HISTORY OF
BRAZIL
Marc TRESARRIEU, Augustin HANTSCH,
Antoine HOULIERE, Florimond
CHAHBAZIAN, Nathan PAUL
COLONIAL PERIOD (1500-1822)
Arrival of Portuguese
Treaty of Torsedillas in 1494
Determines land between Portugal
and Spain
Discovery of Brazil:
22 april 1500 by Pedro Alvares Cabral
1000 men and 13 ships
“The landing of Pedro Alvares Cabral in Porto
Segura in 1500”, Oscar Peireira da Silva
Population and colonisation
No means of communication: music
and humor
Firstly not considered for their
ressources
The success of Jesuits
COLONIAL PERIOD (1500-1822)
Exploitation of Brazil ressources
XVI century : brazilwood (pernambouco)
cycle
First ressources to be collected
Popular for its quality
Also used to make red dyes
1530-1700: sugar cycle
Contributes to some captainries success
Aboriginal slaves then imports of African
slaves
Exports sugar, tobacco, cotton and
indigenous products and imports wine, olive
oil, textiles and luxury goods
“Engenho”, Frans Prost
XVII and XVIII century: gold and diamond cycle
XVI century: beginning of entradas and bandeiras
discovery of gold at the end of XVII century: start of the gold rush
1729: discovery of diamond in Tijuco (Diamantina)
Quinto, smuggling and rebel movements
Inconfidencia Mineira against the tax excess
COLONIAL PERIOD (1500-1822)
French and Dutch Occupation
French Incursion
Antarctic France (1555-1567) by Nicolas
Durant de Villegaignon in Guanabara Bay
Foundation of Rio de Janeiro in 1565
Equinoxale France (1612-1614) in Sao Luiz
Dutch Occupation
Netherlands independence from Spain in
1581
Philip II bans trade with Dutch ships,
including in Brazil.
Dutch corsairs plundering the coast:
sacked Salvador in 1604, set up in Recife
and Olinda.
Taking possession of Paraiba 1635-1654
COLONIAL PERIOD (1500-1822)
Territorial division and Occupation
Territorial division
Treaty of Torsedillas
Creation of 15 captaincies in 1536
1549 and Tomé de Sousa: Brazil is again a royal enterprise
Creation of Estados in 1621
Capitanias Hereditarias, 1534 Ater West Exploration, 1709 After Brasil regional division, 1822
West exploration
ressources was the motor during the XVII century
South colonisation
Rio de la plata colony by Manuel Lobo at the end of the XVII century
Creation of village in the south (Curitiba in 1668...)
Treaty of Madrid in 1750 replaces Treaty of Torsedillas
INDEPENDANCE AND EMPIRE
1822 - 1889
The liberation of the former colony
A new dimension for the country
1807, the Bragance family fled to Brazil
1815, Prince Joao VI made Brazil an associated kingdom
1821, political outburts forced the royal family to come back to Lisbonne
The begining of the rift
1821, Dom Pedro I, the son of the King, is
appointed regent of Brazil
A year of portuguese humiliation
The point of no return : the Cortès
striped him of all his powers
The Revolution
“Independance of Death”
1822, The proclamation of the Empire
1822-1825, the Independance War
1825, The declaration of Independance
INDEPENDANCE AND EMPIRE
1822 - 1889
The history of the Empire
The reign of Dom Pedro I (1822 - 1831)
1825, a new power already underminded by the war
1826-1831, the emperor’s role polirize the debates
The pressure of two crown and the abdication
The reign of Dom Pedro II (1831 - 1889)
1831 - 1840, the difficulty of the regency and the
anarchy
Half a century of reign to faced all the possible
challenges
The strange end of one of the better viewed
empire of the world
A century of great progress for the Brazil
A country recognized for its social
progress
Brasil joined the ranks of the developped
nations
A great example, the rubber cycle from
1779
INDEPENDANCE AND EMPIRE
1822 - 1889
The long process of abolishing slavery
The situation at the begining of the 19th
century
Around 30 to 40% of all the slaves
conducted to America went to Brazil
(more than 5 millions people)
1761, abolition of slavery in Portugal
A country were the slavery is
everywhere and an economy slave-
dependent
The first steps toward the abolition
1831, a first try, the parliament ban the introduction of new african slaves
1845, the Bill Aberdeen, the Royal Navy threatened the traffic
The changes bring by the massive immigration
The ultimate laws and their consequencies
1871, the Free Womb Law
1887, the sexagerian Law
1888, the Golden Law
FIRST REPUBLIC AND VARGAS ERA
1889-1945
Political Instability in the First Republic (1889-1930)
Political and social turmoil
Elections trained by a series of political and social disturbances
Udermining of the legitimacy of the democratic process
Unstable governments
High turnover of leaders and fragil political coalitions
The example of the Canudos Rebellion (1896-1897)
Led by religious leader Antonio Conselheiro in Northeast Brazil
Manifestation of discontent among marginalized populations
towards the central government
Illustrates deep social and political divisions within the country
“Governors’ Politics”
Practice of federal presidents making agreements with state
governors to maintain power
Often resulted in political compromises and informal agreements
Favoverd the agrian oligarchy and undermined representative
democracy
3- FIRST REPUBLIC AND VARGAS
ERA 1889-1945
The Vargas Era: Transformation,
Authoritarianism and Legacy in Brazil
(1930-1945)
Vargas led Brazil from 1930 to 1945,
initiated by a coup d'état.
He promoted industrialization and
created state-owned enterprises to
reduce dependence on imports.
Social reforms, such as the Labor Code,
improved workers' conditions.
His authoritarian regime, the Estado
Novo, was characterized by strict
government control and political
repression.
His legacy includes a more diversified
economy and strengthened labor rights,
but also centralized power and violations
of civil liberties.
3- FIRST REPUBLIC AND VARGAS
ERA 1889-1945
Coffee industry
Main driver of the Brazilian
economy during the First Republic.
São Paulo becomes the center of
production with expansive
plantations.
Coffee exports are the primary
source of revenue, stimulating
economic growth.
Metallurgical Industry:
Priority under Vargas for
industrialization.
Inauguration of the Volta Redonda
Steel Mill in 1943.
Steel production to meet the
growing needs of industry and
national infrastructure, thus
diversifying the economy.
JUSCELINO KUBITSCHECK
Introduction
Président of Brazil from 1956 to 1961
His mandate was marked by numerous reforms
and achivements to develop Brazil
Emblematic figure in the political history of
Brazil in the 20th century.
Short presentation
He was borned in September, 12 1902 in
Diamantina in Minas Gerais State
Medecin Student at the University of Belo
Horizonte
After graduation, he started his political career
by becoming the Major of his town
He became the Major of Belo Horizonte in 1945
and the Governor of Minas Gerais in 1950
JUSCELINO KUBITSCHECK
“50 years in 5 years”
This slogan refers to a “Development Plan” launched in 1956
It symbolises Kubitscheck ambition to achieve 50 years in 5 years
Goals of the plan :
Industrialization : encouraging foreign investment, reducing tax to business,
diversifying the brazilian economy, reducing dependance on agricultural
exports. JK put much effort on the automobil industry with the
implementation of large company such as Volkswagen, Generals Motors.
Infrastructure : construction of roads, airports so as to facilitate
transportation of goods, people and to encourage the development of new
regions
Energy : construction of several hydroelectic dams to provide electricity to
industries and growing urban areas
Education and Health : building of school and hospital, training teachers and
medical staff so as to improve education and health system
Urbanization : encouraging urbanization in the interiors regions of the
country, creating the new capital Brasilia, promoting balanced territorial
development
Critics : high cost, increase indebtedness
JUSCELINO KUBITSCHECK
Construction of Brasilia
Kubitscheck wanted to relocate the Brazilian capital from Rio de Janeiro to the
center of the country
This changement aimed to balanced the economic and demographic growth
The conception of the city was given to Lucio Costa (1902-1998)
Many iconic building have been designed by Oscar Niemeyer (1907-2012)
Construction began in 1956
The inauguration day of Brasilia was April, 21 1960
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1964-)
Context
Coup d’Etat
Period of Brazilian populism and
polarization until 1964
Coup d’Etat led by Brazilian Armed Forces
against President João Goulart
Support by the US
Troubled period
Censorship, Human Rights
abuses
Nationalism, anti-
communism
Economic crisis
Back to democracy
[Link]
João Figueiredo
Demonstrations
New Constitution
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1964-)
Censorship
State Censorship Protests
1945 : Serviço de Censura Cultura contre Censura,
de Diversões Públicas March of the One
Isolated initiatives to Hundred Thousand
State censorship : Turning point : death of
Constitution of 1967 journalist Vladimir
Institutional Act Number Herzog in 1975
Five (AI-5) of 1968 AI-5 revoked in 1979 by
1972 : Divisão de Censura Constitutional
de Diversões Públicas Amendment No. 11
[Link]
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1964-)
Human Rights abuse
State crimes
Extrajudicial killings, forced
disappearances, torture, arbitrary
detention, restrictions on
freedom of speech
AI-5 -> Institutionalization of
torture, suspended Habeas
corpus
Mass grave : Cemitério Dom
Bosco
[Link]
Consequences
Human Rights Watch : Crimes
against humanity
No Brazilian official charged for
their crimes
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1964-)
Resistance
Armed resistance
1969 : Kidnapping of the US ambassador
1970 : Japanese consul general in São
Paulo kidnapped, US consul in Porto
Alegre wounded, and West German
ambassador kidnapped
Only worsened the measures
Non-armed resistance
Artists with messages in their work like
Geraldo Vandré’s 1968 « Pra Não Dizer
que Não Falei das Flores ». [Link]
Newspapers with printings of recipes
instead of censored content, or verses
from Luís de Camões’s « Os Lusíadas »
Tropicália movement -> artists
arrested and exiled
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1964-)
Authoritarian legacy
Influence on other Impact on Brazil
countries from South 434 people killed or
America missing, 20 000
Brazil’s military people tortured
government = model Big economic crisis
for other military
régimes in Latin
America, « National
Security Doctrine »
[Link]
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1964-)
Transition to democracy and 1988 Constitution
Transition to democracy 1988 Constitution
Figueiredo president Replaced the 1967 Constitution
from 1979 to 1985 Brazil’s 6th Republic = Nova
Amnesty for all political República
crimes committed Democracy, human and
during the regime individual rights protection,
Crumbling economy, social welfare, democratic tools
chronic inflation, fall of Led to Consumer’s Defence
other military Code (1990), Children’s and
dictatorships Youth Code (1990) and new
Massive demonstrations Civil Code (2002)
Free elections for
national legislature in
1982, indirect elections
in 1985 -> end of
dictatorship
[Link]
SOURCES
COLONIAL PERIOD (1500-1822)
Images,[Link]
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INDEPENDANCE & EMPIRE (1822-1889)
[Link]
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FIRST REPUBLIC AND VARGAS ERA (1889-1945)
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JUSCELINO KUBITSCHECK
[Link] [Link]
brazil [Link] [Link]
[Link]
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MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1964-)
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THANK
YOU
