STRATEGIC

LEARNING

Naval Competition in the Indian Ocean Region

Rory Medcalf, Katherine Mansted, Stephan Frühling, and James Goldrick, eds., The Future of
the Undersea Deterrent: A Global Survey (Australian National University, 2020),
[Link]
20-02/the_future_of_the_undersea_deterrent.pdf.
“Submarine Proliferation Resource Collection,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, April 5, 2024,
[Link]
collection/.
“The United States Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program,” U.S. Department of Energy, November
2015,
[Link]
2016%5B1%5D_0.pdf.
Michael Walker and Austin Krusz, “There’s a Case for Diesels,” Proceedings - U.S. Naval
Institute, June 2018, [Link]
diesels.

Missiles

“Fact Sheet: Ballistic vs. Cruise Missiles,” The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation,
accessed December 4, 2024, [Link]
content/uploads/2017/04/Ballistic-vs.-[Link].
“Missiles of the World,” Center for Strategic & International Studies, accessed December 4,
2024, [Link]
National Air and Space Intelligence Center and Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis
Committee, “Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat,” U.S. Department of Defense, 2020,
[Link]
0CRUISE%20MISSILE%20THREAT_FINAL_2OCT_REDUCEDFILE.PDF.
Amy F. Woolf and Anya L. Fink, “Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N),”
Congressional Research Service, October 17, 2024,
[Link]

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 STRATEGIC Further Reading
LEARNING
Theory of Naval Nuclear Weapons

Desmond Ball, “Nuclear War at Sea,” International Security 10, no. 3 (1985): 3-31,
[Link]
Owen R. Cote Jr., “Invisible Nuclear-Armed Submarines, or Transparent Oceans? Are Ballistic
Missile Submarines Still the Best Deterrent for the United States?,” Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists 75, no. 1 (2019): 30-35, [Link]
Robert D. Glasser, “Enduring Misconceptions of Strategic Stability: The Role of Nuclear
Missile-Carrying Submarines,” Journal of Peace Research 29, no. 1 (1992): 23-37,
[Link]
James R. Holmes, “Sea Changes: The Future of Nuclear Deterrence,” Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists 72, no. 4 (2016): 228-233, [Link]
Muhammad Azam Khan, “S-2: Options for the Pakistan Navy,” Naval War College Review 63,
no. 3 (2010), [Link]
article=1643&context=nwc-review.

History of Naval Nuclear Weapons

Owen R Cote Jr., “The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy’s Silent Cold War Struggle,”
Newport Papers - Naval War College (2003), [Link]
Hans Kristensen, “Declassified: US Nuclear Weapons at Sea,” Federation of American
Scientists, February 3, 2016, [Link]
Austin Long and Brendan Rittenhouse Green, “Stalking the Secure Second Strike:
Intelligence, Counterforce, and Nuclear Strategy,” Journal of Strategic Studies 38, no. 1-2
(2014): 38-73, [Link]
John J. Mearsheimer, “A Strategic Misstep: The Maritime Strategy and Deterrence in Europe,”
International Security 11, no. 2 (1986): 3-57, [Link]

Naval Nuclear Weapons in the Indian Ocean Region

Christopher P. Carlson and Howard Wang, “China Maritime Report No. 30: A Brief Technical
History of PLAN Nuclear Submarines,” CMSI China Maritime Reports - U.S. Naval War College
(2023), [Link]
Christopher Clary and Ankit Panda, “Safer at Sea? Pakistan’s Sea-Based Deterrent and
Nuclear Weapons Security,” The Washington Quarterly 40, no. 3 (2017): 149-168,
[Link]

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 STRATEGIC Further Reading
LEARNING
Andrew S. Erickson and Lyle J. Goldstein, “China’s Future Nuclear Submarine Force: Insights
from Chinese Writings,” Naval War College Review 60, no. 1 (2007), [Link]
[Link]/nwc-review/vol60/iss1/6/.
Peter Howarth, China’s Rising Sea Power: The PLA Navy’s Submarine Challenge (Routledge,
2006), [Link]
Syed Ali Zia Jaffery, “SAV Review: Islamabad’s Sea-based Nuclear Gambit,” South Asian
Voices, February 9, 2018, [Link]
gambit/.
Ghazala Yasmin Jalil, “India’s Development of Sea-Based Nuclear Capabilities: Implications
for Pakistan,” Strategic Studies 38, no. 1 (2018): 34-47, [Link]
Yogesh Joshi, “Angles and Dangles: Arihant and the Dilemma of India’s Undersea Nuclear
Weapons,” War on the Rocks, January 14, 2019, [Link]
and-dangles-arihant-and-the-dilemma-of-indias-undersea-nuclear-weapons/.
Yogesh Joshi, “Samudra: India’s Convoluted Path to Undersea Nuclear Weapons,” The
Nonproliferation Review 26, no. 5-6 (2019): 481-497,
[Link]
John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai, China’s Strategic Seapower: The Politics of Force
Modernization in the Nuclear Age (Stanford University Press, 1995).
David C. Logan, “China Maritime Report No. 33: China’s Sea-Based Nuclear Deterrent:
Organizational, Operational, and Strategic Implications,” CMSI China Maritime Reports - U.S.
Naval War College (2023), [Link]
article=1032&context=cmsi-maritime-reports.
Zia Mian, M. V. Ramana, and A. H. Nayyar, “Nuclear Submarines in South Asia: New Risks and
Dangers,” Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament 2, no. 1 (2019): 184-202,
[Link]
“Nuclear Notebook,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, accessed December 4, 2024,
[Link]
Iskander Rehman, “Murky Waters: Naval Nuclear Dynamics in the Indian Ocean,” Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, March 9, 2015, [Link]
[Link]/static/files/murky_waters.pdf.
Iskander Rehman, “Nuclear Weapons and Pakistan’s Naval Strategy,” Lowy Institute, August
22, 2014, [Link]
strategy.

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 STRATEGIC Further Reading
LEARNING
Ashley J. Tellis, “Striking Asymmetries: Nuclear Transitions in Southern Asia,” Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, July 18, 2022,
[Link]
in-southern-asia?lang=en¢er=global.
Diana Wueger, “India’s Nuclear-Armed Submarines: Deterrence or Danger?,” The Washington
Quarterly 39, no. 3 (2016): 77-90, [Link]
Diana Wueger, “Through a Periscope Darkly: The Nuclear Undersea Competition in Southern
Asia is Just Beginning,” War on the Rocks, October 18, 2017,
[Link]
competition-in-southern-asia-is-just-beginning/.
Tong Zhao, “Tides of Change: China’s Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines and Strategic
Stability,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 24, 2018, [Link]
[Link]/static/files/Zhao_SSBN_final.pdf.

Emerging Technologies

Natasha Bajema, “Will AI Steal Submarines' Stealth?: Better Detection will make the Oceans
Transparent—and Perhaps Undermine Nuclear Deterrence,” IEEE Spectrum 59, no. 9 (2022):
36-41, [Link]
Andrei Bursuc, Cristian Munteanu, and Simona Rus, “Overview on Sea Drones Evolution and
their Use in Modern Warfare,” Land Forces Academy Review 29, no. 2 (2024): 195-209,
[Link]
Peter Hayes, “Nuclear Command-and-Control in the Quantum Era,” Nautilus Institute for
Security and Sustainability, March 29, 2018, [Link]
and-control-in-the-quantum-era/.
James Johnson, AI and the Bomb: Nuclear Strategy and Risk in the Digital Age (Oxford
University Press, 2023).
James S. Johnson, “Artificial Intelligence: A Threat to Strategic Stability,” Strategic Studies
Quarterly 14, no. 1 (2020): 16-39,
[Link]

Risk Reduction Measures

Agreement Between India and Pakistan on Advance Notice on Military Exercises, Manoeuvres
and Troop Movements, 1992,
[Link]
[Link].

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 STRATEGIC Further Reading
LEARNING
Agreement Between the Government of The United States of America and the Government of
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Prevention of Incidents On and Over the High
Seas, 1972, [Link]
Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry, “Indo-Pak CBMs,” Dawn, July 14, 2024,
[Link]
Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea, 2014, [Link]
conduct-unplanned-encounters-sea.
Feroz Hassan Khan, “Strategic Risk Management in Southern Asia,” Journal for Peace and
Nuclear Disarmament 5, no. 2 (2022): 369-393,
[Link]
Michael M. May and John R. Harvey, "Nuclear Operations and Arms Control," in Managing
Nuclear Operations, ed. Ashton B. Carter, John D. Steinbruner, and Charles A. Zraket
(Brookings Institution, 1987).
Rajesh Pendharkar, “The Lahore Declaration and Beyond: Maritime Confidence-Building
Measures in South Asia,” Stimson Center (2003), [Link]
U.S. Indo-Pacific Command Officer of the Staff Judge Advocate (J06) & U.S. Pacific Fleet Legal
Office (N01J), “TOPIC: International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea
(COLREGS),” U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, last updated November 2, 2023,
[Link]
%20COLREGS%20-%[Link]?ver=3SBVY3E62XZ_T9kvRsUJUg%3d%3d.
Monish Tourangbam, “Avoiding Incidents at Sea between India and China,” Stimson Center,
April 26, 2018, [Link]
china/.
Ravi Bhushan Vohra and Hasan Masood Ansari, “Confidence Building Measures at Sea:
Opportunities for India and Pakistan,” Cooperative Monitoring Center Occasional Paper - U.S.
Department of Energy (2003), [Link]