery room, local 1100
Patients rooms (private and wards)
General 220
Reading 320
Observation(by nurse) 20
Night light, maximum at floor (variable) 5
Examining light 110
Toilets 320
Pediatric nursing unit
General, crib room 220
General, bedroom 110
Reading 320
Playroom 320
Treatment room, general 540
Treatment room, local 1100
Pharmacy
Compounding and dispensing 1100
Manufacturing 540

327
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Parenteral solution room 540

Active storage 320
Alcohol vault 110
Radioisotope facilities
Radiochemical laboratory, general 320
Uptake or scanning room 220
Examining table 540
Retiring room
General 110
Local for reading 320
Solarium
General 220
Local for reading 320
Stairways 220
Surgical suite
Instrument and sterile supply room 320
Clean-up room, instrument 1100
Scrub-up area (variable) 2200
Operating room, general (variable) 2200
Operating table 26900
Recovery room, general 320
Recovery room, local 1100
Anesthesia storage 220
Substerilizing room 320
Therapy, physical
General 220
Exercise room 320
Treatment cubicles, local 320
Whirlpool 220
Lip reading 1600
Office (see Office)
Therapy, occupational
Work area, general 320
Work tables or benches, ordinary 540
Work table or benches, fine work 1100
Toilets 320
Utility room
General 220
Work counter 540
Waiting rooms, or areas
General 220
Local for reading 320
X-ray suite

328
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Radiographic, general 110

Fluoroscopic, general (variable) 0-540
Deep and superficial therapy 110
Control room 110
Film viewing room 320
Darkroom 110
Light room 320
Filing room, developed film 320
Storage, undeveloped films 110
Dressing rooms 110
Hotels
Bathrooms
Mirror 320
General 110
Bedrooms
Reading (books, magazine, newspapers) 320
Inkwriting 320
Make-up 320
General 110
Corridors, elevator, and stairs 220
Entrance foyer 320
Front office 540
Linen room
Sewing 110
General 220
Lobby
General lighting 110
Reading and working area 320
Marquee
Dark surroundings 320
Bright surroundings 540
Ice making engine and compressor room 220
Inspection
Ordinary 540
Difficult 1100
Highly difficult 2200
Very difficult 5400a
Most difficult 10800a
Iron and steel manufacturing
Open hearth
Stock yard 110
Charging floor 220
Pouring slide

329
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Slag pits 220

Control platform 320
Mold yard 50
Hot top 320
Hot top storage 110
Checker cellar 110
Buggy and door repair 320
Stripping yard 220
Scrap stockyard 110
Mixer building 320
Calcining building 110
Skull cracker 110
Rolling mills
Blooming, slabbing, hot strip, hot sheet. 320
Cold strip, plate 320
Pipe, rod, tube, wire drawing 540
Merchant and sheared plate 320
Tin plate mills
Tinning and galvanizing 540
Cold strip rolling 540
Motor room, machine room 540
Inspection
Black plate, bloom and billet chipping 1100
Tin plate and other bright surfaces. 2200j
Jewelry and watch manufacturing 5400a
Kitchens (see Foodservice facilities or residences)
Laundries
Washing 320
Flat work ironing, weighing, listing, marking 540
Machine and press finishing, sorting 750
Fine hand ironing 1100
Leather manufacturing
Cleaning, tanning and stretching, vats 320
Cutting, fleshing and stuffing 540
Finishing and scarfing 1100
Leather working
Pressing, winding, glazing 2200
Grading, matching, cutting, scarfing and sewing 3200a
Library
Reading area
Reading printed material
Study and note taking
Conference areas

330
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Seminar rooms
Book stacks (30 inches above floor)
Active stacks 320r
Inactive stacks 50r
Book repair and binding 750
Cataloging
Card files
Carrels, individual study areas
Circulation desks
Rare book rooms archives
Storage areas 320
Reading areas
Map, picture, and print rooms
Storage areas 320
Use area
Audiovisual area
Preparation rooms 750
Viewing rooms (variable) 750
Television receiving room (shield viewing screen) 750
Audio listening areas
General 320
For note taking
Record inspection table 1100a
Microform areas
Files
Viewing areas 320
Locker room 220
Machine shops
Rough bench and machine work 540
Medium bench and machine work, ordinary automatic
machines, rough grinding, medium buffing and polishing 1100
Fine bench and machine work, fine automatic machines,
medium grinding, fine buffing and polishing 540a
Extra-fine bench and machine work, grinding, fine work 10800a
Materials handling
Wrapping, packing, labeling 540
Picking stock, classifying 320
Loading, trucking 220
Inside truck bodies and freight car 110
Meat packaging
Slaughtering 320
Cleaning, cutting, cooking, grinding, canning, packing 1100
Municipal buildings fire and police

331
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

Police
Identification
Jail cells and interrogation rooms 320
Fire hall
Dormitory 220
Recreation room 320
Wagon room 320
Museums (see Art Gallery)
Nursing homes
Corridors and interior ramps 220
Stairways other than exits 320
Exit stairways and landings, on floor 50
Doorways 110
Administrative and lobby areas, day 540
Administrative and lobby areas, night 220
Chapel or quite area, general 50
Chapel or quite area, local for reading 320
Physical therapy 220
Occupational therapy 320
Work table, course work 1100
Work table fine work 2200
Recreation area 540
Dining area 320
Patient care units (or room), general 220
Patient care room, reading 320
Nurse's station, general
Day
Night 220
Nurse's desk, for charts and records
Nurse's medicine cabinet
Utility room, general 220
Utility room, work counter 540
Pharmacy area, general 320
Pharmacy, compounding, and dispensing area 1100
Janitor's closet 150
Toilet and bathing facilities 300
Barber and beautician areas 500
Offices
Drafting room
Detailed drafting and designing, cartography
Rough layout drafting
Accounting offices
Auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business machine

332
APPENDIX C. LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED

operation, computer operation

General offices
Reading poor reproduction, business machine operation,
computer operation
Reading handwriting in hard pencil pr poor paper,
reading fair reproductions, active filing, mail sorting
Reading handwriting in ink or medium pencil or good
quality paper, intermittent filing
Private offices
Reading poor reproductions, business machine operation
Reading handwriting in hard pencil on poor paper,
reading fair reproductions
Reading handwriting in ink or medium pencil on good
quality paper
Reading high contrast or well-printed materials
Conferring and interviewing 330
Conference room
Critical seeing task
Conferring 330
Note-taking during projection (variable) 330
Corridors 220k
Packing and boxing (see Materials handling)
Paint manufacturing
General 320
Comparing mix with standard 2200a

Paint shops 540

Dipping, simple spraying, firing
Rubbing, ordinary hand painting and finishing art, stencil 540
and special spaying 1100
Fine hand painting and finishing 320a
Extra-fine hand painting and finishing
Paper-box manufacturing 540
General manufacturing area
Paper manufacturing 320
Beaters, grinding, calendaring 540
Finishing, cutting, trimming, papermaking machines 750
Hand counting, wet end of paper machine 1100
Paper machine reel, paper inspection, and laboratories 1600
Rewinder 320
Plating 1100
Polishing and burnishing
Power plants (see Central station)

333