WELCOME BACK TO THE

WORLD OF ENGLISH
 GRAMMAR

* Grammar

* Students
 GRAMMAR
-
EDITING

3
-
IF CLAUSE
-
COHESIVE DEVICES fo marks

↓
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
SUGGESTIONS
-
REPORTED SPEECH
PUBLIC EXAM 2024
Fill in the blanks choosing the right option from the brackets.

is
? Five kilometres ……..not a short distance. (is/are)
had + V3
? If I had tried again …………. (I could solve the problem, I could have
-

solved the problem, could have solve the problem)

? Hasan assisted Dr. Cronin to help the patients. (Change into passive
voice)
to help
was assisted by Hasan
Dr Cronin
.

the patient
PUBLIC EXAM 2023
Fill in the blanks choosing the right option from the brackets.
has
a) One of the sheep …… (has/have) a bell on its neck.
=
has
b) The teacher together with the students …… (has/have) come.
Neither the teacher nor the students have
-
m

c) …… (has/have) gone for a walk.

will
d) If you invite her, she ……
-
(will/would) come.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

a) The police came only after the thief …….(escape)

b) Last year, I …… (walk) back home every evening.
c) He usually wears pants, but now he (wear) a dhoti.
d) Look, the snow ……..(fall)!
REPORTED
SPEECH
 5 Steps!
1. ആ ആേരാ േചാദി അെല ിൽ ഉ രം
െകാടു ുഎ ് എഴുതുക.

2. അനുേയാജ മായ Linking Word എഴുതുക.

3. Linking Word േശഷം Subject എഴുതുക.

4. Sentence ൽ ത ിരി ു Auxiliary Verb

െന അെല ിൽ Main Verb െന Past േല ്
മാ ക.
5. മ ് അനുേയാജ മായ മാ ൾ വരു ുക.
STEP 01: ആ ആേരാ േചാദി അെല ിൽ ഉ രം െകാടു ുഎ ്
എഴുതുക. (Write who asked or replied to whom)

STEP 02: അനുേയാജ മായ Linking Word എഴുതുക (Write an appropriate

linking word)

WH QUESTION - same question word (what, why, how, etc)

YES,NO QUESTION - if/ whether
STATEMENT - that
per
IMERRATIVE SENTENCE - to + V1

STEP 03: Linking Word േശഷം Subject എഴുതുക (Write the subject
immediately after the linking word)
Exception: WH Question റിേ ാർ ് െച േ ാൾ question word േശഷം

V2 വ ാൽ അതിൽ direct subject ഉ ാവില.

STEP 04: Sentence ൽ ത ിരി ു Auxiliary Verb െന അെല ിൽ Main

Verb െന Past േല ് മാ ക (Shift the auxiliary verb or the main verb to
past tense)
V1 V2 + Vz

is, am, are was, were had been

do, does did had + v3
have, has had had
will would would
shall should should
can could could
may Might Might
STEP 05: മ ് അനുേയാജ മായ മാ ൾ വരു ുക (Make other
appropriate changes.)
Today – That day
Tomorrow – The next day, the following day
Yesterday – The previous day
Now – Then
at
This – Then
Tonight – That night
Here - There
 ANNUAL 2022
Rewrite the following dialogues in the reported speech.
Maggie: Are you leaving today? > Yes/No question
-

Statement
- - -

Mr. Gupta: Yes, Maggie, today is the day of my departure.

= -
>
-

Maggie: How long will it take you to reach your country? > WH Questio
-
-

Mr. Gupta: A little more than two weeks. statement

>
-
-

=
that day
asked Mr .

Gupta if he wasleaving .
Maggie the
·
was
that that day
· Mr Gupta replied positively
.

departure. to reach
day of his
would take him
how long this
Maggieasked
·

little more than

it would take
a
Gupta replied that two weeks
· Mr .
 doldoes >
- did >
- had +Vy MODEL 2022
The dialogue between Mrs. Clifford and Mr. Gupta in 'Price
of Flowers' is given below:
Report the dialogue:
Mrs. Clifford :0
Did you 0
see that in the crystal? >
-
YesINo
Statement
.
-

Mr. Gupta: Yes, I have seen it. >

-

-
=

Cifford asked Mr Gupta if he had seen

Mrs
.

a)
.

that in the crystal.

that he had been
b) Mr .
Gupta replied positively
that
 1-> shall
? Change into reported Speech:
he >
- will
“When I go to that part of the country , I shall visit your brother’s grave
=
=

and write to you”, says Gupta.

Gezi
Past
zims !

he goes to that part

-
that when
Gupta says
will visit her brother's grave
country , he
o the
2and write to her
COHESIVE DEVICES
 IMPROVEMENT 2022

Fill in the blanks using the appropriate cohesive devices given in

the brackets.
[because, although, suddenly]
suddenly
......(a)..... the fishermen leapt from the canoe and seized the two
women and set off in great haste for home. although
.......(b)...... the women
pleaded for their lives, the cruel warriors from Nabukelevu did not
listen to their entreaties.
 ANNUAL 2022

Fill in the blanks with the mist

O appropriate cohesive device from
the ones given in brackets:
a) Unfortunately, Stephen was ill at the time of the scholarship
examination for [Link]
..............., he attended the local Saint
Alban's School.
(otherwise/ therefore/ on the contrary)

b) Desktop computers are cheaper and more reliable than

furthermore
laptops; .................... they last longer.
(whereas / furthermore / alternatively)
 MODEL 2022

Complete the following passage choosing the right word given in

the box

00 0
But, unfortunately, therefore

unfortunately
There for
DEATH THE
LEVELLER
James Shirley
PUBLIC EXAM 2024

4 Marks

PUBLIC EXAM 2022

min

4 Marks
MODEL EXAM 2024

1 Marks

4 Marks
MODEL EXAM 2023

4 Marks
MODEL EXAM 2022

4 Marks
Attention Please!
 "Death the Leveller" is a poem that talks about how death makes everyone equal.
 It reminds us that no matter how powerful or rich we are, we all face the same
end.
 This poem is a reflection on the truth that life is temporary and death is certain.
 Shirley shows that death does not care about -
titles, achievements, or wealth.
-

 It encourages us to focus on good deeds

because they are remembered even after death.
 The poem encourages us to value inner
qualities (kindness and good deeds) over
outward success.
 status
STANZA 1
and econonimal
Zimmers birth
THE glories of our blood and state
social
and Stable
O King =
farmer

strong
- -

Are shadows, not substantial things;

-

destiny
There is no armour against Fate;
- -

Death lays his icy hand on kings:

un
~ -
genomeno alsu >
Sceptre and -
Crown Personification
metonymy
Must tumble down,
-
royalty/emperor
Blood (here) – birth
And in the dust be equal made Nex Substantial – strong and stable
sports
With the poor crooked scythe and spade. Armour- shield
-

> Farme Crooked- bent

 STANZA 1- EXPLANATION
 Glories are like shadows: The poem says that one’s noble birth and social
status are not real or lasting. They are like shadows.
 No one can escape Fate: No matter how strong or powerful one is, one
cannot escape one's destiny.
 Death affects everyone: Even kings and powerful people are not safe from
death. Death touches everyone, no matter how mighty they are.

 Equality in death: Death will make a king wearing sceptre and crown equal
to farmer holding a sickle and spade.
STANZA 2 worldly glory Metaphor
field
-

farmers
warriors battle warriors -

>
-

Some men with swords may reap the field,

~

And plant fresh laurels where they kill:

surrender
&

But their strong nerves at last must yield;

-

control
They tame but one another still:
-

Early or late
surrender nu
(death)
They stoop to fate,
- -
Laurel – a plant with dark
And must give up their murmuring breath green and shiny leaves.
Tame – control

-on
When they, pale captives, creep to death. Stoop – surrender
> slaves Captives – slaves, prisoners
 STANZA 2- EXPLANATION
 Some brave warriors fight on battlefields using their swords. They kill their
enemies and celebrate their victory by planting fresh laurels.
 But even their strong bodies must surrender to death. Still, they fight to
control each other, forgetting their end.
 They also have to surrender to fate sooner or later.
 They are mere slaves to death and must walk toward their end.
 victory symbol of
STANZA 3
Gonna symbol of price
power & royalty
-
dry
The garlands wither on your brow;
actions
-

strong powerful
Then boast no more your mighty deeds!
Upon Deaths purple altar now
See where the victor-victim bleeds;
=
victorious
victimised
-
-

Your heads must come Victor

>
-

To the cold tomb; victim- m Laurel – a plant with dark

warn
-

Only the actions of the just green and shiny leaves.

-
Tame – control
mu -
O
Smell sweet and blossom in their dust Stoop – surrender
Captives – slaves, prisoners
 STANZA 3- EXPLANATION
 Garlands wither: The flowers placed on your head, symbolizing honour
and victory, will eventually fade and die.
 Don’t boast about your achievements: The poem advises not to be proud
of your successes because they are temporary.
 Death comes for everyone: On the altar of death, both the victorious and
the victimized will have to lay their heads bleeding.
 All must die: Everyone will return to the dust and be buried in a dark and
cold grave.

 Only good deeds last: The only things that last are the good actions of a
just person, which continue to be remembered even after death.
 POETIC DEVICES
 Style of the poem: The poem is in the style of an epigram (A short,
memorable statement that conveys a general truth or a satirical subject)
“The glories of our blood and state are shadows”
“There is no armour against Fate”

 Tone the poem: The poem has a serious tone as it states the important truth
that death is certain and affects everyone equally.

 Rhythmic Structure: The poem has a regular pattern of three eight-line

O
stanzas (octaves) with a rhyme scheme of ABABCCDD.
quatrain
 POETIC DEVICES
 Alliteration:
o “With the poor crooked scythe and spade”
o “Some men with swords may reap the field”
o “And must give up their murmuring breath”
o “See where the victor-victim bleeds”
o “Smell sweet and blossom in their dust”

 Assonance:
o “Some men with swords may reap the field”
no a a as
 POETIC DEVICES
 Metaphor:
o The title of the poem ‘Death the Leveller’ itself is metaphorical as death is
compared to a leveller. I

o “The glories of blood and state are shadow” farmers

warriors=
o “Some men with swords may reap the field” > -

 Personification: metaphor
=

o ‘Death’ is personified throughout the poem. Ou O

-
o “There is no armour against Fate”
o “Death lays his icy hands on kings”
eleg
fate
THE SERANG OF
RANAGANJI
PUBLIC EXAM 2024

4 Marks

PUBLIC EXAM 2023

2 Marks

6 Marks
PUBLIC EXAM 2022

6 Marks

6 Marks
 MODEL EXAM 2024

character Sketch >

-
FirstPerson

6 Marks

MODEL EXAM 2023

A
4 Marks
 CHARACTERS

-
 Central Character
Hasan -
 Serang (supervisor of the petty naval workers) of the ship
m

Ranaganji. ship
-
 Narrator of the story.
Dr. AJ Cronin
-
 Ship’s medical officer. Actor
 Chief Social Promotor of the Ship.
Miss Jope Smith
 Calls Hasan “an absurdly comic creature”

Captain Hamble  Captain of the Ship Ranaganji

-
Let’s break down the
story quickly!
• "The Serang of Ranaganji" is an anecdote written by Dr. A.J. Cronin.
It is about one of his trips from Liverpool to Calcutta during British
rule in India. The story shows how the author and the main character
handled a dangerous situation calmly and courageously.
-

• The ship, Ranaganji, was ready to leave Liverpool for Calcutta. It

pleasure-seare
was a large ship, with white officers in charge. The crew was all
Indian. The author worked as the ship's doctor.
• The ship was full of people looking for fun and tourists.
Many Anglo-Indian army officers were aboard. The main
person who helped organize social events was Miss
Jope-Smith.
• She made some funny remarks about an Indian serang
named↓ Hasan. He was a squat man, very ugly looking
with short legs and a large disproportionate head. He was
quietly supervising the crew of the petty naval workers.
• The journey started in calm weather. The ship crossed the Bay of Biscay
without any issues. The next morning, Hasan, the serang, brought two
deckhands to Dr. Cronin, who showed signs ofO smallpox.
• Cronin told Captain Hamble about the issue. Captain Hamble
-

asked Dr. Cronin to take the necessary action. He also warned

=

Cronin not to share the news. The serang, Hasan, was given to
-
-
help him.
-

• The ship was in the middle of the Arabian Sea with 1500
passengers on board. There was no way to vaccinate them.
Smallpox was the deadliest disease. It was important to isolate
the patients. The ship was fully occupied.

• But the serang set up a temporary shelter on the back deck,

and the two patients were comfortably isolated there.
• The next step was to get the crew for a complete medical check-up. One of
the sailors showed also showed the symptoms. He was also isolated. Cronin
told Hasan to be careful.
• Together, they cleaned the patients and gave them medicine. Three new
cases were reported. The condition of the separated men was getting worse.

• That same afternoon, four more crew members became sick. The
ship was sailing at full speed towardsO
Colombo, which was 8
days away. Now, there were 14 patients on board. One of the
earlier sick crew members was expected to die soon.

• Hasan was from Punjab. For almost 40 years, he traveled across

different oceans of the world. He spent 15 years in Ranaganji.
He had no home, friends, or family on land.
 • He was unmarried. He was a Muslim. He had only a few rupees and it was in
the ship. He was happy and sincere. He did not give any importance to money.
• The next day, --
two patients died. Hasan made their shrouds. He read a short part
of the Ramayana. He wrapped the bodies in a sailcloth and threw them into the
sea at midnight.
• No new cases appeared. A week later, the ship arrived in Colombo. The sick
men were quickly taken to the hospital. Most of the patients had recovered
from the crisis.
• As soon as the ship reached Calcutta, Miss Jope – Smith asked Cronin whether

*
he had kept the 'absurd creature’ in a special cage or not. Cronin told her that in
a way Hasan was in a cage, but all the animals were outside.
 CHARACTER SKETCH OF HASAN
1. Role and Origin: Hasan is the serang of the ship Ranaganji, and he is from
Punjab, India.
2. Physical Appearance: He is a squat, unattractive man with short legs and a
large, disproportionate head.
3. Compassionate and Helpful: Hasan is caring and always ready to assist
Dr. A.J. Cronin in treating patients suffering from smallpox, working tirelessly
and without fear.

4. Dedicated Worker: Despite warnings about the danger of smallpox, Hasan

remains committed to helping the patients, responding immediately when they
cry out in pain.
5. Lonely and Unattached: Hasan has spent nearly 40 years travelling the
world on ships, including 15 years on the Ranaganji. He has no family,
friends, or home on land. He is unmarried and leads a simple, solitary life.
6. Content and Unmaterialistic: He has little material wealth, with
belongings worth only a few rupees on the ship. Money holds no importance
for him. He is content with what he has and does not seek extra compensation
for his work.
7. Sincere and Practical: He does not worry about the future. When two
patients die, he sews their shrouds and disposes of the bodies by throwing
them into the sea at night.
8. Caring to the End: When the ship reaches Colombo, Hasan helps carry the
sick patients to the hospital, showing his deep commitment to their well-being.
 LETTER
Imagine A.J. Cronin, the physician on the ship, is very impressed by
Hasan’s service. After the voyage, Cronin writes a letter to the
director of the company that owns the ship, Ranaganji. Write the
letter Cronin would send.
Government Hospital
Lord Curson Lane
Calcutta

17 July 1940

The Director
Eastern Import Export Company
London

Dear Sir,

Sub: Selfless Service of Hasan, the Serang on Ranaganji

Our trip to Calcutta was eventful. The ship, Ranaganji, had about 1,500 passengers,
mostly tourists. The journey started smoothly with clear weather. After passing Aden, we
entered the Arabian Sea. To our surprise, two workers on the deck had smallpox. I told
the Captain, Mr. Hamble, who asked me to keep it a secret to avoid scaring the
passengers. I was unsure of what to do, but Hasan, the leader of the deck crew, took
charge. He calmed me down, built a shelter for the sick workers, and moved them there.
Hasan looked after them, putting his own safety at risk.
Sadly, more workers became ill, and there were 14 cases in total. Hasan looked after all
of them without complaining. Two workers died, and Hasan sewed their burial shrouds
and read from the Ramayana, as they were Hindus, even though he was a Muslim. This
showed his respect for other religions. Later, he threw their bodies into the sea at
midnight.
It is rare to find people as unselfish and self-sacrificing as Hasan. I highly recommend
that he be promoted for his outstanding service to the company.
With regards,
Sd,
A.J. Cronin
Chief Physician of Ranaganji
NEWSPAPER REPORT
Newspaper Report

Headline

Byline

Place line

Lead (Main points)

Body (News Details)

Quotation
GOOSEBERRIES
-Anton Chekhov
PUBLIC EXAM 2024

4 Marks

PUBLIC EXAM 2023

6 Marks
PUBLIC EXAM 2024
strange
>
-

4 Marks

MODEL EXAM 2023

4 Marks
PUBLIC EXAM 2022

6 Marks
 X

The short story 'Gooseberries' by Anton Chekhov reflects on the
belief in pursuing one's dream and doing whatever it takes to
achieve that.

Two brothers - Ivan and Nicholai seek to be happy in different
ways.

The story begins with a description
of the climate. From early morning,
the sky had been overcast. Ivan
Ivanich, the veterinary surgeon, and
Bourkin, the schoolmaster, were
tired of walking. They thought how
nice the country was.
Ivan = elder brother

Nicholai =
-2
 
Aliokhin was standing at the threshold of the barn. He was about
40, tall and stout. He had long hair. He looked more like a
professor or a painter than a farmer.
He recognized Ivan and he was pleased. He asked Ivan and


Bourkin to go into his house. When they reached home Ivan

began his story. Nicholai
-and

They were two brothers- Ivan and Nicholai.
Ivan became a veterinary surgeon. Nicholai
was at the Exchequer Court when he was 19.
After the death of their father their estate was
sold to pay his debts.

They spent their childhood in the country. They were like
peasants' children.

Nicholai was thinking of only one thing to get back to the
country and buying a small farm near the bank of a river or
lake.

He dressed almost like a beggar. He always saved
the money and deposited in the bank to fulfill his
dream.

He married at the age of 40, an elderly, ugly
widow, who had lot of money. He still lived
-

stingily, kept her half-starved, and deposited the

money in the bank.

After the death of his wife, Nicholai bought 300 acres of land
O
with a farmhouse, a cottage, and a park. But it had no gooseberry
bush and no duck-pond. He planted gooseberry bushes and
settled down to a country life.

The previous year Ivan visited Nicholai and
wasShown the estate. Nicholai was no longer a
poor, tired efficial, but a real land owner and a
person of importance.

He cured the peasants of all kinds of diseases
with soda and castor-oil. On his birthday he
---

treated the peasants to half a bucket of vodka.

--

In the evening when they were having tea, the cook laid a
plateful of gooseberries on the table. They were plucked from
the bushes he planted. He put one in his mouth and glanced at
Ivan in triumph.

The gooseberry was hard and sour, but
Nicholai was a happy man. He had attained his
goal in life. At night Ivan could not sleep, and
he heard Nicholai going again and again to the
plate of gooseberries.

Ivan left his brother the next morning. The
peace and quiet of the town oppressed him.

He was an old man now, and he was no good for struggle. At
night his head buzzed with so many thoughts, and he couldn't
sleep.

Ivan suddenly shook the hands of Aliokhin
=

and told him not to be satisfied. While one

-
-

is young, strong and wealthy, he should not

-- --

stop to do good.
-


Aliokhin wanted to go to bed. He had to get
up for his work very early. His eyes were
closing. Bourkin said it was time to go to bed,
and wished them good night.
Previous Year
Questions.
 March 2016
(4 Marks)

'Gooseberries' bv Anton Chekov presents the life of Ivan

Ivanich and Nicholai Ivanich. Of these two brothers whom
do you like? Write four sentences justifying your choice.
You may begin with I'd prefer/ I like/ would/ I feel etc.
Answer: I would prefer Nicholai to Ivan. I would like to say that
happiness is to be attained by achieving our goals. Nicholai longed
to buy an estate with goosberry bushes. He had to lead a miserable
life. He saved all the money he got and succeeded in his effort to
become the owner of an estate. He was happy and contented to
have gooseberries which were yielded in his own farm. I feel that
he is the only character who finds happiness at the end of the story.
 SAY 2016
(3 Marks)

Read the following excerpt from the story 'Gooseberries' and

answer the questions that follow.
'Years passed; he completed his fortieth year and was still
reading advertisements in the papers and saving up his money.
Then I heard he was married'.
a. Who is 'he' referred to here?
b. Whom did he marry and why?
c. How did he treat his wife after the marriage?
a. Nicholai is the 'he' referred to here.
b. He married an elderly and ugly widow, because she had a lot of
money.
c. After the marriage he kept his wife half -starved.
 March 2018
(5 Marks)

The story 'Gooseberries' tells us how Nicholai Ivanich attains

his goal and long cherished dream. If you were a reporter,
how would you cover the success story of Nicholai? Write a
newspaper report, giving it a suitable title.
 Success Story of Nicholai -
O
Staff Reporter
February 28, 2023
-
head paragraph
①
Moscow: Nicholai Ivanich, a middle aged man here has attained his goal and
③ long cherished dream of buying an estate and planting gooseberries. The first
harvest is collected today. Nicholai is happy and contented to have his own
gooseberries. His brother Ivan and the servants were there to witness the
happy moment. ⑤
Both the brothers were in search of happiness in different ways. Nicholai
saved all the money he got from different sources. He even married an elderly
ugly widow who was very rich. When she died, he bought an estate, but it
didn't have gooseberry bushes. He planted gooseberry bushes there and was
happy and contented to have gooseberries yielded in his own estate. Hard
work and strong determination helped him to realize his long cherished dream.
 DISASTERS AND
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
IN INDIA
 PUBLIC EXAM 2024
-
zismes-

⑧
6 Marks

8 Marks
PUBLIC EXAM 2022

6 Marks
MODEL EXAM 2024

4 Marks
MODEL EXAM 2024

6 Marks
MODEL EXAM 2022

8 Marks
 PAGE 103

=
• Disasters are common for humanity and have been
experienced in various forms throughout history.
• The World Disaster Report shows that disasters are
increasing in frequency and intensity.
• People are more vulnerable to different types of disasters,
like earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts,
accidents, and fires.
• Both developed and developing countries are affected by
disasters.
• Disasters cause significant loss of life and property.
• Technological progress is helping to reduce disaster
impact, but it remains insufficient.
------------------------------------------------------------------
 -
PAGE 103
• Higher human development leads to better disaster preparedness.
• Countries with lower human development are more vulnerable to disasters.
• Lower human development increases the risk of disaster damage.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Floods
T
are the most common natural disaster.
• Other common disasters include windstorms, droughts, and
=

-
earthquakes.
• Droughts cause the most deaths, responsible for 48% of disaster-
related deaths.
• Asia has the highest disaster-related death toll.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 PAGE 104
• India’s geography and location make it prone
=

to disasters.
• The long coastline, high mountain ranges,
- -

snow-covered peaks, and northern rivers

-

increase disaster risks.

-

• India hasO2% of the world’s land area but

supportsO 18% of its population.
• This high population density puts pressure on
②
- -

natural resources.
• Pressure on resources contributes to disasters
like floods, droughts, landslides, and
earthquakes.
-----------------------------------------------------
 dia PAGE 104
• Northern India faces landslides,
=
floods,
-
droughts, andF
earthquakes due to its
=

location in seismic zones III to V.

- - all weather
• Eastern India experiences heavy floods, especially in perennial rivers like the
- =
Brahmaputra and the Ganga.
• Droughts,
F
heatwaves, hailstorms, cyclones, heavy winds, and earthquakes are also
- -
common in the eastern region.
• North-eastern India deals with floods, landslides, and earthquakes and falls in
-
-

seismic zones IV and V.

-

• The western region is widely known for severe droughts, wind erosion of land and
- -

soil, floods and cyclones. This area is also prone to earthquakes.

- E
-

• The southern region, particularly the coastal region, is vulnerable to cyclones, sea
erosion, tsunami, and landslides.
• Indian coastal areas have faced severe cyclones on both the eastern and western
coasts.
 PAGE 104
• The tsunami is a relatively new disaster in India.
• The 2004 tsunami affected coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

O
• There was no adequate warning system in place. The disaster caused significant loss of life.
• It resulted in extensive property damage worth crores of rupees.
-----------------------------------------------------------
• India has faced a number of disasters, ranging from
natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, cyclones,
tsunami, drought and landslides to man-made
disasters like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
• During this century, India has witnessed some major
disasters which include the Gujarat earthquake
(2001), the Mumbai-Gujarat floods (2005), the
tsunami (2004), the Uttarkhand flashfloods and the
hurricane Phailin in coastal Orissa and Andhra
Pradesh (2013).
 PAGE 105
• Disasters (natural or industrial) cause damage, destruction,
and death.

-
• Lifeline support systems (communication, power, water
supply, drainage) are often damaged.
• Healthcare and hospitals face severe stress during disasters.
• Commercial and economic activities are negatively
impacted.
• Life can come to a standstill after a disaster.
• Psychological trauma can affect victims for their entire
lives.
• Psychological rehabilitation is important alongside other
rehabilitation efforts.
• Man-made disasters like riots significantly impact the poor
sections of society, who rely on daily work for their
livelihood.
 PAGE 105

X
• In some natural disasters like cyclones, tsunami and
earthquake, it is the building structure which becomes the
cause of destruction and death.
• In developing countries, only 30% of buildings are built
according to safety regulations.
• Lack of a master-plan contributes to the severity of
disasters.
• Poor quality materials used in construction increase
casualties.
• Both private and public buildings should adhere to legal
construction guidelines.
• Good quality materials are essential for safe construction.
• It is estimated that around one million buildings are built
in India each year, and the same number is damaged by
disasters.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PAGE 106
• State governments play a major role in disaster
management.
• The central government has a facilitating role in this
process.
• Each state has a State Level Disaster Management
Committee, which includes senior secretaries from various
departments and NGO representatives.
• At the national level, a Crisis Management Committee is
headed by the Cabinet Secretary and includes secretaries
from major government departments.
• The central government coordinates with various ministries
to support state efforts in disaster management.
• Support provided by the central government includes
Defense services for air dropping, rescuing, and searching,
Transport of relief goods, Availability of rail and ferry
services, Health personnel and medical support.
• Rehabilitation is a key component of disaster PAGE 106
management.
• Disasters require non-routine responses for effective
~

management.
• Normal procedures are insufficient for implementing
disaster responses.
• Proper coordination among government departments
is essential for timely relief.
• Rescue teams must learn special skills and attitudes
to handle disasters effectively.
• Teams need to be equipped with the latest
technologies.
• The significance of disaster management has
increased in recent times.
• The goal is not to prevent all disasters but to
mitigate their impact when they occur.
 Structure of a Letter to the Editor
1. Sender's Address without Name (Top-left corner)
2. Date
3. Receiver's Address
(Include the editor's title, the name of the publication, and the address.)
4. Subject
5. Salutation
6. Body of the Letter
Introduction: Briefly state the issue.
Main Content: Provide details, facts, and suggestions.
Conclusion: Request action or express hope for a solution.
7. Complimentary Close
Use “Yours sincerely” or “Yours faithfully.”
8. Name of the Sender
Green Villa
Kozhikode, Kerala

13 February 2025

The Editor
Times of India
Kochi

Subject: Increasing number of accidents on National Highway 47.

Sir/Madam,

I am writing to express my concern about the increasing number of accidents on National Highway 47.

The poor condition of the road and the lack of proper signage have made it a danger zone. Many accidents, including
fatalities, could be prevented if action is taken immediately.

I urge the authorities to take swift action to repair the road and install better traffic signs. I also recommend raising
awareness about road safety to prevent further incidents.
I hope you will consider publishing this letter to bring attention to this urgent matter.

Yours sincerely,
Nasar Faruddeen
 as marize

THE WRECK OF
-

THE TITANIC
-

Benjamin Peck Keith

PUBLIC EXAM 2023

4 Marks

PUBLIC EXAM 2022

1 Mark
PUBLIC EXAM 2022

6 Marks

MODEL EXAM 2024

6 Marks
MODEL EXAM 2024

6 Marks

MODEL EXAM 2023

2 Marks
 FACT FILE
On 14 April, 1912, the Titanic, which carried 2100
passengers and crew, collided with an iceberg and sank
into the depths of the Atlantic Ocean.
-
 Attention Please!
 This poem depicts the tragic and heroic story of the Titanic, which sank after
striking an iceberg during its maiden voyage. som Liz
-

 The Titanic, described as the largest and most magnificent ship of its time, is
portrayed as a symbol of human achievement and* hubris. san magnet no ,

 It captures the grandeur and vulnerability of the ship, the courage of its
captain, and the selflessness of the crew.
 The bravery of Captain Smith and the crew is
highlighted, emphasizing their dedication to
saving others over their own lives.
 The poem serves as a tribute to the crew’s courage
and the enduring legacy of the Titanic disaster.
STANZA 1

Out of Southampton she swung with the stream,

-

A poem of iron and steel, A sea dream.

And thousands on shore, watched her steaming away:
The largest, and grandest of all ships that day.

The Titanic, which is poem of iron and steel and sea dream, set sail from
the port of Southampton. Thousands of people gathered at the shore to see
the first journey of the largest and grandest ship of that day.
STANZA 2 ship secure
the very
inside they
felt Smith
And the thousand on board, did security feel, capterise
becan-
For no eye saw death, as he stood at the wheel;
of
Directing her course to the echoless shore, - shore
*
death
Her first and last haven of nevermore.
= = -

The thousands of people on board felt very secure. No one expected

imminent death, as Captain Smith was at the wheel, directing the ship.
But it was destined to be the first and last journey to the silent shore, a
journey that would never come again.
STANZA 3

She was the last, best work of men,

journey
And on her first voyage was speeding -- when:
-

Out of the darkness, Out of the night,

-
Loomed an ominous form of ghostly white.
Y iceberg

She was the last and the best ship man had ever built. She was speeding
on her first journey, but suddenly, in the night, out of the darkness,
something ghostly and ominous appeared in white.
STANZA 4

"Twas a towering mountain of ice -- gigantic,

As ever was seen on the North Atlantic.
She struck, with a shiver from stem to stern:
And was rapidly sinking -- All soon did learn.
-fastly , swiftly
It was a huge iceberg, the largest ever seen in the North Atlantic. The ship
collided with it, causing a shiver to run from the front to the back of the
ship. Everyone soon realized that the ship was sinking rapidly.
 STANZA 5

Then Captain Smith, her commander brave,

Thought not one moment, his own life to save,
But stood on the bridge, calling out to the crew:
Remember your country, Be British, be true.

The commander of the ship, Captain Smith, was a brave man. He never thought
for a moment about saving his own life. Standing on the bridge (platform) of
the ship, he called for emergency and rescue actions. He told the crew to
remember their country, to be British, and to be truthful to their duty.
STANZA 6

And England, and Ireland, and Scotland, and Wales,

Proved there to the World: Their valor ne'er fails,
‘The women and children first’, was their cry,
And every one of the Crew, stood by.

The whole United Kingdom proved to the world that its courage never fails.
They spoke with one voice, saying that women and children should be saved
first. Every one of the crew members followed the captain's directions.
STANZA 7

And the boats were lowered and sent away,

That cut off all hope, save eternity,
And, The Titanic sank from sight, 'neath the Sea
While her band played, Nearer My God to Thee.

The lifeboats were lowered and sent away with

passengers. As for the ship and its crew, there was no hope
except embracing eternity. The Titanic sank from sight,
beneath the sea, and still, the ship's band was playing the
song 'Nearer, My God, to Thee.
STANZA 8

Was there ever a scene so awfully grand?

As that sinking ship, with her playing band.
-

All glory to Smith, and the Titanic's men,

They bring Trafalgar's heroes to memory again.
-

Was there ever a scene more awesome than this? The ship was sinking
with her band singing. All glory belonged to Captain Smith and his crew.
They bought back the memories of the heroes of battle of Trafalgar.
STANZA 9

O
And that heart thrilling tale of the Alamo,
And the last grand charge at Waterloo,
And that charge of "The Light Brigade" as well,
And Jim Bludso's act on "The Prairie Belle."

The bravery of Captain Smith and his men brings to our memory the
thrilling stories of the Battle of the Alamo, the Battle of Waterloo, and the
charge of 'The Light Brigade.' It also brings to mind the heroic act of Jim
Bludso on the boat The Prairie Belle.
STANZA 10

And with these down the corridors of all time,

The Titanic's story shall sound sublime, -Great
For never was courage more noble and true,
min

Than was shown on that night, by the Titanic's crew.

u
i sse

The tragic story of the Titanic will always be remembered as sublime.

The captain and the crew of the Titanic displayed the greatest and noblest
acts of courage on that most tragic night
>
-
The poet isstruggling with Sheplessness Cimefol)
>
- He tries different things to call his mind
and try to sleep.

TO SLEEP
-William Wordsworth
 PUBLIC EXAM 2024

4 Marks

PUBLIC EXAM 2023

① ②

*
2 Marks
i)

ii)
 PUBLIC EXAM 2022

3 tosulestant -

4 Marks

MODEL EXAM 2024

1 Mark
MODEL EXAM 2022

6 Marks
 relaxed
imagining soothing
A flock of sheep that leisurely pass by =>

and comforting
onomato One after one; the sound of rain, and bees visuals and sounds
poeia
to sleep
Murmuring; the fall of rivers, winds and seas,
Smooth fields, white sheets of water, and pure sky;
he
couldn't
sleep
still
-
realizes
I've thought of all by turns, and still I lie soon
he
has
↑ he
Sleepless; and soon the small birds' melodies weit awaken
Must hear, first utter'd from my orchard trees,
beau
all
night
-

And the first cuckoo's melancholy cry.

-
 as

wear ana Passe

,

Even thus last night, and two nights more I lay,

trick
-you And could not win thee, Sleep! by any stealth:
So do not let me wear to-night away: -ding
Personifi
cation freshness &
youl sleep beauty and morning
Without Thee what is all the morning's wealth?
-
-

Come, blessed barrier between day and day,

=
Dear mother of fresh thoughts and joyous health!

Metaphor, Alliteration, Oxymoron

GOING OUT FOR A WALK
-Max Beerbohm
PUBLIC EXAM 2022

2 Marks

MODEL EXAM 2023

2 Marks
●
In the essay 'Going Out For A Walk', Max Beerbohm, the famous
English writer and caricaturist looks at walking from a different
perspective.
●
He challenges the notion that walking is a productive mental
exercise, especially if one is accompanied by a talkative
companion.
●
He finds excuses when his friend invites him for a walk
but at last he is forced to go.
●
He says Walking for walking's sake may be
recommended for those who practise it. But it stops the
brain. Plenty of ideas come to him when he is in a
room. But when he is out for a walk, all those ideas
disappear.
●
A man's soul will urge him to go for a walk. But the brain will
- - - -
ask him to stand at ease.
-

●
Some people think that walking is a noble task.
●
Experience taught him that even the intelligent brains become
inactive while walking.
●
Thus the walk ends in gossip or reading public
notices.
●
Beerbohm is not totally against walking. He is of
the opinion that walking is good physically if it is
done moderately.
●
He will never prefer to go for a walk without a
reason.
 March 2020
(2 Marks)

My objection to it is that it stops the brain'. Max

Beerbohm commented like this about walking for
walking's sake. What made him say so?

Answer: Max Beerbohm thinks that a person's power to think or

to amuse is high when he is sitting on a chair or standing on a
hearth-rug. But this power leaves him when he goes for walking
for walking's sake. Plenty of ideas come to him when he is in a
room. But when he goes out, all these ideas disappear.
 GRAMMAR
.CEditing
. Cohesive devices
. If clause
. Active and passive
. Reported speech
EDITING
- 2024

&

·
Answer: is
 -
Pet #
- 2023
escaped exped
X

-
& had -
-
-

-
Ou
-

T -

= Dearing
Dey
falg
o is

D =
T
b-

Chappening &
-
de
&
 Steve
sigh
-O
·① = dio
2022

sliding E
⑦- war T
=

d Oa d
has
T
Was
Sliding
Have
In
2023
Has
Have
Have
Will
IF CLAUSE
 2024

C
--
-
 2023

-
2022

E
Possible condition
 -> will +V ,
Simple present
If I gaug he will come

would + V
,
Simple past ->

If I went he would come

would have +
by
Past perfect
->

If I had he would have smiled

gone
>
-
Probable condition
Impossible condition
-
Ewill
VI

V3
- -
* would have
 u3
12. If I had played well, I .......... the
m
=
game.
(A) win

muc
(B) would win
(C) will win
(D) would have won
If she had studied harder, she _______ the exam.
(A) passed
(B) would pass
(C) will pass
(D) would have passed
Answer: (D) would have passed
If we _______ the bus, we will be late.
(A) miss
(B) missed
(C) had missed
(D) would miss
Answer: (A) miss
If I were you, I _______ apologize.
(A) will
(B) would
(C) can
(D) may
Answer: (B) would
 present
-will
If they invite us, we _______ attend the party.
(A) would
(B) could
-
(C) will
(D) might
②
Answer: (C) will
If he _______ the truth, he would tell you.
(A) knows
(B) had known
(C) knew
(D) know
Answer: (C) knew
If it rains tomorrow, we _______ the trip.
(A) will cancel
(B) would cancel
(C) cancel
(D) canceled
Answer: (A) will cancel
If I _______ more money, I would
have bought a new car.
(A) had
(B) have
(C) will have
(D) has
Answer: (A) had
2022
2023
✤ Summary
✤ Theme
✤ Expectable discourses
Summary of "His First Flight"
• 'His first flight' is a story written by Liam
O'Flaherty.
• Liam O'Flaherty was an Irish novelist and a short
story writer.
• It is the story of a young seagull, who was afraid
to fly.
• The young seagull lived on a ledge with his family.
• He thought his wings would not support him to fly.
• Lack of confidence and courage made him to stay
on the ledge.
• He was left alone on the ledge with nothing to eat.
• His family, especially mother, gave him confidence
to fly.
• His father, two brothers, and a sister were flying
around him and supported him.
• Finally, he flew and all the family members
showed their joy by flying with him.
• Every child needs courage and support in his life.
• To be successful we have to be courageous,
confident and self reliant.
• The story conveys the message that we can't
achieve anything without taking risks.
Important themes of the lesson

• Facing and overcoming challenges for

-
achieving greatness.
• Importance of mother's love and care.
-

• Importance of courage ,confidence and

-
self reliance.
=
CHARACTER SKETCH
 -

In
my opinion >
The Young Seagull.

• The young seagull is a character in the story His

first flight by Liam O'Flaherty.
• He was left alone on the ledge.
• He was afraid to fly.
• He lacked confidence.
• He thought his wings would not support him.
• He was also afraid of the vast expanse of the sea.
• His siblings flew to the other side.
• Young seagull was starving for a long time.
• His parents tried to motivate him.
• His mother approached with a piece of fish
and halted in the air.
• Maddened by hunger, the young seagull dived
for the fish.
• That helped him to make his first flight.

-
• A journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step.
The Mother Seagull

The mother seagull is a character in the story His

First Flight by Liam O'Flaherty.
She appears to be a tough but motivating character.
In reality, she is loving and caring.
She knows her children better than any other
person.
She realises that her little one needs a lot of
motivation to achieve his goal
of flying.
 She creates a challenging situation for the young
seagull to make his first flight.
She appears with a piece of fish but halts in the air.
Maddened by hunger, the young seagull dives for the
fish.
The mother helps the young seagull to develop self
confidence and become self sufficient.
Parents are the first teachers of their children.
Children learn the lessons of life mostly from home.
The mother seagull in the story is a role model for all
the mothers.
 The mother seagull is resourceful, considerate,
motivating, inspiring and intelligent.

She is the sign of motherly love and care.

- -
?
 Informal Letter
Writer’s address abed CHO)
without name Coef (o)
25-02-2029
Date
My dear friend,
(The body of the letter)
---------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------
-
Yours affectionately
C
Sd/ JP
Name of the Writer Jamshelali
Ayanikkunnummal H
Malayamma po
Vennackode
Kozhikode

S/d
Set?
 Surk

And then Gandhi came

Chapter summary
Expectable questions
-

t
fun
 refer
-

-
-- -

-
E
E -
- -

S
-
domination

=
-

set ni
Important themes of the lesson:
o Relationship between words and deeds.
o Gandhiji as a great leader.
o The essence of his teaching.
For mal letter
*

Gallian principle
=
it
·
 ⑧
ESSAY WRITING
Question:
Analyse the news headlines given below:
Police Nab Inter-State Thief
Body of Class XI student Found in Water-filled Pit
Opposition Disrupts Assembly Proceedings
A young Girl Brutally killed

In the light of the news headlines, prepare an article

on the relevance of Gandhian ideas of non-violence,
peace and equal rights in the modern world.
 How to make an essay?
. Write in simple sentences.
*

. Supporting sentences should be properly organized

I

For short write up and paragraph writing, there .

should be single paragraph only
. For short essay there can be paragraph divisions
⑨

. The ideas should be gradually developed in the

&

paragraphs
 ' Essay/Article (Expressing your views, etc.)

6 to 8 score

the expressions can be used in speech,

letter to the editor, write-ups, etc.
Common Expressions:
It is very important.
It is the need of the hour.
It is a must in the modern world.
The importance of the topic is increasing day
by day.
There are many challenges.
It plays an important role.
It is a serious issue.
There are many pros and cons.
It has many merits and demerits
Government should be very vigilant.
Stern steps should be taken in this regard.
We have been doing a lot in this regard.
Still we have miles to go.
Let’s work hard for a better society.
Answer:
The Relevance of Gandhian Principles
The relevance of Gandhian principles is increasing day
by day. Gandhian principles are very important in the
modern world. They are the need of the hour.
Now we are living in a world where everything is
measured in terms of money .The new generation
gives no importance to our traditions and values.
Gandhiji always emphasized the significance of value-
based education. He upheld the principles of ahimsa
and non-violence .
He also stressed the importance of truthfulness
and fearlessness in life. He strongly stood
against the social evils like caste system. He
was sincere to his words and deeds.
At present we are shocked to hear about the
cruel hands against women and children. There
are many challenges for them. He firmly
believed that women should enjoy the same
right as men. He dreamt of an India where all
communities live in perfect harmony.
Constant vigil should be kept to cherish the
Gandhian principles. We should promote them among
our children. Government should be very vigilant to
include Gandhian values in the school curriculum.
Stern steps should be taken in this regard. Though
we have been doing a lot, we have miles to go.
Let’s work hard for a better society.
Prabhat Kumar
Mukhopadhyay

*.
te r
hap ts
ll c o in
Fu 20 p
in
Always remember them

. Maggie
. Mrs. Clifford
. Mr. Gupta
. Frank
• The Price of Flowers is a story written by
Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyay.
• It is a story of hope and faith, joys and
sorrows, expectations and realities.
• It is an interesting story about a girl
named E Maggie and her mother
E
[Link] who had a poor family
background in London.
• The main character in the story is Maggie.
• Mr. Gupta was an Indian working in London.
• One day [Link] met Maggie at a
restaurant.
• She was working as a typist in a nearby
shop.
• She was not satisfied with her job, because
it was mechanical.
• Maggie believed that India was a country
full of tigers, snakes and fevers.
• Her brother Frank was a soldier in India and
there was no news from him.
• She wanted to know about her brother.
• Maggie requested Gupta to look into the
crystal ring and say if her brother
Frank was alive.
• Mr. Gupta looked into the ring and told a
lie that Frank was alive.
• The lie helped to save the life of Mrs.
Clifford.
• [Link] was shocked to learn that Frank
had died in the war.
• Maggie visited Mr. Gupta before he
left for India.
• She gave a shilling to buy flowers and
to place it on the grave of her brother.
• [Link] received the shilling.
• It gave her joy beyond all price.
• The Price of Flowers is the story of
miraculous bonds of human relationship
cemented in hope and faith.
Exam matters
=
8
marks
ESSAY
 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

begin with a quote.

story and the author.
theme of the story
characters
plot
why Mrs. Clifford and Maggie wanted to meet an Indian .
crystal ring given by Frank.
role and strength of hope and faith in our lives.
bring the evidence from the story.
B

(5)
mention the story and the author.
introduce characters.
their strong belief on superstition.
mention the crystal ring .
India - superstition and beliefs.
mrs Clifford’s recovery .
Conversation
How to write a conversation?
 CONVERSATION
Things to keep in mind while writing
conversation
B You could begin with greeting
depending on the situation given.
Avoid writing longer sentences
m Stick to maximum five exchanges
[5]
greetings
travel to India
experience after coming to India .
keeping flowers on the grave by herself .
gratitude to Mr .Guptha
Character sketch
[5]
 Expectable character sketches

. Hasan
. Mother seagull ( I will fly )
. Price of flower
 Maggie

Maggie is the central character of the story

“ The Price of Flowers” written by Prabhat
kumar Mukhopadhyay . Her full name is Alice
Margaret Clifford. She lives with her poor
mother in the neighbourhood of London .
Mr Gupta ,the narrator of the story meets her
at a restaurant in London. Her interest in him
makes him curious . He makes friends with
Maggie and comes to know more about her.
Maggie is in her early teens but she works as a typist
in Civil service store . Her clothes reveal her poverty.
She is shy and reserved but Mr Gupta gradually makes
her open up. Her only brother is in India serving as a
British soldier . But they have not heard from him for a
long . They are worried about him.

During their conversation Mr Gupta asks her whether

she likes her work . She says she wants a job that is
not mechanical . This shows that she is ambitious . She
is bold and courageous at this tender age despite her
respectful and courteous behaviour .
On the day of Mr Guptas departure ,Maggie
comes to meet him . She gives the hard
earned one shilling to hi. To buy flowers for
her brothers grave . Her supreme sacrifice
out of the Love for her brother is aptly
reflected in the title of the story “ The Price
of Flowers” . Those are truly priceless .
 Question
Discuss the significance of the title ‘The Price of Flowers’
8 mark

---
Superstitions of Maggie and Mrs. Clifford about India

Role of Faith and Power of Words in the Story

Ans. The title of the story “The Price of
Flowers” is very appropriate. Flowers
express our emotions of varied sorts. In
our happy moments, they bring us joy
and on sad occasions, they bring us
consolation. Flowers have no price tag.
They express our emotional attachment.
Maggie is the central characters of the story. Her
brother Frank is a soldier posted in Punjab in
India. Unfortunately, Frank is killed while fighting
on the North-west Frontier. He is buried at Fort
Monroe near Dera-Ghazi-Khan in Punjab. Margie
wishes to place some flowers on the grave of her
dead brother. Therefore, she gives Mr Gupta a
shilling of her hard-earned money to buy flowers.
Mr Gupta knows that Margie is a poor girl. She
can not afford a shilling to spend on flowers. So
he makes the mind to return the money. But he
realises that flowers have emotional value
He also realises that the girl will experience a
great relief if flowers bought by her own money
are put on her brother’ grave. He, therefore,
accepts the shilling. He lets the girl have the
consolation of placing flowers at her brother’s
grave as a token of a sister’s love for her brother.
The price she paid for flowers symbolises love,
affection, sacrifice and this beyond measure.
Hence, the title is just and apt.
Informal letter
Interview questions
Possible interview questions
Q) Tell us about your friendship with the Clifford family.
Q.) What are the character traits which you find in
Maggie?
Q.) Do you think that Maggie could achieve her dream job
in life?

A) The only relief which I could get in England was my

friendship with the Clifford family. Mrs. Clifford and
Maggie loved and treated me as a part of their family.
A) I am indeed indebted to Maggie for giving a sisterly
affection to me/ Maggie is a bold girl far matured than
her age.
A) She is a girl with high determination and vision in life.
-

-
 -

Bcc:

-
=
-

O
For mal letter
The Cyberspace
• Cyberspace is an intellectual, legal and
artificial environment similar to a real estate.
• There are differences -like park land, shopping
malls and red light zones. -web
• There are areas for information and
entertainment.
• It is an unlimited world of virtual real estate.
• It is a voluntary destination.
• There are 3 main areas.
1. Private emails/ chats
let
wp--you
,

the ,
[Link] and entertainment
3. Real communities -
FB , clubbuse
• They make rules instead of following it.
• It should be moderated to avoid unnecessary
discussions and advertisements.
• It is free from power structures.
• There is no geographical / gender differences.
• We have freedom to leave it or to love it.
A
2022

=
 point

Yes, I agree with Esther Dyson’s statement.

People naturally enjoy exploring new things
and -creating their own rules. The internet
gives them the- freedom to share ideas and
-
try new ways of doing things. Throughout
history, many inventors and explorers have
-
changed the world by thinking differently.
IS SOCIETY DEAD ?
In Is Society Dead?, the author explores how
iPods and technology have led to social
isolation. While visiting New York, he notices
that people, lost in their music, seem
disconnected from their surroundings. He calls
them the "iPod people," easily identified by
their white earphones and vacant expressions.
The author admits to being part of this
trend, drawn in by the iPod's convenience. He
argues that technology has created personal
bubbles, limiting spontaneous interactions and
exposure to diverse ideas. Music, once a
shared experience, is now private, symbolizing
society's growing detachment.
A moment of realization comes when he
forgets his iPod on a trip. Without it, he
becomes more aware of his surroundings,
noticing conversations and social cues he
had previously ignored. He urges readers
to unplug occasionally and reconnect with
the real world.
IS SOCIETY DEAD?
• New generation gets addicted to i-pods, smart phones, other
technical devices.
• These addicts have common traits.
• They have vacant eyes.
• They are not social beings.
• They don't have connection with outer society.
• They become isolated.
• They don't respond to social cues.
• They miss the sound of nature, cry of a baby, songs of birds.
• They miss the beauty of outer world.
• Technology makes them isolated beings.
• The ear phones disconnect them from outer world.
 2022

--
 T 1. People depend too much on technology.
I NS This makes them less creative and unable to
A
AG solve problems on their own.

2. Technology reduces real communication.

People spend more time on screens and less
time talking to family and friends.

3. It affects health. Using gadgets for long

hours can cause eye problems, stress, and
lack of exercise.

Al 4. It takes away jobs. Machines and

computers are replacing people at work,
making many lose their jobs.
Points in favor of "Technology Keeps Our Society Alive":

1. Improves communication – Technology helps people stay

connected through phones, emails, and video calls, making
communication faster and easier.

2. Advances in healthcare – Modern medical technology

saves lives with better treatments, quick diagnoses, and
advanced surgeries.

3. Enhances education – Online learning, digital books, and

educational apps make learning more accessible and
interactive for students.

4. Boosts economy and jobs – Technology creates new job

opportunities in fields like IT, robotics, and digital
marketing, helping economic growth.
THE CONCEPTUAL FRUIT
- The story revolves around a father who
discovers an online platform where users can
create virtual spaces and objects.
- Excited about this, he shares the idea with his
family during dinner, but only his daughter,
Greta, shows interest.
G
- Greta, who has a learning disability, is
fascinated by the concept of creating a house
filled with fruit.
- The father helps Greta design a virtual house
with bowls of peaches in every room.
- Greta initially believes she can create real peaches
and is disappointed to learn that they are just
words on a screen.
- The father explains that words represent real
things, just like the books Greta loves.
- Greta designs her house with various rooms but
chooses not to include a bathroom, realizing it isn’t
needed in a virtual space.
- Though the digital world offers limitless
possibilities, the father hopes that Greta will one
day have a real house with real fruit.
- The story highlights the contrast between virtual
and real experiences and emphasizes Greta’s unique
way of understanding the world.
2022
In Thaisa Frank's short story "Conceptual Fruit," the
father distinguishes himself from the rest of the family
through his deep commitment to his daughter Greta's
happiness. While his wife and son show little interest in
Greta's world, the father actively engages with her by
introducing a website where she can create a virtual
house. He goes to great lengths to build "Greta's Street"
and "Greta's House," tailoring virtual rooms to her
preferences, such as placing bowls of peaches in each
room. This contrast highlights his unique dedication and
empathy towards Greta, setting him apart from the more
indifferent attitudes of his wife and son.
I Will Fly
 🔵
I Will Fly
I Will Fly is a speech delivered by Dr. A. P .J. Abdul Kalam.

[Link] advises us to be confident, self reliant, and unique.

He believes that the ignited mind of the youth is the most

important resource of a country.

He expresses his hope that today’s youth need not fear about
their future.

He inaugurated a programme called ‘Sasthrayan’ which means ‘the

propagation of science.’
 The mission of Sasthrayan was the preparation of about 2000 students
from different schools to be engineers, doctors, scientists, and managers.

Kalam’s inaugural address was on the topic ‘Science Empowers the Nation’

A boy from a remote village asked a question to [Link].

He wanted to become a marine engineer.

He asked him how he could achieve his mission.

 🔵

The boy was nervous and didn’t have enough confidence to ask
questions.

The audience was curious to know what reply Kalam would give to this
young boy.

Kalam appreciated the boy for that question and recited the poem
named “I Will Fly.’

Everybody is born with potential and greatness.

Everyone has ideas and dreams.

 🔴

Everybody is blessed with goodness and trust.

But in our society everybody wants us to be like others.

Kalam advised the boy to be unique.

We need to fight the hardest battle until we attain our goal.

Important themes of the lesson:

o Chase your dreams and discover the unique you.
o Importance of being unique.
The Village Boy
The young village boy asked a question to Dr.A.P.J Abdul
Kalam
He was nervous and a typical representative of the youth
of India.
He found fault with the education system he had.
He did not gain any confidence through his education.
He was afraid to talk to his teachers and friends.
He wanted to be a marine engineer.
He wanted to know how he could achieve his mission.
He became a centre of attraction among the audience.
Dr. Kalam motivated the young boy by reciting a poem
named ‘I Will Fly.’
2019
March
1. I thought of it, and breaking the silence, I said, 'My dear friend, you have put the
most difficult question among the many questions that I have received from millions
of students whom I have met. I value your question?

a)What does 'it at the beginning of the passage refer to?

Ans: 'It at the beginning of the passage refers to the question asked to Abdul Kalam by a village boy.
b)Why does the author say that it was the most difficult question ever put to him?

Ans: It was a tough question and the answer to it was not easy. The boy was raising a common
problem of all village boys.

c)Why did Kalam value the boy's question?

Ans: The boy was echoeing the fear of most of the village boys. The existing system of education does
not give opportunities for students to ask questions or present their views in public.
‘Every youth wants to be unique, that is You? But the world all around you is
doing its best, day and night, to make you just 'everybody else.

a)What does Dr. Kalam mean by saying to be unique?

Ans: By being unique what Dr kalam means is that you should become yourself and not be like
anybody.

b)What is the danger that students are facing now?

Ans: The world all around you is doing its best to make you just 'everybody else. This is the
danger that students face now.

c). How can you be unique?

Ans: You can be unique by being yourself.

People around you will tell you to be like other children. Dr Kalam tells you to be
'You' You should not try to be somebody else. Be you and you can become unique.
 -
-
68 Different New
-
88 Unise
- -
Ess-

tisch
8- 2 % -
8x2 = 16

In 2 S
QUEST FOR A THEORY OF EVERY THING.
 🔵

QUEST FOR A THEORY OF EVERY THING

Stephen Hawking was born on 8th January 1942 at Oxford in England.

His father was Frank and his mother was Isobel.

His early schooling was in Saint Alban’s School.

He was a slow learner at the school.

His father wanted him to attend Oxford University.

In 1959 he joined Oxford and specialized in Mathematics and Physics.

He liked classical music, took part in sports and was famous for his wit.

He became popular and accepted by his friends.

Then he went to Cambridge for his further studies.

 There he was contracted with a rare disease called Amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis.

Meeting Jane Wilde was a turning point in his life.

She supported him throughout his life. His achievement as a scientist

won him the title ‘Second Einstein’.
 🔵

He lost his capacity to communicate after an operation and later

he used a programme called equalizer for communication.

His famous book A Brief History of Time was published in 1988.

He passed away on 14th march 2018.

Hawking startled his listeners by announcing that he thought it was. He invited
them to join him in a sensational escape through time and space to find the Holy
Grail of science: The theory that explains the universe, and everything that
happens
in it.
a)What was the question that startled the audience?

Ans: The question was Is the end in sight for theoretical physics.

b)What is the Holy Grail?

Ans: Holy Grail is the cup used by Jesus Christ at the last supper.

c)What did Hawking mean by these words?

Ans: What Hawking meant was that by making a thorough study of time and space they would
understand the mysteries of the universe. Then they would realize the great principles of science.
This perfect knowledge of science he compares to the Holy Grail, the cup said to be used by Jesus
Christ at the Last Supper.
For him scientific principles are as holy as the Holy Grail.
He became popular and well-accepted among his peers. They
remember him as lively, buoyant, and adaptable. He wore his hair
long, was famous for his wit, liked classical music and science
fiction, and took part in sports.

a)Who is refered to in this passage?

Ans: Stephen Hawking is refered to here.

b)Where was Hawking then?

Ans: He was a student at Oxford then.

C) What opinion did Hawking's peers at Oxford have about him?

Ans: Hawking was popular and well-accept-ed by his peers. He was lively, buoyant
and adaptable. He had long hair. He was famous for his wit. He liked classical music
and science fiction. He also took part in sports.
 🔴

INTERVIEW
Interview is a formal meeting or one to one conversation between an
interviewer and interviewee.

GUIDELINES
Questions should be relevant to the topic / person
It should be clear and unbiased.
Questions should be open ended
Questions with interrogative pronouns – what/ when/who/where/which/
how are preferred.
Yes/no type questions should be avoided
 🔴
IF
IF is a motivational poem by Rudyard Kipling.

It is about how to become an ideal citizen.

The poem is in the form of instructions given by a father to his child.

We need to have self confidence to face tough situations in life.

We need to have faith in ourselves even if others do not believe us.

We should be patient while dealing with different kinds of people.

We should hold on to truth whatever be.

 🔴

It is good to do self evaluation.

We should give importance to action rather than words.

Dream big and try to achieve it.

But we should not be slaves to our dreams and thoughts.

We need to take success and failure in the same way.

 🔴

Be an emotionally balanced person.

Make the best use of time, each second is precious.

We should treat everyone equally.

Above all, we should forgive people.

Then we become true humans.

Read the lines from the poem ' If '

“If you can dream and not make dreams your master
If you can think and not make thoughts your aim”

Elaborate the meaning of the above lines.

 Answer

The poem ' IF' is written by Rudyard Kipling.

In the poem, a father talks to his son on how to become an ideal
citizen.
The poet says it is good to dream but we should not let our
dreams control our life.
It is good to think but the thoughts should not take us away from
the real world. Dreams and thoughts are examples for
personification.
Write a appreciation of the poem If by Rudyard Kipling

Rudyard Kipling’s poem “If” is a masterpiece that has stood the test of time.
Written in 1895, it continues to inspire and guide generations of readers with its
timeless wisdom and practical advice. The poem is a celebration of the virtues
that are necessary to lead a fulfilling life. It is a call to courage, resilience,
patience, and self-discipline.

The poem is structured in four stanzas, each containing eight lines, and follows
an ABAB rhyme scheme. The simplicity and clarity of Kipling’s language make
the poem accessible to readers of all ages and backgrounds. The poem’s
universal appeal lies in its ability to speak to the human experience, no matter
the time or place.
 The poem’s opening lines, “If you can keep your head when all about you /
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,” sets the tone for the poem’s central
theme of stoicism. Kipling encourages readers to remain calm in the face of
chaos, to stay grounded when others are losing their way. He reminds
readers that self-control is a virtue that is necessary for achieving success in
life.

Throughout the poem, Kipling offers practical advice on how to deal with
adversity, setbacks, and criticism. He encourages readers to dream big but to
remain humble and avoid becoming slaves to their own ambitions. He also
reminds readers that failure is a necessary part of the journey towards
success, and that true strength lies in the ability to pick oneself up after a fall.
The final stanza of the poem offers a powerful message of perseverance and
resilience. Kipling urges readers to hold on to their willpower, even when it feels
like all hope is lost. He reminds us that success is not just about achieving our
goals but also about the strength of character that we develop along the way.

In conclusion, “If” by Rudyard Kipling is a timeless masterpiece that has

inspired countless readers over the years. Its message of courage, resilience, and
self-discipline is as relevant today as it was when it was first written. The poem
is a testament to the power of human resilience and a reminder that we all have
the strength within us to overcome life’s challenges.
Unit 3
SUNRISE ON THE HILLS

H.W .Longfellow
The poem ‘Sunrise on the hills’ is written by [Link].

Longfellow describes the glory and beauty of nature.

The poem consists of three stanzas of varying length.

The poet is delighted by the magnificent sight of nature.

The poet is standing on the hill.

The poem starts with the sunrise amidst the hills.

 The poet observes the changes that occur in nature when the
sun rises.

The sky is glorious with the rays of rising sun.

The rising sun makes the glory of the clouds fade.

The sun is compared to a warrior.

The valley responds to the rising sun in a lively manner.

 The water that flows in the river gets darkened by the
shade of the forest.

The idea behind the poem is that nature is a source of

inspiration and cure.

It can heal the wounds of heart and mind.

The poem is full of visual, auditory and kinesthetic

imagery.

The poem is rich in imagery and musicality.

 Poetic Devices

-horijen
-
e
-
-
-

↑
-

-- -

- -

-
What message does the poet convey?

If you are tired and troubled with problems,go to

the forest and [Link] will forget all your problems
and your mind will be filled with [Link] is the
message that the poet conveys.
Improvement
2022

rise
 Appreciation
H.W Longfellow's poem Sunrise on the Hill's is a beautiful lyric. The
poem is rich with romantic imagery, sweet music and attractive word
pictures. It provides a sumptuous feast to the eye, ear and
imagination.
The poet stands upon the hills and watches the panoramic view of a
beautiful sunrise. The poet describes nature as he sees it. The sky is
like 'heaven's wide arch.
The sun's rising up is the sun's returning march' to the poet. The sof
wind kisses the sun-clad gales. The woods are brightened. The
mountain tops thrust up its shattered lance? In the shade of the forest
the water in the river looks darkened.
The poet hears the noisy fluttering of the wild heron and the whirling
and flashing current. The poet also sees the silver beach of the blue
lake. The trees bend to reach the water. The dashing of distant waters,
the music of the village bell and the sound of the wild horn brings
music to the poet's ear.
The poet also sees 'thin smoke rising through thick-leaved branches. The
poet concludes the poem with a message. People who want to forget their
sorrows should go to nature. Nature will console the worried souls and fill
them with optimism.
Thus the poet has enriched the poem with visual, auditory and kinetic
imagery. The poet has used several metaphorical devices such as simile,
metaphor, personification, alliteration and onopatopocia.
'Sunrise on the Hills' is a nature poem and it reminds us of the poems of
William Wordsworth The message that Longfellow gives in the poem is the
same as Wordsworths philosophy, namely nature is the source of solace for
the sorrows and problems of human beings.
THE TRIP OF LE HORLA
-

W
-GUY DE MAUPASSANT
 The Trip of Le Horla is about a ride in a hot air balloon.

This is a thrilling balloon journey from Paris to Belgium

It tells how interesting the earth looks when viewed from a different
angle, from above the earth.

There were five men in the balloon. Captain Jovis was their leader.

Their journey starts from La Villette in Paris.

 🔴

They carried food, barometer, bits of paper and also sand to balance
weight.

Many people gathered to witness the take off of the balloon.

The air balloon was sometimes rising and sometimes descending.

They watched the setting sun, rising moon, and the rising sun

When barometer showed 2350 meters at height they began to

descend.
 🔴

Finally, Captain Jovis, directed to have a favourable landing.

Passengers enjoyed the view of Paris city.

Passengers thanked Captain Jovis for a wonderful experience.

The reader almost experiences the same thoughts and feelings of

the travelers.

It was a fantastic journey.

LIVE TV REPORT
Draft a live TV report of Le Horla’s take off ?

“Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Gas work at La Villete. There

are some 500 people gathered here to watch the take off of Le
HORLA ,the hot air balloon has been filled up and is swelling and
wriggling like a huge [Link] the passengers are getting [Link]
Captain Jovis,Lieutenant Mallet,Etierine Beer, Paul Blessand, and
Maupassant are entering into the basket one by one.
They seem to be very enthusiastic. The ladies are
asked to keep off as there is a possibility of sand being thrown on
their heads. The rope is cut and Le Horla is rising up like a bird. All
people are looking up .Their eyes move up as the balloon soars
[Link] applaud with joy. Le Horla climbs above the city of [Link]
is slowly [Link] us wish the passengers good luck and safe
landing.
Together with photographer Ajith I’m Anisha Prabakr, Asia Net News”
October 2022
=
 March 2019
Question 6.
In ‘The Trip of LeHorla’, Lieutenant Mallet is seated on the aerial net
between the basket and the balloon. He gets a better view of the sights
beneath him. When the balloon moves past the city of Paris, he gives a
commentary on the sights to his companions. Draft the live commentary
for Lieutenant Mallet. (3)

Answer:
After we pass the city of Paris, there is the plain traversed by long
-

roads
-
amidst green fields and black forest. The sun which was behind
the clouds appears now. Now we are about 500 metres high. The
earth looks like a coloured map. But the noises made there can be
heard – the sound of wheels rolling on the streets, the snap of a
whip, the shouts of drivers, the rolling and whistling of trains and the
laughter of the boys, cry of the quail, the mewing of cats, the barking
of dogs and the lowing of cattle.
The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu
 🔴

The Sacred Turtles of Kadavu describes a travel

-
experience on the island of Kadavu.
It beautifully narrates a strange ritual of turtle
calling.
We are taken to the village of Namuana.
Only maidens wearing black dress perform the
ritual.
They gather on the beach and sing a strange
chant.
Giant turtles would rise to the surface hearing
the song.
 If men from neighbouring village are present, the
turtles won't rise up.
There is a legend behind the ritual of turtle
calling.
One day the wife and the daughter of the Chief
of Namuana, Tinaicoboga and Raudalice went
fishing.
Some fishermen from Nabukelevu village came
in a canoe and caught them.
They did not listen to the request of the two
women to set them free.
The sea gods were angry , they sent a huge
storm and tossed the canoe.
 The men threw the two women into the sea and the
women changed into turtles.

The men ran away with fright.

The people of Namuana believe that Tinaicoboga and

Raudalice live on the bay as two turtles.

It is in the memory of the two women that the

maidens perform the strange ritual.
 🔴

Important themes of the lesson:

Travel is an eye-opener and it refreshes

our life.

Legends and rituals increase the beauty

and experience of life
Live report
Passive voice
Hasan assisted D.r Cronin ot help the patients.
(Change into passive voice.)
 (S + w + e)
tom
Sim 1. He eats a mango (Active)
Frresent
--
is eaten by him. (Passive)
Amango

being
2.
being He is eating a mango
ing >
-

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him
A
mango
is being eaten by

Ste 3. He has eaten a mango

-

him .
A
mango
has been
eaten by
4. He ate a mango
-

A
mango
was eaten by him
5.
He was eating a mango
-

being eaten by him .

Amango was

6 He had eaten a mango

him
mango had been by
A eaten
He will eat a mango
him
A Mango will be eaten by .

-
Have/ Has / Had +been

ing + being

-
Will / Shall + be
 What whom
0

+
S +

Hasan assisted D.r Cronin to help the patients.

-

(Change into passive voice.)

assisted by Hasan to help tr patient
Dr Cronin
. ,
was