Corrosion

Definition, Electrochemical series, Mechanism of Corrosion- (I) Dry or Chemical Corrosion-i) Due to oxygen
ii)Due to other gases. (II)Wet or Electrochemical corrosion- Mechanism i) Evolution of hydrogen type ii)
Absorption of oxygen. Types of Corrosion- Galvanic cell corrosion, Concentration cell corrosion (differential
aeration principle), Pitting corrosion, Intergranular corrosion, Stress corrosion. Significance of galvanic series
for corrosion phenomenon.
Factors affecting the rate of corrosion- (i)Nature of metal, (ii)Nature of corroding environment. Methods of
corrosion control- (I)Material selection and proper designing,(II) Cathodic protection- i) Sacrificial anodic
protection ii) Impressed current method,(III) Metallic coatings- only Cathodic coating (tinning) and anodic
coatings (Galvanising) . Organic coating-Paint-
Constituents & functions
Electrochemical Series
Electrochemical Series
 Galvanic Series
• Although electrochemical series gives very useful
information regarding chemical activities of metals ,it
may not be able to provide sufficient information in
predicting the corrosion behaviour in a particular set of
environmental [Link] in practical
situations many side reactions may takes place which
influence the corrosion [Link] view of
this,oxidation potential measurements of various
metals and alloys in common use have been made
using standard calomel electrode and immersing the
metals and alloys in sea [Link] are arranged in
decreasing order of their activity and this series is
known as galvanic series.
Galvanic Series
 CORROSION
• Any process of deterioration (or destruction ) and consequent loss of a
solid metallic material, through an unwanted chemical or electrochemical
attack by its environment , starting from its surface , is called corrosion.
• Mechanism of corrosion:
• ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION (DRY CORROSION)
• ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION (WET CORROSION)
• 1. Dry Corrosion-This type of corrosion occurs mainly through the direct
chemical action of environment / atmospheric gases such as oxygen ,
hydrogen sulphide, halogen , sulphur dioxide, nitrogen or anhydrous
inorganic liquid with metal surfaces in immediate proximity. There are two
main types of corrosion:

• Oxidation corrosion
• Corrosion by other gases
 Oxidation corrosion

• This is brought about by the direct action of oxygen at low or high temperature on metals ,
usually in the absence of [Link] ordinary temperature , metals in general , are very
slightly attacked. However alkali metals (Li,Na,K etc) and alkaline –earth (Be,Ca,Sr , etc) are
even rapidly oxidized at low temperatures .At high temperature , almost all metals (except Ag
, Au and Pt) are oxidized .
• The reaction in the oxidation corrosion are :
• ` 2M--------.> 2Mn+ + 2ne-
• (Loss of electrons)
•
• nO2+ 2ne- --- 2nO2-
• (Gain of electrons)
•
• OR
•
• 2M + nO2 ----- 2Mn+ +2nO2-
• or
• 2MO
• Corrosive product
 MECHANISM of oxidation corrosion

• Oxidation occurs first at the surface of metal and the resulting metal oxide acts as a barrier
between the metal and environment and restrict further oxidation. For oxidation to continue
, either the metal ion should diffuse outwards through oxide layer or oxygen diffuses inwards
through the oxide layer. Both transfer occur , but the outward diffusion of metal is generally
much more rapid than the inward diffusion of oxygen , since the metal ion is appreciably
smaller than the oxide ion , and have much higher mobility.
• The nature of oxide film formed is of various types of nature. The nature and stability of film
depends on temperature, humidity and other atmospheric conditions.
 TYPES OF FILMS
• TYPES OF FILMS (i)Stable (ii) Unstable(iii) Volatile(iv) Porous
• Stable:
• Stable oxide films are formed by metals like Al , Cu , Sn , and Pb . It forms a hard ,
tough , strongly adherent and impervious film which acts as a barrier that tends to
resist further oxidation.
• Unstable:
• This type of film formed by noble metal like Ag , Au, Pt. This type of metal
decomposes into metal and oxygen . Thus these metals do not undergo corrosion.
• Volatile:
• If the oxide film is volatile , it volatilizes as soon as it is formed , thereby leaving
the underlying metal surface for further exposure and attack and thus cause rapid ,
continous and excessive [Link]. MoO3 layer
Porous:
• Films having pores or cracks and as a result permits more access of oxygen
to metal surface and the corrosion progress.
•
 Corrosion by other gases

• The extent of corrosive effect depends on the

chemical affinity between the metal and gases
like SO2 , CO2 , Cl2 , H2S , F2 [Link] the film
formed is protective or non-porous (eg AgCl
film ), the intensity of attack decreases. On the
other side if the film formed is non-protective
or porous , the surface of the whole metal is
gradually destroyed. Eg. SnCl4 layer.
 ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION
• This type of corrosion occurs
 Where a conducting liquid is in contact with metal
• OR
 When two dissimilar metals or alloys are either immersed or dipped partially in a solution.
• When a conducting liquid is in contact with metal
• This corrosion occurs, due to the existence of separate “anodic” and “cathodic” areas, between
which current flows through the conducting solution. At anodic area, oxidation reaction (i.e.
liberation of free electrons) takes place, so anodic metal is destroyed by either dissolving or
assuming combined state (such as oxide, etc.) Hence, corrosion always occurs at anodic areas.
• At anode: M→ M n + n e-
• M n →Dissolved in solution or Forms compound such as oxide
•
• On the other hand at cathodic areas, reduction reaction (i.e., gain of electron) takes place.
At cathodic part, dissolved constituents in the conducting medium accepts the electrons to form
some ions (like OH -, O2-). The metallic ions (at anodic part) diffuse towards each other through
conducting medium and form a corrosion product somewhere between anode and cathode.
• Cathodic reaction consumes electron with either by –
 Evolution of hydrogen
• OR
 Absorption of oxygen, depending on the nature of the corrosive environment.
 Evolution of hydrogen
• This type of corrosion occurs, usually, in acidic environments.
• Fe-- Fe2+ +2e-
• These electrons flow through the metal, from anode to cathode, where H+ ions (of acidic solution) are eliminated as hydrogen
gas.
• 2H+ + 2e- --H2 (Reduction)
• + 2+
The overall reaction is Fe +2H --- Fe + H2
•
• All metals above hydrogen in the electrochemical series have a tendency to get dissolved in acidic solution with simultaneous evolution
of hydrogen
 Absorption of oxygen :Rusting of iron

• In neural aqueous solution of electrolytes (NaCl) in the presence of atmospheric oxygen is a

common example of this type of corrosion. This surface of iron is generally coated with a thin layer
of iron oxide. If this film develops some cracks, anodic areas are created on the surface. Well- metal
parts act as cathodes. The anodic areas small while cathodic areas are large.
• At the anodic areas of the metal dissolves as ferrous ions with liberation of electrons.
• Fe-- Fe2+ +2e- (oxidation)

•
• The liberated electrons flow from anodic to cathodic areas, through iron metal, where
electrons are intercepted by the oxygen as:
• O2+H2O+2e---2OH- (Reduction)
• The ferrous ions (at anode) and hydroxide ions (at cathode) diffuse and when they meet,
ferrous hydroxide is precipitated.
• Fe2++2OH---Fe(OH)2
•
• If enough oxygen is present, ferrous hydroxide is easily oxidized to ferric hydroxide.
• 4 Fe(OH)2+ O2+2H2O ---4 Fe(OH)3
• If the supply of oxygen is limited, the corrosion product may be even black anhydrous
magnetite, Fe3O4.
Dia
 FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF CORROSION

• The factors affecting rate of corrosion depends on the-

– Nature of metal
– Nature of environment.
• Nature of metal:
• [Link] of metal in galvanic series:
When two metals or alloys are in electrical contact , in presence of an electrolyte , the more
active metal(higher up in the galvanic series) acts as an anode and [Link] rate of corrosion
depends upon the difference in their position, and greater is the difference , the faster is the
corrosion of the anodic metal or alloy.
2. Overvoltage:
• Reduction in overvoltage of the corroding metal or alloy accelerates the corrosion rate.
• [Link] areas of the anodic and cathodic parts:
• When two dissimilar metals or alloy are in contact , the corrosion of the anodic parts is
directly proportional to the ratio of areas of cathodic parts and the anodic parts.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF CORROSION

• [Link] of metal:
• The rate and extent of corrosion , increases with the increasing exposure and extent of the
impurities. Impurities in a metal , generally cause “heterogeneity” , and form minute
electrochemical cells (at the exposed parts) and anodic parts get corroded.
• [Link] state of metal:
• The smaller the grain-size of the or alloy ,the greater will be its solubility , and greater will be
its corrosion. The areas under stress tend to be anodic and corrosion takes place at these
areas.
• [Link] of oxide film:
• If the oxide film formed on metal surface is protective, non-porous and strongly adhered,
then such a film protects the metal unless a crack is developed in the film. If the film is
porous, loosely adhered then the oxygen will diffuse through it and bring about further
corrosion.
• [Link] of corrosion product:
• If the corrosion product is soluble the corroding medium, then corrosion proceeds at a faster
rate. If the corrosion product is insoluble in the medium , then the rate of corrosion
decreases.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF CORROSION

• Nature of environment:
• Temperature:
• With increase of temperature of environment, the reaction as well as diffusion rate increases, thereby corrosion
rate is enhanced.
• Humidity of air:
• Corrosion increases in the presence of moisture or [Link] is due to gases like CO2, O2 etc. which get dissolved in
presence of moisture giving conducting solution, essential for setting up an electrochemical corrosion cell. The xxide film on
a metal surface, although a solid body, yet possesses the property absorbing moisture. In presence of absorbed moisture, all
necessary requirement for the occurrence of corrosion exist.
• Effect of pH:
• Generally acidic media (i.e. pH<7) are more corrosive then alkaline and neutral [Link] metal generally have a particular
pH value at which it has highest corrosion [Link] and above pH value , the metal corrodes faster([Link] pH=11).
However the rate of corrosion in the presence of oxygen is much higher.
• Nature of ions present in the medium:
• Presence of anions like silicate in the medium leads to the formation of the insoluble reaction products (e.g. silica gel), which
inhibits further corrosion. On the other hand , chloride ions , if present in medium , destroy the protective surface
film,thereby exposing the fresh metal surface for corrosion.
• Conductance of corroding medium:
• Corrosion of underground structure depends on conducting medium. Conductance of dry sandy soils is lesser than clay and
mineralised soil and leads to slow corrosion of underground pipelines.
•
 GALVANIC CORROSION
• When two dissimilar metals (e.g. zinc and copper) are electrically connected and exposed to an
electrolyte , the metal higher in the electrochemical series undergoes corrosion. This type of
corrosion is called “galvanic corrosion”. In the above example zinc( higher in the electrochemical
series ) forms the anode and is attacked and get dissolved; whereas copper (lower in
electrochemical series) acts as cathode.
•
•
• Mechanism:
• In acidic solution , the corrosion occurs by the hydrogen evolution process; while in neutral or
alkaline solution, oxygen absorption occurs. The electron – current flows from the anodic metal,
zinc,
• Zn-----Zn2+ + 2e-
(Oxidation)
• to the cathodic metal, copper. Thus the corrosion occurs at the anodic metal; while the cathodic
part is protected from the attack.
•
• Examples:
• Steel screws in a brass marine hardware;
• Lead-antimony solder around copper wire:
• A steel propeller shaft in bronze bearing.
•
Galvanic Corrosion
Dia
 DIFFERENTIAL AERATION CORROSION
• This corrosion occurs when one part of metal is exposed to a different air concentration from the
other part. This causes a difference in potential between differentially aerated areas. It has been
found experimentally that poor –oxygenated parts are anodic. A differential aeration of metal
causes a flow of current, called the differential current.
• Differential aeration accounts for the corrosion of metals , partially immersed in a solution ,
just below the waterlineIf a metal (e.g. Zn) is partially immersed in a dilute solution of a neutral salt
(like NaCl) and the solution is not agitated properly, then the parts above and closely adjacent to
the waterline are more strongly aerated and hence become cathodic . On the other hand , parts
immersed to the greater depth are less aerated , become anodic. So a difference of potential is
created, which causes a flow of current between the two differential – aerated areas of the same
metal . Zinc will dissolve at the anodic areas, and oxygen will take up electrons at the cathodic areas
to form hydroxyl ions.
• Zn----- Zn2+ +2e- (Oxidation)
• -
½ O2 +H2O +2e -----2OH - (Reduction)
• The circuit is completed by migration of ions, through electrolyte, and flow of electrons,
through the metal, from anode to cathode.
•
Differential Aeration Corrosion
 WATERLINE CORROSION
When water is stored in a steel tank, it is generally
found that the maximum amount of corrosion takes
place along a line just beneath the level of the water
meniscus. The area above the waterline (highly-
oxygenated) acts as the cathodic and is completely
unaffected by corrosion. If the water is relatively free
from acidity, little corrosion takes place. The problem is
accelerated in case of marine ships, where marine
plants attach themselves to the side of ships.
Water Line Corrosion
 PITTING CORROSION
• Pitting corrosion is a localized accelerated attack, resulting in
formation of cavities around which the metal is relatively
unattached. Pitting is the result of cracking of the protective film on
a metal at specific points.
• This give rise to the formation of small anodic and large cathodic
areas. Breakdown of the protective film may be caused by (A)
surface-roughness (b) scratches or cut edges (c) non-uniform or
alternating stress (d) impingement or chemical attack. The presence
of the extraneous impurities (like sand , dust , scale etc.) embedded
on the surfaces of metals lead to corrosion. The surface under the
dust or scale is less accessible to oxygen , therefore is anodic and
corroded .As corrosion proceeds , a cavity or pit is created and it
becomes deeper. Its bottom becomes still less accessible to oxygen
, which makes it till more anode.
Pitting Corrosion
 STRESS CORROSION
• It is similar to intergranular [Link] corrosion (Stress cracking) is the combined effect of
static tensile stresses and the corrosive environment on a metal. It is characterized by a highly
localized attack which occurs even when overall corrosion is negligible .For stress corrosion to occur
the essential conditions are 1) presence of tensile stress and 2) a specific corrosive environment
.The specific substances act as the corrosive agents and are selective for particular material in
particular environment .For example a) caustic alkalis and strong nitrate solution for mild steel b)
traces of ammonia for brass c) acid chloride solution for stainless steel .This type of corrosion is
seen in fabricated articles of certain alloys (like high zinc brasses and nickel brasses )due to the
presence of stresses caused by heavy working like rolling ,drawing or insufficient annealing .The
pure metals are relatively immune to stress corrosion .Stress corrosion involves in a localized
electrochemical corrosion ,forming anodic areas with respect to the more cathodic areas at the
metal surface Presence of stress produces strains ,which result in localized zones of higher
electrode potential .These chemically –active sites are attacked ,even by a mild corrosive
environment .This results in the formation of crack ,which grows and propagates in a plant .The
attack of corrosion continues till failure of structure occurs .
• Some typical examples of stress corrosion are given below:
• i)Season cracking is a term applied to stress corrosion of copper alloys ,mainly brasses .Pure copper
is immune to stress corrosion ,but presence of small amount of alloying element (P,[Link],Zn,Al,Si)
result in marked sensitivity .For example ,alpha brass (which when highly stressed)undergo
intergranular cracking in an atmosphere, containing traces of ammonia or amines .
• ii) Caustic embrittlement is another example in this type of corrosion.
Stress Corrosion
Stress Corrosion
 INTERGRANULAR CORROSION

• When a molten metal is cast, the solidification starts at many randomly distributed nuclei each of
them grow in a regular atomic array o form what are called grains .The arrangement of atoms and
spacing between the layers of atoms are identical in all the grains of a given metal .However,
because of random nucleation, the planes of atoms in neighboring grains do not match up. Such
areas of mismatch between the grains is called grain boundaries. A one inch long line drawn on an
alloy surface would cross as many as thousand grain boundaries .Grain boundaries are generally
more susceptible for attack by a corrodent because of segregation of specific elements or the
formation of a compound in the boundary (because of the atomic mismatch existing there)
• Alloys are generally more susceptible to intergranular corrosion .During welding of stainless steel,
chromium carbide gets precipitated at the grain boundaries thus depleting the adjacent region of
chromium , which therefore becomes more anodic to the alloy composition in the grain centre
and also to the precipitated chromium carbide .This renders the regions near the grain boundaries
more susceptible for corrosion.(The region low in chromium have lesser tendency to become
passive as compared to the main portion of the grain ) .The grain boundary corrosion usually is a
microscopic attack and proceeds along the grain boundary until the affected grain is totally
dislodged .Thus it to leads to sudden failure without any apparent indication of a severe attack
.Susceptibility to intergranular attack usually results from a heat treatment (such as welding or any
stress - relieving operations )and it can be remedied by another heat treatment or by using a
modified alloy
•
Intergranular Corrosion
Intergranular Corrosion
 CORROSION CONTROL
• Proper designing and selection of materials
• Cathodic Protection
• Anodic Protection
• Protective Coatings
 Proper designing and selection of
materials
• The design of the material should be such that corrosion , if it occurs , is uniform and does not result in
intense and localized corrosion. Important design principles are:
– Avoid the contact of dissimilar metals in the presence of a corroding solution.
– The anodic material should have as large area as possible; whearas the cathodic metal should have as much smaller
area as possible.
– Two dissimilar metals should be as close as possible in the electrochemical series.
– When-ever the direct joining of dissimilar metals is unavoidable as insulating fitting may be applied in between them
to avoid direct metal-metal electrical contact.
– The anodic material should not be painted or coated , when in contact with a dissimilar cathodic metal, because any
break in coating in would lead to rapid localized corrosion.
– Prevent the occurrence of inhomogeneities both in the metal and in the corrosive environment. Thus, a proper design
should avoid the presence of crevices between adjacent parts of the structure , even in the case of same metal, since
crevices permit concentration differences. Bolts and rivets are undesirable for this reason and these should be
replaced by a butt-weld.
– It is desirable that the design allows for adequate cleaning and flushing of the critical parts of the equipment. Sharp
corners and recesses should be avoided , because they favour the formation of stagnant areas and accumulation of
solids, etc.
– Whenever possible the equipment should be supported on legs to allow free circulation of air and prevent the
formation of stagnant pools or damp areas.
– Uniform flow of a corrosion liquid is desirable.
– Using pure metal-Impurities in a metal cause heterogeneity, which decreases corrosion resistance of the metal.
Purification of metals like Al, Mg etc. provides a coherent and impervious protective oxide film on the surface.
– Using metal alloys- Noble, but precious metals such as platinum and gold are corrosion resistant. Corrosion resistance
of most metals is best increased by alloying them with suitable elements, but for maximum corrosion-resistance, alloy
should be completely homogenous.
 Cathodic Protection
• The principle involved in this method is to force the metal to be protected to
behave like a cathode, thereby corrosion does not [Link] are two types of
cathodic protection:
– Sacrificial anodic protection method:The metallic structure (to be protected ) is connected by
a wire to a more anodic metal . So that all the corrosion is concentrated at this more active
metal. The more active metal itself get corroded slowly ; while the parent structure (cathodic)
is protected. The more active metal is called “sacrificial anode”. Metals commonly employed
as sacrificial anodes are Mg ,Zn , Al and their alloys .Buried pipelines , underground cables ,
marine structures,[Link] be protected by this method
•
– Impressed current cathodic protection:An impressed current is applied in opposite direction
to nullify the corrosion current and convert the corroding metal from anode to cathode. The
impressed current is derived from a direct current source (like graphite or rectifier on a.c.
line) with an insoluble anode (like graphite , stainless steel) Usually , a sufficient D.C. current is
applied to an insoluble anode, buried in the soil (or immersed in the corroding medium ) and
connected to the metallic structure to be [Link] protection has been applied to open
water –box coolers, water-tanks, buried oil or water pipes etc.
•
 Anodic Protection
• Anodic protection, makes the entire metal surface an- odic-so anodic that the metal
completely passivates. Obviously, then, this technique is limited to metals that can form
protective passive films.
• Anodic protection is used to protect metals that exhibit passivation in environments whereby
the current density in the freely corroding state is significantly higher than the current
density in the passive state over a wide range of potentials.
• Anodic protection is used for carbon steel storage tanks containing extreme pH environments
including concentrated sulfuric acid and 50 percent caustic soda where cathodic protection is
not suitable due to very high current requirements.
• In anodic protection potentiostat is used to maintain a metal at constant potential with
respect to reference elctrode. Out of three terminals of potentiostat one is connected to tank
to be protected. Another to an auxiliary cathode(platinum). Third to reference electrode.
Thus potentiostat maintains a constant potential between tank and reference electrode.
• An anodic protection system includes an external power supply connected to
auxiliary cathodes and controlled by a feedback signal from one or more reference
electrodes. Careful design and control is required when using anodic protection for several
reasons, including excessive current when passivation is lost or unstable, leading to possible
accelerated corrosion.
 Protective coatings
– Metallic coatings:This can be divided into two types:
– Anodic coatings-Coatings with more active metal
– Cathodic coatings- Coatings with less active metal
•
• Anodic coatings-Coating of Zn, Al, Cd on Fe or steel are anodic, because they are
more active and their electrode potential are higher than that of the base metal. If
any portion of the coatings are broken, a galvanic cell is formed between the
coating metal and exposed base metal.
• Cathodic coatings-These type of coatings are produced by coatings metals which
are cathodic to the base metal, which is to be protected. Coating used is of more
noble metal having lower electrode potential than the base metal. They protected
base metal because they have higher corrosion resistance than the base metal.
Broken coating is not effective. If much coatings are punctured, the coating metal
become cathode; while the exposed base metal acts an anode. Eg –coating of Sn
on Fe or steel.
Metallic coatings
Metallic coatings
 Method of application of metal coatings

• Hot dipping:
• Metal spraying:
• Metal cladding:
• Cementation:
• Electroplating
 Hot dipping
• The most widely used hot dipping methods are Galvanizing and
Tinning
• i) Galvanizing: Coating of Zn on iron or steel is called galvanizing.
• Uses: It is most widely used for protection of iron from
atmospheric corrosion in the form of roofing , wires, pipes, tubes
etc.,but not in food container .Zn gets dissolved by weak organic
acid present in the food to form highly toxic compound.
•
• ii) Tinning- Coating of tin on iron or steel is called tinning.
• Uses-This coating is resistant against atmosphere. Tin is being non-
toxic, tinning is widely used for coating of steel , copper and brass
sheets ,used for manufacturing containers for storing foodstuffs oil
etc. tin coatings are also used for protection of copper cables
against attack of sulphur present in rubber insulation.
•
Galvanizing and Tinning Process
 Protective coatings
Organic Coatings-Organic coating are inert organic –barriers (like paints ,
varnishes , lacquers and enamels) applied on metallic surfaces and other
constructional materials for both corrosion protection and decoration.

• PAINTS- Paint is a viscous suspension of finely divided solid pigment in fluid

medium , which on drying yield impermeable film having considerable hiding
power.
• Requisities of a good paint-
• It should be fluid enough to be spread easily over the protected surface.
• It should form a quite tough , uniform , adherent and impervious film .
• Its film should not get cracked on drying.
• Its film should be glossy.
• It should protect the painted surface from corrosion effect of environment.
• Colour of the film should be stable to the effect of atmosphere.
 Organic Coating-Paints
• Constituents of paint-
• [Link]-Pigment is a solid substance, which is an essential constituent
of paints. Functions of the pigments are to-
• obscure the surface and provide decorative colour effect.
• Provide capacity and strength to paint.
• Give aesthetical appeal (i.e. pleasing to look at) to the paint film.
• Give protection to the paint film by reflecting harmful ultraviolet light
•
• Pigments used whites(such as white lead, zinc oxide) or coloured (i)red-
red lead,ferric oxide (ii) green –chromium oxide (iii) Prussian
blue(iv)Black- carbon black (v) brown-brown umbre etc.)
•
• Characteristics of a good pigment-Good pigment should be
• opaque(b)chemically inert(c)non-toxic(d) freely mixable (e) cheap
 Organic Coating-Paints
• 2)Vehicles or drying oil-It is a film forming constituents of the paint. These are
glycerol esters of high molecular weight fatty acids , generally present in animal
and vegetable [Link] most widely used drying oils are linseed oil, soyabeen oil and
dehydrated castor oil .
• The fatty fatty acids may be saturated or may have double bonds. Number
and position of double bonds present in the acid influences the properties and
uses of oils On this basis the oils are classified under the groups-
• (1)Non-drying oils-Thy have mostly saturated and mono-saturated fatty-acids .
They do not easily absorb oxygen from air. Eg. Mustard oil and sunflower oil.
• (2)Drying oils-They have fatty acids with two or more double bonds. They readily
absorb atmospheric oxygen at ordinary temperature .They dry very [Link]. linseed
oil , dehydrated castor oil.
• Semi-drying oils-The composition of this type of oil is in between drying and non-
drying oil. They dry very slowely in [Link]. soyabeen oil , fish oil.
• Reason in drying of oils- The oil film , after it has been applied on the
surface,absorbs atmospheric oxygen at the double bonds.,forning peroxides,
diperoxides and hydroperoxides, which isomerise ,polymerize, and condense to
form a characteristic tough , coherent , hard , elastic ,insoluble and cross-linked
macromolecular film.
•
 Organic Coating-Paints
• (3)Thinners-They are volatile liquid. Common thinners used are
turpentine, naphtha, benzene , kerosene [Link] function of the
thinners are-
• (a)They reduce the viscosity of the paint to suitable consistency, so that
they can easily be applied.
• (b)They suspend the pigment.
• © They dissolve the film forming materials.
• (d)They evaporate readily and help in drying of the film.
• They increase elasticity of the film.
•
• (4)Driers- They reduce the drying time .They are oxygen –carrier catalysts
.They helps in absorption of oxygen and oxidation, polymerization and
condensation of oil [Link] most effective driers are resonates ,
tungstates and naphthenates of Co , Mn , Pb , and Zn.
 Organic Coating-Paints
• (5)Extenders or Fillers-They are colourless inorganic substances like
aluminium silicate, BaSO4 , Talc, asbestos ,mica,silica [Link]-
– increase the mechanical strength of the paint film
– reduce the cost
– help to prevent the settling of heavy pigments.
– Act as a carriers for the pigment colour.
• (6)Plastizers-They are used to give elasticity to the film and to
prevent cracking of the [Link] common plastisizers are tricresyl
phosphate . triphenyl phosphate, dibutyl tartarate etc.
• (7)Antiskinning agent- They are added to prevent gelling and
skinning of the paint film. Important antiskinning agents are
polyhydroxy phenols.
•