Module 10

AVIATION
LEGISLATION

Pa
g.
 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.

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 Module 10 Aviation
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Table of
Contents
1. Regulatory Framework
2. Part 66 Certifying Staff
3. Approved Maintenance Organizations
4. Air operations
5. Certification of aircraft, parts and
appliances
6. Continuing airworthiness
7. National regulations

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Chapter 10.1
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK

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Role of
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO)

International Civil Aviation Organization

(ICAO) was founded during the
International Civil Aviation Conference
(ICAC) in Chicago in December 1944,
where 54 nations met in response to the
invitation of the United States
Government. In 1947 the ICAO
becomes a branch of UNO (United Nation
Organization)

ICAO is an association of states that

establishes international standards and
recommends operating practices and
procedures covering the technical field of
aviation, leveraging its unifying influence
in developing a code of international air
law for 190 countries
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Role of ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – structure

The Organization is made up of the following elements:

1. The ASSEMBLY: it is composed by the Member States and meets every 3 years
to
review documents, define policies for future years and approve budgets;
2. The COUNCIL: it is elected by the Assembly and remains in office for 3 years.
It is composed by representatives of 36 countries. The Council is the main
governing body; it manages the Agency’s work and updates the Annexes with
standards and Agency’s recommendations, leveraging the expertise of
technical directorates;
3. The SECRETARIAT: it is composed by the permanent framework of
professionals; and it is divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation
Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical Co-operation Bureau, the
Legal Bureau, and the Bureau of Administration and Services;
The chief officers
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President
6 of the Council and the General secretary.
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Role of ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) establishes and updates the
annexes:
Annex 1 – Personnel
Licensing Annex 2 – Rules
of the Air
Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air
Navigation Annex 4 – Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5 – Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground
Operations Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft.
Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality and Registration
Marks Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 9 – Facilitation: it defines and regulates the Crew Member Certificate. It also covers the transportation of
passengers with disabilities and expresses recommended practices for the accessibility of airports and aviation
transport in general
Annex 10 – Aeronautical
Telecommunications Annex 11 – Air
Traffic Services
Annex 12 – Search and Rescue
Annex 13 – Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
Annex 14 – Aerodromes: With respect to safety of operations, the annex 14 states in detail and thoroughly the
facilities of airport; this annex states in detail and thoroughly the requirements and standards of the airport facilities,
in order to ensure safety operations
Annex 15 – Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16 – Environmental Protection: it lays down rules for the certification of aircraft in reference to the better
protection of the environment in terms of noise pollution and discharges of liquids (oils and fuels)
Annex 17 – Security - Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference: it prescribes the
necessary steps to prevent
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Pag. 7in the air transport field
0 Annex 18 – The Safe Transport
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Role of
ICAO
In addition to the annexes, ICAO publishes standards and guidance documents
including the most relevant Docs, which are explanatory of some annexes.

ICAO standards and other provisions are developed in the

following forms:

● Standards and Recommended Practices

● Procedures for Air Navigation Services
● Regional Supplementary Procedures
● Guidance Material.

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Role of European
commission
● The European Union was established after the Second World War to bring
peace,
stability and prosperity in Europe.
● The EU is more than just a confederation of countries, but it is not a federal
state.
● It is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 democratic
European countries.
● Regulations, directives, decisions and recommendations adopted by the EU
are the result of work of the institutional triangle consisting of:

1. European Parliament
2. Council of the European Union
3. European Commission

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Role of European
commission
● The European Parliament: it is the elected body that represents the EU’s
citizens. It exercises political supervision over the EU’s activities and takes
part in the legislative process.
● The Council of the European Union (also known as the Council of Ministers): it
is the EU’s main decision-making body. The EU member states take it in turns
to hold the Presidency of the Council for a period of six months. Every Council
meeting is attended by one minister from each EU country. The Council has
legislative power, which it shares with the European Parliament under the ‘co-
decision procedure’.
● The European Commission: it is the EU’s executive arm. This means that it is
the only institution that can propose new laws, on which the European
Parliament and Council of the EU then vote.

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JAA
JAA
The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)
was an association body of the
European Civil Aviation Conference
(ECAC) representing the civil aviation
authorities of Member State which
signed the "JAA Arrangements",
document established in the conference
of Cyprus in 1990.

The JAA Member States agreed to

cooperate in developing and
implementing common safety
regulatory standards and procedures
with the aim to provide high and
consistent standards of safety and the
right conditions for equal competition
in Europe.

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Role of EASA

● The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is the European Union’s Agency
which has the main role of promoting the highest common standards
of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation.
● The agency was established by the European Parliament Basic Regulation
n.1592/2002 issued on 15/07/2002 (replaced by n.216/2008 and then by
n.1139/2018). This Regulation was done because of the need to provide
common rules to the European civil aviation field on:

1. Safety levels
2. Quality standards
3. Environmental compatibility
4. Goods and services movement
5. Cooperation with third Countries.

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Role of EASA

EASA issues opinions addressed to the Commission on the following matters:

● The design, production, maintenance and operation of aeronautical products,

parts and appliances, as well as personnel and organizations involved in
the design, production and maintenance of such products, parts and
appliances
● Personnel and organizations involved in the operation of aircraft
● Issue certification specifications, including airworthiness codes an acceptable
means of compliance, as well as any guidance material for the application of
rules
● Issue of the Type-Certificates or associated changes
● Issue certificates for parts and appliances
● Issue the appropriate Environmental Certificates

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Role of EASA

● Approval of Design Organisations

● Approval of Production Organisations located within the territory of the
Member States, if requested by the Member State concerned
● Approval of Production and Maintenance Organisations located outside the
territory of the Member State
● Monitoring the application of rules by National Aviation Authorities (NAA)
● Approval of Airworthiness Directives (AD) on daily basis
● Define and negotiate bilateral agreements between states (BASA), previously
treated independently by each Member State.
● The EASA Regulation in not applicable to
products/parts/appliances/staff/organisation involved in military,
custom, organisation or similar polic
e

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Structure of the rules

European aviation regulatory framework – regulatory levels

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Structure of the
rules
European aviation regulatory framework:

Commission regulation (EU) No 748/2012 (Initial Airworthiness

Requirements):
this regulation concerns the processes of certification of aeronautical
products, production companies and design companies. This regulation also
contains Part 21 that establishes the requirements and the procedures for the
certification of airplanes, products, parts and appliances, production and
design organizations.

Commission regulation (EU) No 1321/2014 (Continuing Airworthiness

Requirements): this regulation concerns the airworthiness and maintenance
of aeronautical products, moreover, the certification of organisations and
maintenance staff. It contains the following Annexes (Parts):
● Annex I Part M: Continuing Airworthiness requirements
● Annex II Part 145: Maintenance Organization certification
● Annex III Part 66: Aircraft Maintenance License (AML) regulation
01.04.202● Annex IVEdPart 147: Training
Pag. 16 organization regulation.
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Relationship between Part-M, Part-145, Part-66 and
Part-147

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Chapter 10.2
PART-66 CERTIFYING
STAFF

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General
description

● In Europe, Aircraft Maintenance Certifying Personnel have to comply with

the Annex III (Part 66) of the Regulations document (EC) 1321/2014, which
concerns the staff responsible for certification of aircraft maintenance.

● Part 66 provides, therefore, the requirements for the technical qualification

of such personnel, mainly in terms of knowledge and experience. The
certification of personnel who meet these requirements is attested by the
issuance of a Aircraft Maintenance License (AML).

● The Aircraft Maintenance License (AML), according to Part 66, is consistent

with the
requirements of ICAO’s Annex I.

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Part 66
structure
● As all the annexes of the Implementing Rules, also the Part 66 is structured in
two sections and related appendixes as follow:

● Section A: contains the technical requirements that must be satisfied for the
issue of
an aircraft maintenance licence
● Section B: contains the procedures that must be followed by competent
authorities.

● Appendix I: Basic Knowledge requirements

● Appendix II: Basic Examination Standard
● Appendix III: Aircraft Type Training and Examination Standard On the Job
Training
● Appendix IV: Experience requirements for extending a Part-66 AML
● Appendix V: Application Form — EASA Form 19
● Appendix VI: Aircraft
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Pag. 20 Licence referred to in Annex III (Part-66) –
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EASA Form 26
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Section A –Technical
Aircraft maintenance licences requirements
include the following
categories:
● Category A - Line
● Maintenance
Category B1 Certifying
-
Mechanic
Certifying Maintenance
Mechanical Technician –
● Category B2 -
Maintenance Certifying
Technician – Avionic
● Category B3 -
Maintenance Certifying
Technician – for the
maintenance of piston-
engine non-pressurised
aeroplanes of 2000 kg
MTOM
● Category C - Base
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 Module 10 Aviation
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Section A –Technical
requirements
Application for AML
The application for an
aircraft maintenance licence,
or for any extensions
(changes) to such licence
has to be made on an EASA
Form 19 and submitted to
the competent authority in
the manner specified by it.
When an applicant requests
an extension of an AML
to the authority of a
Member State other than
the Member State in which
he/she first qualified, the
application will be forwarded
to the competent authority
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Section A –Technical
requirements

The certification privileges of the categories mentioned are as follows:

● A category A aircraft maintenance licence permits the holder to issue
certificates of release to service (CRS) following minor scheduled line
maintenance and simple defect rectification within the limits of tasks
specifically endorsed on the authorisation. The certification privileges are
restricted to work that the licence holder has personally performed in the
maintenance organisation that issued the certification authorisation .
● A category B1 aircraft maintenance licence shall permit the holder to
issue certificates of release to service and to act as B1 support staff
following:
1. Maintenance performed on aircraft structure, powerplant and
mechanical and electrical systems
2. Work on avionic systems requiring only simple tests to prove their
serviceability and not requiring troubleshooting.
● Category B1 includes the corresponding A subcategory.

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Section A –Technical
requirements
A category B2 aircraft maintenance licence shall permit the holder:
● to issue certificates of release to service and to act as B2 support staff for
following:
1. Maintenance performed on avionic and electrical systems
2. Electrical and avionics tasks within powerplant and mechanical systems,
requiring only simple tests to prove their serviceability.

● The category B2 licence does not include any A subcategory.

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Section A –Technical
requirements

A Category B3 - Maintenance Certifying Technician has been introduced by

COMMISSION
REGULATION (EU) IR No 1149/2011.

● Category B3 Certifying Staff is applicable to piston-engine non-pressurised

aeroplanes of 2 000 kg MTOM to issue certificates of release to service and to
act as B3 support staff for:

1. maintenance performed on aeroplane structure, powerplant and mechanical and

electrical systems
2. work on avionic systems requiring only simple tests to prove their serviceability
and not
requiring troubleshooting.

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Section A –Technical
requirements
● A category C aircraft maintenance licence shall permit the holder to issue
certificates of release to service following base maintenance on aircraft.

● B1 and B2 Staff also acts as required Support Staff for a category C to release
to service aircraft after base maintenance works on Large Aircraft. In fact, for
aircraft classified as Other Than Large not used for commercial transport,
technicians of category B are sufficient.

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Section A –Technical
requirements
66.A.20 - Privileges of Certifying
Staff

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Section A –Technical
requirements
66.A.25 - Basic knowledge requirements for the issue of
an AML

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Section A –Technical
requirements
66.A.25 - Basic knowledge levels

● Level 1: Familiarization with main topics of the subject

● Level 2: General knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects of the
subject and capacity to apply this knowledge
● Level 3: Detailed knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects of the
subject.

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Section A –Technical
requirements
66.A.45 - Type/task training and ratings – cat. A, cat.B1/B2

● The holder of a Category A aircraft maintenance licence may only exercise

certification privileges on a specific aircraft type following the satisfactory
completion of the relevant category A Aircraft Task Training carried out by an
appropriately approved Part-145 or Part-147 organisation.

The Task training for the Cat. A shall consist of:

1. Practical hands on training
2. Theoretical training as appropriate for each task authorised.

● Satisfactory completion of training shall be demonstrated by an examination

and/or by workplace assessment carried out by an appropriately approved Part
145 or Part-147 organisation.

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Section A –Technical
requirements
● For Large Aircraft, the holder of a category B1, B2 or C aircraft maintenance
licence can only exercise certification privileges on a specific aircraft type when
the AML is endorsed with the appropriate Aircraft Type Rating, which is granted
by satisfactory completion of the relevant category B1, B2 or C Aircraft Type
Training approved by the competent authority or conducted by an appropriately
approved Part-147 maintenance training organisation.

● Category B1 and B2 approved Type training shall be made up of:

1. Theoretical training: detailed theoretical knowledge of the aircraft, its main
parts, systems, equipment and applicable components, including training in the
systems in use for technical manuals and maintenance procedures.
2. Practical training element (only cat. B): the practical element should include a
cross section of maintenance tasks. The practical training must comprise a
period of 4 months for applicants with no recent recorded previous practical
experience of aircraft of comparable construction and systems, including the
engines, but this can be reduced to a minimum of 2 weeks for applicant with
such previous experience.
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Section A –Technical
requirements

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Section A –Technical
requirements
66.B.500 - Revocation, suspension or limitation of the Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Possible causes of revocation, suspension or limitation of the AML:

1. Obtaining the aircraft maintenance licence and/or the certification privileges by falsification of
submitted
documentary evidence
2. Failing to carry out requested maintenance combined with failure to report such fact to the
organisation or person who requested the maintenance
3. Failing to carry out required maintenance resulting from own inspection combined with failure
to report such fact to the organisation or person for whom the maintenance was intended to be
carried out
4. Negligent maintenance
5. Falsification of the maintenance record
6. Issuing a certificate of release to service knowing that the maintenance specified on the
certificate of release to service has not been carried out or without verifying that such
maintenance has been carried out
7. Carrying out maintenance or issuing a certificate of release to service when adversely affected
by alcohol or drugs
8. Issuing certificate of release to service while not in compliance with the Part-66
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Chapter 10.3
APPROVED MAINTENANCE
ORGANISATIONS

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Introduction

● In Europe, Aircraft Maintenance Organizations have to comply with the Annex I

(Part M) of the Regulations document (EC) 1321/2014, which concerns the
measures to be taken to ensure that airworthiness is maintained, including
maintenance. It also specifies the conditions to be met by the persons or
organizations involved in such continuing airworthiness management.
● Maintenance organization approval for non commercial and/or small aircraft is
treated in subpart F of part M. Maintenance of large aircraft, aircraft used for
commercial air transport and components thereof shall be carried out by
a Part-145 approved maintenance organisation. In this case, maintenance
organizations have to comply to the annex II of EU Regulation 1321/2014 (Part
145).
● The approval, released according to Part 145, gives to maintenance
organizations the privilege to carry out maintenance, and the subsequent
release to service, of large aircraft or of aircraft used for commercial air
transport, as well as engines and components installed on them.

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

Part M Subpart F: Maintenance organisation

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance
Organisations
This subpart includes the following topics:
1. The scope (M.A.601)
2. The application (M.A.602)
3. The extent of approval (M.A.603)
4. The maintenance organization manual
(M.A.604)
5. The facilities (M.A.605)
6. The personal requirements (M.A.606)
7. The certifying staff (M.A.607)
8. The components, equipment and tools
(M.A.608)
9. The maintenance data (M.A.609)

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance
Organisations

10. The maintenance work orders (M.A.610)

11. The maintenance standards (M.A.611)
12. The aircraft certificate or release to service (M.A.612)
13. The component certificate of release to service (M.A.613)
14. The maintenance records (M.A.614)
15. The privileges of the organization (M.A.615)
16. The organizational review (M.A.616)
17. The changes to the approved maintenance organization
(M.A.617)
18. The continued validity of approval (M.A.618)
19. The findings (M.A.619)

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance
Organisations

The maintenance organization manual has to provide the following information:

1. A statement signed by the accountable manager to confirm that the

organisation will continuously work in accordance with Part-M and the manual at
all times
2. The organisation’s scope of work
3. The title(s) and name(s) of person(s) referred to in M.A.606(b)
4. An organisation chart showing associated chains of responsibility between
the person(s) referred to in M.A.606(b)
5. A list of certifying staff with their scope of approval
6. A list of locations where maintenance is carried out, together with a
general description of the facilities
7. Procedures specifying how the maintenance organisation ensures
compliance with this Part
8. The maintenance organisation manual amendment procedure(s).
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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance Organisations

Personnel requirements are summarized as follow:

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Part M Section A – subpart F - Maintenance
Organisations

The extent of maintenance records can be summarized as follow:

● The approved maintenance organisation shall record all details of work

carried out. Records necessary to prove all requirements have been met for
issuance of the certificate of release to service including the sub-contractor’s
release documents shall be retained
● The approved maintenance organisation shall provide a copy of each
certificate of release to service to the aircraft owner, together with a copy of
any specific approved repair/modification data used for repairs/modifications
carried out
● The approved maintenance organisation shall retain a copy of all maintenance
records and any associated maintenance data for three years from the date
the aircraft or aircraft component to which the work relates was released from
the approved maintenance organization

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Part 145 -
Structure
Part 145 (AMO: Aircraft maintenance organization)

As all the annexes of Regulation 1321/2014, also the Part 145 is structured in
two sections and related appendixes as follow:
1. Section A: concerns technical requirements that must be satisfied for the
issue of an aircraft maintenance licence
2. Section B: contains the procedures that must be followed by competent
authorities

● Appendix I: Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1

● Appendix II: Class and Ratings System used for the Approval of Maintenance
Organisations referred to in Annex I (Part-M) Subpart F and Annex II (Part-145)
● Appendix III: Maintenance Organisation Approval referred to in Annex II
(Part-145)
● Appendix IV: Conditions for the use of staff not qualified to Part-66 in
accordance with 145A.30(J) 1 and 2.
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Part 145 -
Structure
Definition of Line and Base maintenance

● Line Maintenance should be understood as any maintenance that is carried

out before flight to ensure that the aircraft is fit for the intended flight, so it may
include:

a. Troubleshooting
b. Defect rectification
c. Component replacement with use of external test equipment if required.
Component replacement may include components such as engines and
propellers
d. Scheduled maintenance and/or checks including visual inspections that will
detect obvious unsatisfactory conditions/discrepancies but do not require
extensive in depth inspection. It may also include internal structure, systems
and powerplant items which are visible through quick opening access panels/
doors
e. Minor repairs and modifications which do not require extensive disassembly
and can be accomplished
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Part 145 -
Structure
For temporary or occasional
cases (AD's, SB's) the Quality
Manager may accept base
maintenance tasks to be
performed by organisation
maintenance a line
provided all requirements are
fulfilled as defined by the
competent authority.

Base Maintenance: all

other maintenance tasks are
considered to be Base
Maintenance.

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Part 145 -
Structure

● MOE (Maintenance Organisation Exposition) is the document or documents

that contain the material specifying the scope of work deemed to constitute
approval and showing how the organisation intends to comply with this Part.

● The MOE has to be amended as necessary to remain an up-to-date

description of the organisation. The exposition and any subsequent
amendment shall be approved by the competent authority (minor
amendments to the exposition may be approved through an exposition
procedure called indirect approval).

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Part 145 - Structure

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Part 145 -
Structure
● An application for the issue or change of an Maintenance Approval must be
made to the competent authority in a form and manner established by such
authority (EASA Form 2).

● The EASA Form 2 is valid for the application for M.A. Subpart F, Part-145 and
M.A. Subpart G organisations. Organisations applying for several approvals
may do so by using a single EASA Form 2.

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Part 145 -
Structure
145.A.20 Terms of Approval:
Within the approval class(es) and rating(s) granted, the scope of work specified in the MOE defines
the exact limits of approval. The Class and Ratings System, used for the Approval of Maintenance
Organisations, is based on four categories (refer to Part M appendix IV):
● A category A class rating means that the approved maintenance organisation may carry out
maintenance on the aircraft and any component (including engines and/or Auxiliary Power
Units), in accordance with aircraft maintenance data or, if agreed by the competent authority, in
accordance with component maintenance data, only whilst such components are fitted to the
aircraft. This will be subject to a control procedure in the MOE to be approved by the competent
authority.
● A category B class rating means that the approved maintenance organisation may carry out
maintenance on the uninstalled engine and/or APU and engine and/or APU components, in
accordance with their maintenance data or, if agreed by the competent authority, in
accordance with component maintenance data, only whilst such components are fitted to the
engine and/or APU.
● A category C class rating means that the approved maintenance organisation may carry out
maintenance on uninstalled components (excluding engines and APUs). Maintenance
organisation with this rating may also carry out maintenance on an installed component during
“base” and “line” maintenance
● A category D class rating is a self contained class rating not necessarily related to a specific
aircraft, engine or other component. The D1 — Non Destructive Testing (NDT) rating is only
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necessary for an approved Pag. 48
maintenance organisation that carries out NDT as a particular task
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Part 145 - Structure

145.A.25 – Facility requirements – hangar and office

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Part 145 - Structure

145.A.25 – Facility requirements – working environment

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Part 145 -
Structure
145.A.30 – Personnel requirements – Accountable manager

The organisation shall appoint an accountable manager who has corporate authority for
ensuring that all maintenance required by the customer can be financed and carried out to the
standard required by this Part.

The accountable manager shall:

● Ensure that all necessary resources are available to accomplish maintenance to support
the organisation approval
● Establish and promote the safety and quality policy
● Demonstrate a basic understanding of Part-145.

The accountable manager may be the accountable manager for more than one organisation
and is not required to be necessarily knowledgeable on technical matters as the MOE defines
the maintenance standards

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Part 145 -
Structure
145.A.30 – Personnel requirements – Maintenance manager

The organisation shall nominate a group of persons, whose responsibilities include ensuring
that the organisation complies with Part-145.
Dependent upon the size of the organisation, the Part-145 functions may be subdivided under
individual managers or combined in any number of ways, and all of whom should report to the
accountable manager except in small Part-145 organisation.

The organisation should have, dependent upon the extent of approval, the following managers:
● Base Maintenance Manager: he/she is responsible for ensuring that all maintenance
required to be carried out in the hangar, plus any defect rectification carried out during base
maintenance, is carried out to the design and quality standards. The Base Maintenance
Manager is also responsible for any corrective action resulting from the quality compliance
monitoring
● Line Maintenance Manager: he/she is responsible for ensuring that all maintenance
required to be carried out on the line including line defect rectification is carried out to the
standards and also responsible for any corrective action resulting from the quality compliance
monitoring.
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Part 145 -
Structure
145.A.30 – Personnel requirements – Workshop and Quality manager

● Workshop Manager: he/she is responsible for ensuring that all work on

aircraft components is carried out to the standards and also responsible for any
corrective action resulting from the quality compliance monitoring

● Quality Manager: he/she is responsible for monitoring the quality system,

including the associated feedback system. The appointed person shall have
direct access to the accountable manager to ensure that the him is kept properly
informed on quality and compliance matters.

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Part 145 - Structure

145.A.30 – Personnel requirements –
overview

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Part 145 - Structure

145.A.35 – Certifying staff line / base maintenance

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Part 145 -
Structure
● The organisation shall retain the record for at least 3 years after the staff referred to in
this paragraph have ceased employment with the organisation or as soon as the
authorisation has been withdrawn. In addition, upon request, the maintenance
organisation shall furnish the staff referred to in this paragraph with a copy of their
personal record on leaving the organisation.

● The staff referred to in this paragraph shall be given access on request to their personal
records as detailed above.

● The organisation shall provide certifying staff with a copy of their certification
authorisation in either a documented or electronic format.

● Certifying staff shall produce their certification authorisation to any authorised person
within 24 hours.

● The minimum age for certifying staff and category B1 and B2 support staff is 21 years.

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Part 145 -
Structure
145.A.50 – Certification of maintenance - Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)

● A Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) shall be issued by appropriately authorised

certifying staff on behalf of the organisation when it has been verified that all maintenance
ordered has been properly carried out by the organisation in accordance with the
procedures specified in point 145.A.70, taking into account the availability and use of the
maintenance data specified in point
145.A.45 and that there are no non-compliances which are known to endanger flight
safety.
● A CRS shall be issued before flight at the completion of any maintenance.
● Where the aircraft operator is unable to complete all maintenance ordered, it may issue a
CRS within the approved aircraft limitations.
● A CRS shall be issued at the completion of any maintenance on a component using the
EASA FORM 1 referring to the Part 145 release box 14a .
● In the case of an aircraft grounded at a different location than the primary line or base
maintenance stations due to the non-availability of a component with the appropriate
release certificate, it is allow to temporarily fit a component without appropriate release
certificate for a period until the aircraft returns provided the component has a suitable
release certificate.
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Part 145 -
Structure
An EASA Form 1 may be issued
for an
aircraft component which has
been:
● Maintained before
Part-145 became effective or
manufactured before Part-21
became effective
● Used on an aircraft and
removed in a serviceable
condition. Examples include
leased and loaned aircraft
components
● Removed from aircraft which
have been withdrawn from
service, or from aircraft which
have been involved in abnormal
occurrences such as accidents,
incidents, heavy landings or
lightning
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Part 145 -
Structure
145.A.60 – Occurrence reporting – The organisation shall report to:

1. The competent authority;

2. The state of registry;
3. The organization responsible for the design of the aircraft or component (TCHolder); any
condition of the aircraft or component identified by the organization that has resulted or may
result in an unsafe condition that hazards seriously the flight safety.

The aim of Occurrence Reporting is to identify the factors contributing to incidents, and to
make the
system resistant to similar errors.

The organization shall establish an internal occurrence reporting system as detailed in the
exposition to enable the collection and evaluation of such reports, including the assessment
and extraction of those occurrences to be reported under paragraph (a). This procedure shall
identify adverse trends, corrective actions taken or to be taken by the organization to address
deficiencies and include evaluation of all known relevant information relating to such
occurrences and a method to circulate the information as necessary.
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Part 145 -
Structure
The organisation shall make such reports in a form and manner established by the Agency
and ensure that they contain all pertinent information about the condition and evaluation
results known to the organisation.

Where the organisation is contracted by a commercial operator to carry out maintenance, the
organisation shall also report to the operator any such condition affecting the operator's
aircraft or component.

The organisation shall produce and submit such reports as soon as practicable but in any
case within 72 hours of the organisation identifying the condition to which the report relates.

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Part 145 -
Structure
145.A.65 - Safety and quality policy and quality system

● The organisation shall establish a safety and quality policy for the organisation.
● The organisation shall establish a Quality System whose the primary objectives are to
enable the organisation to ensure that it can deliver a safe product and that organisation
remains in compliance with the requirements, that includes:
● Independent audits in order to monitor compliance with required aircraft/aircraft
component standards and adequacy of the procedures to ensure that such
procedures invoke good maintenance practices and airworthy aircraft/aircraft
components. In the smallest organisations the independent audit part of the quality
system may be contracted to another organisation approved under this Part or a
person with appropriate technical knowledge and proven satisfactory audit experience
● A quality feedback reporting system to the person or group of persons and ultimately to
the accountable manager that ensures proper and timely corrective action is taken in
response to reports resulting from the independent audits established to meet paragraph

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Part 145 - Structure

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Part 145 -
145.A.75 - Privileges of the organisation and subcontracting Structure
● Subcontracting is allowed when there is an higher requested manpower than
normally
expected, except in the cases of base maintenance and engine overhaul.

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Part 145 -
Structure
Findings:
● A level 1 finding is any significant non-compliance with Part-145 requirements
which lowers the safety standard and hazards seriously the flight safety.
● A level 2 finding is any non-compliance with the Part-145 requirements which
could
lower the safety standard and possibly hazard the flight safety.
● After receipt of notification of findings according to 145.B.50, the holder of the
maintenance organisation approval shall define a corrective action plan
and demonstrate corrective action to the satisfaction of the competent
authority within a period agreed with this authority.

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Chapter 10.4
AIR
OPERATIONS

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AIR-OPS -
introduction
● AirOPS prescribes common technical requirements and administrative
procedures applicable to commercial transportation aircraft.

● An operator shall comply with the applicable retroactive airworthiness

requirements for aero planes operated for the purpose of commercial air
transportation. Each airplane (or helicopter) must be operated in
compliance with the terms of its Certificate of Airworthiness and within the
approved limitations contained in its Airplane Flight Manual (or Helicopter
Flight Manual).
● AirOPS prescribes requirements applicable to the operation of any civil
airplane for the purpose of commercial air transportation by any operator,
whose principal place of business and registered office is located in a
Member State.
● AirOPS supersedes equivalent national legislation in EU member states and in
Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, although in EU member states,
implementation of regulatory oversight remains with the designed NAA.

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AIR-OPS - introduction

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AIR-OPS -
introduction
AIR-OPS – current regulation

● Regulation (EC) 965/2012 of the European Commission lays down detailed rules for
commercial air transport operations with aeroplanes and helicopters, including ramp
inspections of aircraft of operators under the safety oversight of another State when
landed at aerodromes located in the territory subject to the provisions of the Treaty.
● This new regulation, which is generally known as IR-OPS (Implementing Rules –
Operations), replaces EU-OPS (IR 859/2008). IR-OPS came in to force on 28 October 2012;
however, it is understood that all EASA Member States have been authorized to delay
implementation until October 2014.

● IR OPS ‘Air Operations’ and has four subparts as follows:

1. OPS.ARO (Authority Requirements for Air Operations)
2. OPS.ORO (Organisation Requirements for Air Operations)
3. OPS.CAT (Commercial Air Transport Operations)
4. OPS.SPA (Specific Approval)

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AIR-OPS -
introduction
AIR-OPS covers all ‘Air Operations’ and has four subparts as follows:

● Part OPS.ARO - Authority Requirements for Air Operations - establishes requirements for
the administration and management systems to be fulfilled by the Agency and Member
States for the implementation and enforcement of IR-OPS
● Part OPS.ORO - Organisation Requirements for Air Operations – establishes requirements to
be
followed by an air operator conducting commercial air transport operations
● Part OPS.CAT - Commercial Air Transport Operations - contains general requirements
for commercial air transport operations, including Operating Procedures, Aircraft
Performance, Mass and Balance, instruments and equipment requirements, etc
● Part OPS.SPA - Specific Approvals - contains requirements for specific approvals,
such as Performance-based Navigation, Minimum Navigation Performance (MNPS),
Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM), Low Visibility Operations (LVO), Extended
Range Twin Engine Operations (ETOPS), Transport of Dangerous Goods (DG), and
certain specified helicopter operations.

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MEL
ORO.MLR.105 Minimum equipment list

● An operator shall establish, for each aeroplane, a Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
approved by the Authority. This shall be based upon, but no less restrictive than, the
relevant Master Minimum Equipment List MMEL (if this exists) accepted by the Authority
● An operator shall not operate an aeroplane other than in accordance with the MEL unless
permitted by the Authority. Any such permission will in no circumstances permit operation
outside the constraints of the MMEL.
● The MMEL is usually issued by a design organization (the Type Certificate holder) and
identifies the equipment or functions which may be inoperative for operation. All the items
related to airworthiness not included must be operative, while all non-safety-related
equipment (for example, galleys) is excluded.
● The MEL is issued by the operator, and it may not be less restrictive than the MMEL. In any
case, the MEL must be approved by the certificating authority (NAA). An MEL is similar in
content to the MMEL except that it is specific to a particular operator and to individual
aircraft.
● An operator's MEL must be based on the MMEL for the particular aircraft type and model
which has been approved by the certificating authority which issued the type certificate
used as the basis for type acceptance.
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MEL
● For each item, the MMEL / MEL specify:

1. The required minimum equipment, function or system for dispatch

2. The related maintenance action, according to other aircraft documentation, indicated with
the letter “(M)”
3. The specific operation procedure that must be accomplished by the flight crew,
4. indicated with the letter “(O)”
5. The time intervals, which specifies through a letter the allowed period for rectification.

● Time intervals letters have the following meaning:

6. A: no standard interval specified. However, items in this category shall be rectified in
accordance with the conditions stated in the Remarks (or Exceptions) of the MEL. Where a
time period is specified it shall start at 00:01 on the calendar day following the day of
discovery.
7. B: the rectification shall be executed within 3 days from discovery
8. C: the rectification shall be executed within 10 days from discovery
9. D: the rectification shall be executed within 120 days from discovery

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CDL
CDL : Configuration Deviation List

● In MMEL / MEL it is also included a specific section, named Configuration Deviation List
(CDL) that is a listing of EASA-approved non-structural external parts that may be missing
but the airplane remains airworthy.
● To qualify an item onto the CDL, a restrictive set of conditions must be met, in order to
assure
that the list remained small and purposeful. Some of these conditions include:
● The effect of the missing part upon adjacent structure and systems (the configuration of
the airplane must not pose an obvious threat to the airplane)
● The effect upon airplane performance (for example, the drag penalty imposed upon the
airplane
when flying with the part missing, and its effect on operating weights)
● The combined effect upon the airplane when more than one CDL item is present on the
airplane (combinations of some items could create a hazardous condition).
● CDL test flights are scheduled into the test plan, and most items on the CDL are qualified
during the initial certification of the airplane and. A list of items, based upon experience
with previous designs, is selected during initial airplane design phase.
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ORO.AOC.135 Personnel requirements AOC

(a) In accordance with ORO.GEN.210(b), the operator shall nominate persons responsible for the management and
supervision of the following areas:
● (1) flight operations;
● (2) crew training;
● (3) ground operations; and
● (4) continuing airworthiness in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1321/2014

(b) Adequacy and competency of personnel

● (1) The operator shall employ sufficient personnel for the planned ground and flight operations.
● (2) All personnel assigned to, or directly involved in, ground and flight operations shall:
● (i) be properly trained;
● (ii) demonstrate their capabilities in the performance of their assigned duties; and
● (iii) be aware of their responsibilities and the relationship of their duties to the operation as a whole

(c) Supervision of personnel

● (1) The operator shall appoint a sufficient number of personnel supervisors, taking into account the structure of the
operator’s organisation and the number of personnel employed.
● (2) The duties and responsibilities of these supervisors shall be defined, and any other necessary arrangements shall
be made to ensure that they can discharge their supervisory responsibilities.
● (3) The supervision of crew members and personnel involved in the operation shall be exercised by individuals
with adequate experience and the skills to ensure the attainment of the standards specified in the operations
manual.

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AOC

The most important topic is related to the contents and the conditions of the
Air Operator Certificate (AOC). The management must be performed in
accordance with the scope of the operator.

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Documents to be carried on
SPO.GEN.140 Documents, manuals and information to be carried on board.
board
(a) The following documents, manuals and information shall be carried on each flight as originals or copies unless
otherwise specified below:
(1) the AFM, or equivalent document(s);
(2) the original certificate of registration;
(3) the original certificate of airworthiness (CofA);
(4) the noise certificate, if applicable;
(5) a copy of the declaration as specified in ORO.DEC.100 and, if applicable, a copy of the authorisation as specified in
ORO.SPO.110;
(6) the list of specific approvals, if applicable;
(7) the aircraft radio licence, if applicable;
(8) the third party liability insurance certificate(s);
(9) the journey log, or equivalent, for the aircraft;
(10) the aircraft technical log, in accordance with Annex I (Part-M) to Regulation (EC) No 1321/2014, if applicable;
(11) details of the filed ATS flight plan, if applicable;
(12) current and suitable aeronautical charts for the route/area of the proposed flight and all routes along
which it is reasonable to expect that the flight may be diverted;
(13) procedures and visual signals information for use by intercepting and intercepted aircraft;
(14) information concerning search and rescue services for the area of the intended flight;
(15) the current parts of the operations manual and/or SOP or AFM that are relevant to the duties of crew
members and task specialists, which shall be easily accessible to them;
(16) the MEL or CDL, if applicable;
(17) appropriate notices to airmen (NOTAMs) and aeronautical information service (AIS) briefing documentation;
(18) appropriate meteorological information, if applicable;
(19) cargo manifests, if applicable; and
(20) any other documentation that may be pertinent to the flight or is required by the States concerned with the flight.

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ETOPS

● The introduction of ETOPS rules allows twin-engine aircraft to fly long-distance

routes that were previously off-limits to twin-engine aircraft.
● Without ETOPS approval, the maximum distance from an aerodrome for two-
engine aero planes is the distance flown in 60 minutes at the One-Engine-
Inoperative (OEI) cruise speed.
● In brief, ETOPS provides the possibility for twin engine aircraft to operate
routes which were previously denied to them under the 60-minutes rule (the
distance may be increased to 120, 180 or more minutes). Eventually this
means that a smaller twin could be used on routes between two city pairs
where passenger numbers are not economically viable for large aircraft to
operate them.

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ETOP
S
SPA.ETOPS.100 ETOPS
In commercial air transport operations, twin engines aeroplanes shall only be operated
beyond the threshold distance determined in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.140 if the
operator has been granted an ETOPS operational approval by the competent authority.

SPA.ETOPS.105 ETOPS operational approval

To obtain an ETOPS operational approval from the competent authority, the operator shall
provide
evidence that:
(a) the aeroplane/engine combination holds an ETOPS type design and reliability approval
for the intended operation;
(b) a training programme for the flight crew members and all other operations personnel
involved in these operations has been established and the flight crew members and all other
operations personnel involved are suitably qualified to conduct the intended operation;
(c)the operator’s organisation and experience are appropriate to support the intended
operation;
(d)operating procedures have been established.

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OPS part 1 subpart D

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Occurrence
reporting
ORO.GEN.160 Occurrence reporting
Another important aspect treated is referred to the occurrence reporting. First, it
is introduced the correct terminology:
1. “Incident” is an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the
operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation
2. “Serious Incident” is an incident involving circumstances indicating that an
accident
nearly occurred
3. “Accident” is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft

● In case of accident or serious incident, the commander or the operator of an

airplane shall submit a report to the authority in the State of the operator
within 72 hours of the time when the accident or serious incident occurred.

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Aircraft markings and
placards

Furthermore it is important to underline that an aircraft must contain:

● The specified marking and placards
● Any additional information, instrument marking and placards required for the
safe operation (if there are unusual design, operation or handling
characteristic).

● About this topic, the reference regulation is the Certification Specification

(CS)
25.1541. In addition, each marking and placard prescribed:
● Must be displayed in a conspicuous place and
● May not be easily erased, disfigured or obstructed.
● Marking or placards should be placed close to or on the instrument or
control with which they are associated. The information reported must be
consistent with those reported in the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM).

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Chapter 10.5
CERTIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT,
PARTS AND APPLIANCES

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Introduction

● The European Regulation (EC) No. 1139/2018 laying down in article 4 (1) that
all aircraft, including the respective products, parts and appliances
installed, if so designed, constructed or registered in a European Union
Member State or registered in a third country but supervised by an operator
from a Member State, or even if registered in a third country and supervised
by an operator from a third country but with traffic to and from a Member
State, must comply with the same rules.
● For parts and appliances these certification may be issued when
specific certifications have proven to meet airworthiness specifications
established to ensure compliance with the essential requirements.
● All organizations design products, parts and appliances shall demonstrate
their skills as well as to be able to assume the responsibilities associated
with the privileges that are recognized through a process of design
organization approval.

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Introduction

Synthetic summary of initial airworthiness approval:

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Part 21 -
Regulation
● The commission regulation (EC) No 748/2012 is laying down implementing
rules for the airworthiness and environmental certification of aircraft and
related products, parts and appliances, as well as for the certification of
design and production organizations. The following five articles describe the
main content of this regulation.

● As all the annexes of the Implementing Rules, also the Part 21 is structured in
two
sections:

a. Section A: contains the requirements for the applicants and acquired rights
and obligations
b. Section B: contains the procedures for competent authorities.

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Part 21 Structure and
purpose
Section A and section B are divided in subparts that defines specific topics:

● Subpart A – General
● Subpart B – Type certificates and restricted type certificates:
● Subpart C – Not applicable
● Subpart D – Changes to type certificates and restricted type certificates
● Subpart E – Supplemental type certificates
● Subpart F – Production without production organisation approval
● Subpart G – Production organization approval (POA)
● Subpart H – Certificate of airworthiness and restricted certificates of
airworthiness
● Subpart I – Noise certificates
● Subpart J - Design organisation approval (DOA)
● Subpart K - Parts and appliances
● Subpart L - Not applicable
● Subpart M – Repairs
● Subpart N - Not applicable
● Subpart O - European Technical Standard Order authorisations (ETSO)
● Subpart P- Permit to fly
● Subpart Q - Identification of products, parts and appliances
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Type Certificate and Supplemental Type Certificate issuing
(Part 21
subparts B, D, E)
● Any natural or legal person that has demonstrated, or is in the process of demonstrating,
its capability in accordance with Part 21 (21.A.14) shall be eligible as an applicant for a type-
certificate or a restricted type-certificate under the conditions laid down in Subpart B.
● The type-certificate and restricted type-certificate are both considered to include the type
design, the operating limitations, the type-certificate data sheet for airworthiness and
emissions, the applicable type-certification basis and environmental protection
requirements with which the Agency records compliance.
● Changes in type design are treated in subpart D.
● Type design changes are classified as follows in two categories:
1. Minor change
2. Major change

● Only the type-certificate holder may apply for approval of a major change to a type design
under this Subpart; all other applicants for a major change to a type design shall apply
under Subpart E for a Supplemental Type Certificate STC.

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Type Certificate and Supplemental Type Certificate issuing
(Part 21
● A type-certificate and restricted type-certificate shall be issued
for
subparts B, D, E)
an unlimited duration. They shall remain valid subject to:
1. The holder remaining in compliance with this Annex 1 (Part 21)
2. The certificate not being surrendered or revoked under the
applicable administrative procedures established by the
Agency.
● The holder of a type-certificate or restricted type-certificate
shall produce, maintain and update master copies of all
manuals required by the applicable type-certification basis
and environmental protection requirements for the product,
and provide copies, on request, to the Agency.
● The holder of the type-certificate or restricted type-certificate
shall furnish at least one set of complete Instructions for
Continued Airworthiness (ICA), comprising descriptive data and
accomplishment instructions prepared in accordance with the
applicable type-certification basis, to each known owner of one
or more aircraft, engine or propeller upon its delivery or upon
issue of the first certificate of airworthiness for the affected
aircraft, whichever occurs later and thereafter make those
instructions available on request to any other person required
to comply with any of the terms of those instructions.

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Production organizations approval (Part 21
subpart G)
Part 21 – Subpart G – POA – Approval requirements and POE (production organization
exposition)

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Production organizations approval (Part 21
subpart G)
Part 21 – Subpart G – POA – Holder Obligations and
privileges

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Design organizations approval (Part 21
subpart J)
Part 21 – Subpart J –DOA – Scope and privileges
● The DOA shall be entitled to perform design activities refer to its scope of
approval
under Part 21 subpart J.
● The DOA shall be entitled to approve minor changes to type design and
minor repairs, and classify changes to the type design and repairs (major or
minor).
● The DOA shall be entitled to approve and issue minor revisions to the AFM
and supplements, approve the design of major repairs to products or APU for
which it holds the TC or the STC or ETSO authorization.
● The DOA shall approve the conditions under which a permit to flight can be
issued in accordance with Part 21.
● The DOA shall issue a permit to fly in accordance with Part 21 for an aircraft
it has designed or modified, when managing the aircraft configuration
and attesting conformity with the design conditions approved for the flight.

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Design organizations approval (Part 21 subpart J)

Part 21 – Subpart J –DOA – Scope and privileges

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Design organizations approval (Part 21 subpart J)

Part 21 – Subpart J –DOA – Design assurance system

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EASA certification specifications CS-23, 25,
27, 29
Part 21 – Certification Specification (CS) list

● The Agency shall issue in accordance with Article 14 of the basic

Regulation airworthiness codes, or Certification Specification, as standard
means to show compliance of products, parts and appliances with the
essential requirements of Annex I to the basic Regulation.
● Such codes shall be sufficiently detailed and specific to indicate to applicants
the
conditions under which certificates will be issued.
● In brief, the CS are airworthiness standards that define the technical
requirements for the approval of retail products (formerly JAR 23, 25, 27, 29 E,
APU, P, etc..), which have been revised and issued.
● Each CS is structured as follows:
1. Book 1: Codes of Airworthiness (standard technical interpretations of the
essential requirements contained in Annex 1 of Regulation (EC) 1139/2018)
2. Book 2: AMC and GM to the applicable requirements of CS.
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EASA certification specifications CS-23, 25,

27, 29

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Certificate of Airworthiness, restricted certificates of
airworthiness and
permit to fly
The Certificate of Airworthiness, restricted certificates of airworthiness and permit to fly
issuing regulation are treated in Part 21 as follows:
1. Part 21 Subpart H – Certificate of airworthiness and restricted certificates of airworthiness
2. Part 21 Subpart P – Permit to fly.
● An airworthiness certificate shall be issued for an unlimited duration. The
Certificate of Airworthiness must be accessible and stored with other airworthiness
certificate in the cockpit.
● Permits to fly shall be issued in accordance with this Subpart to aircrafts for some of the
following purposes:
a. Development
b. Showing compliance with regulations or certification specifications
c. Production flight testing of new production aircraft
d. Flying the aircraft for customer acceptance
e. Flying the aircraft for Authority acceptance
f. Flying the aircraft to a location where maintenance or airworthiness review are to be
performed,
or to a place of storage
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Certificate of
registration

The certificate of
registration must be
accessible and stored
with other
airworthiness
certificates in the
cockpit. Each aircraft
must have its own
aircraft registration
regulation of the
based on rules
respective country
and of
registration
.

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Noise
a. Any natural or legal person under whose name an aircraft is registered or will be registeredcertificate
in a Member State
(Member State of registry), or its representative, shall be eligible as an applicant for a noise certificate for that
aircraft under Part 21 Subpart I.
b. Pursuant to 21.A.203, an application for a noise certificate shall be made in a form and manner established by
the competent authority of the Member State of registry.

Each application shall include:

1. With regard to new aircraft: A statement of conformity, the noise information determined in accordance
with the applicable noise requirements.
2. With regard to used aircraft: The noise information determined in accordance with the applicable noise
requirements, historical records to establish the production, modification, and maintenance standard of the
aircraft.
Unless otherwise agreed, the statements referred to in point (b)(1) shall be issued no more than 60 days before
presentation of the aircraft to the competent authority of the Member State of registry.

A noise certificate may be amended or modified only by the competent authority of the Member State of registry.
Where ownership of an aircraft has changed:
a) If the aircraft remains on the same register, the noise certificate shall be transferred together with the aircraft
b) If the aircraft moves to the register of another Member State, the noise certificate shall be issued upon
presentation of the former noise certificate.

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Other documentation: weight schedule and radio station
license and
approval
● An operator shall specify, in the operations manual, the principles and
methods involved in the loading and in the mass and balance system
that meet the requirements of current OPS regulation. The system must
cover all types of intended operations.
● Each weight change has to be recorded and registered in the weight and
balance sheet of the aircraft.
● A scheduled aircraft weighing has to be established. For every flight a
weight calculation (load sheet) must be performed and signed by the pilot
● The aircraft station licence must be accessible and stored with other
airworthiness certificates in the cockpit. Aircraft communication for COM and
NAV needs a licence issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Communication.

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Chapter 10.6
CONTINUING
AIRWORTHINESS

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Introduction

● Continuing airworthiness covers all of the processes ensuring that, at any time
in their operating life, all aircraft comply with the airworthiness requirements
in force and are in a condition for safe operation.
● No aircraft may be operated unless in airworthy condition. Two conditions
must be met before an aircraft can be consider “airworthy”:

1. The aircraft conforms to type design

2. The aircraft is in condition for safe operation

● The first condition is attained when required and proper components are
installed, and they are consistent with drawings, specifications and other data
that are part of the Type Certificate, included Supplemental Type Certificates
and approved changes. The second condition is refers to the condition of the
aircraft with relation to wear and deterioration that occurs during its operative
life.

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Introduction

● Continuing airworthiness includes, under the control of the respective

National Aviation Authorities (NAA) of the State of Design and the State of
Registry, eight basic requirements:

1. Design criteria, that provide the necessary accessibility for inspection and let
the use of established processes and practices for the accomplishment of
maintenance
2. Maintenance requirements, that involves the preparation by the
organization responsible for the type design of the specifications, methods,
procedures and tasks necessary to maintain the aircraft and publication of this
information in a format that can be readily adapted for use by an operator
3. Company Maintenance Programme (CMP), as seen as the adoption by each
operator of specifications, methods, procedures and tasks using the
information provided by the organization responsible for the type design, and
preparing that material in the form of a maintenance programme suitable for
its operation
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4. Reporting, considering the reporting of defects and other significant maintenance
and operational information by the operator to the organization responsible for the type
design in accordance with the requirements of the State of Registry
5. Defect analysis and rectification, as the analysis of defect, accident and other
maintenance and operational information by the organization responsible for the type
design, the State of Design and the State of Registry and the initiation and transmission
of information and recommended or mandatory action to be taken in response to that
analysis
6. Local compliance, that oblige the operator to review all service information and
take appropriate action
7. Compliance with life limits, that is the accomplishment by the operator of all mandatory
requirements concerning the aircraft with particular reference to fatigue life limits and
any special tests or inspections required by the certification process or subsequently
found necessary to ensure structural integrity
8. Compliance with Structural Inspection Program (SIP), with preparation of and compliance
with Supplemental Structural Inspection Programmes and subsequent requirements
related to aging aircraft.

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Initial Airworthiness (Part-21 provisions) related to
continuing
airworthiness
● The continuing airworthiness functions under Article 20(1)(j) shall be performed in
accordance with the provisions of Annex I to the Basic Regulation and Annex Part 21 to
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 748/2012 laying down implementing rules for the
airworthiness and environmental certification of aircraft and related products, parts and
appliances, in particular its paragraphs,
21.A.3 and 21.A.3B, and the related Acceptable Means of Compliance (“AMC”) and
Guidance Material (“GM”).
● ADs are issued by EASA, acting in accordance with the Basic Regulation on behalf of the
European Community, its Member States and of the European third countries that
participate in the activities of EASA. The dissemination of airworthiness directives to aircraft
owners is a responsibility of the State of Registry and does not belong to the Agency.
● If a certified aircraft has outstanding airworthiness directives that have not been complied
with, the aircraft is not considered airworthy. Thus, it is mandatory for an aircraft operator to
comply with an AD. An AD mandates actions to be performed on an aircraft to restore an
acceptable level of safety, when evidence shows that the safety level of this aircraft may
otherwise be compromised.

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Initial Airworthiness (Part-21 provisions) related to
continuing
airworthiness

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Part M - General
description
● In Europe, Aircraft Maintenance Organizations have to comply with the Annex
I (Part M) of the Regulations document (EC) 1321/2014, which concerns the
measures to be taken to ensure that airworthiness is maintained, including
maintenance. It also specifies the conditions to be met by the persons or
organizations involved in such continuing airworthiness management
● This regulation establishes common technical requirements and
administrative procedures for ensuring the continuing airworthiness of
aircraft, including any component for installation thereto, which are:

1. Registered in a EASA Member State

2. Registered in a third country and used by an operator for which a Member
State ensures oversight of operations.

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Part M - Structure and
purpose
● As all the annexes of the Implementing Rules, also the Part M is structured in two
a. sections:
Section A: contains the technical requirements that must be satisfied for continuin
the g
b. airworthiness organizations
Section B: contains the procedures that must be followed by competent
authorities.
• Section A and section B are divided in subparts that define specific topics:
1. Subpart A – General
2. Subpart B – Accountability
3. Subpart C – Continuing Airworthiness
4. Subpart D – Maintenance Standards
5. Subpart E – Components
6. Subpart F – Maintenance Organisation
7. Subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation (CAMO)
8. Subpart H – Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)
9. Subpart I – Airworthiness Review Certificate

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Part M - Structure and
purpose
The Part-M also includes eight appendixes as follow:

1. Appendix I: Continuing Airworthiness Arrangement

2. Appendix II: Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1
3. Appendix III: Airworthiness Review Certificate — EASA Form 15
4. Appendix IV: Class and Ratings System used for the Approval of
Maintenance
Organisations referred to in Annex I (Part-M) Subpart F and in Annex II
(Part-145)
5. Appendix V: Maintenance Organisation Approval referred to in Annex I (Part-
M) Subpart F
6. Appendix VI: Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation Approval
referred to in Annex I (Part-M) Subpart G
7. Appendix VII: Complex Maintenance Tasks
8. Appendix VIII: Limited Pilot Owner Maintenance
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Part M Section A - subpart A/B – General/
Accountability
Part M Section A - subpart A – General
● This Section (M.A.101) establishes the measures to be taken to ensure
that airworthiness is maintained, including maintenance. It also specifies the
conditions to be met by the persons or organisations involved in such
continuing airworthiness management.

Part M Section A - subpart B – Accountability

● This subpart includes the following topics:
1. The responsibilities of the owner for the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft
(M.A.201)
2. The related occurrence reporting (M.A.202).

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Part M Section A - subpart C – Continuing
Airworthiness

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Part M Section A - subpart C – Continuing
Airworthiness
An owner or operator shall ensure that a system has been established
to keep the following records for the periods specified:

1. All detailed maintenance records in respect of the aircraft and

any service life limited component fitted thereto, not less than 36
months after the aircraft or component has been released to service
2. The total time in service (hours, calendar time, cycles and
landings) of the aircraft and all service life-limited components, at least
12 months after the aircraft or component has been permanently
withdrawn from service
3. The time in service (hours, calendar time, cycles and landings)
as appropriate, since last scheduled maintenance of the
component subjected to a service life limit,
4. The current status of compliance with maintenance programme
5. The current status of airworthiness directives applicable to the
aircraft and components, at least 12 months after the aircraft or
component has been permanently withdrawn from service
6. Details of current modifications and repairs to the aircraft,
engine(s), propeller(s) and any other component vital to flight safety, at
least 12 months after they have been permanently withdrawn from
service.
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Part M Section A - subpart C – Continuing
Airworthiness
● In the case of commercial air transport an operator shall use an aircraft
technical log system containing the following information for each aircraft:

1. Information about each flight, necessary to ensure continued flight safety, and;
2. The current aircraft certificate of release to service
3. The current maintenance statement giving the aircraft maintenance status of
what scheduled and out of phase maintenance is next due except that the
competent authority may agree to the maintenance statement being kept
elsewhere, and;
4. All outstanding deferred defects rectifications that affect the operation of the
aircraft
5. Any necessary guidance instructions on maintenance support arrangements.
6. An operator shall ensure that the aircraft technical log is retained for 36
months after the date of the last entry.

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Part M Section A - subpart D/E/F - Maintenance
Standards/
Part M Section A - subpart D – Maintenance Components/Maintenance Organization
Standards This subpart includes the following
topics:
1. The maintenance data (M.A.401)
2. The performance of maintenance (M.A.402)
3. The aircraft defects (M.A.403).

Part M Section A - subpart E –

Components This subpart includes the
following topics:
1. The installation (M.A.501)
2. The component maintenance (M.A.502)
3. The service life limited components (M.A.503)
4. The control of unserviceable components (M.A.504).

Part M Section A - subpart F – Maintenance Organization

The scope of this Subpart is to establish the requirements to be met by an organisation to
qualify for the issueEdor continuation
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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness
Management
Organisation

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness
Management
Organisation
● Part M Subpart G of this regulation concerns the management of
continuing airworthiness of EASA aircraft.
● Organisations approved to Part M Subpart G can additionally be approved to
make recommendations to a competent authority that an Airworthiness
Review Certificate (EASA Form 15a) may be issued or in certain cases issue
and extend an Airworthiness Review Certificate (EASA Form 15b) under the
terms of their approval.
● The scope of this subpart is to establish the requirements to be met
by an organisation to qualify for the issue or continuation of an
approval for the management of aircraft continuing airworthiness.
● An application for issue or change of a continuing airworthiness
management organisation approval shall be made on a form and in a manner
established by the competent authority using the EASA Form 2.

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness
Management
● a) The organisation shall appoint an accountable manager, who has corporate authority for ensuring that all
Organisation
continuing airworthiness management activities can be financed and carried out in accordance with this Part.
● b) For commercial air transport the paragraph (a) accountable manager shall be the person who also has
corporate authority for ensuring that all the operations of the operator can be financed and carried out to the
standard required for the issue of an air operator’s certificate
● c) A person or group of persons shall be nominated with the responsibility of ensuring that the organisation is
always in compliance with this Subpart. Such person(s) shall be ultimately responsible to the accountable
manager
● d) For commercial air transport, the accountable manager shall designate a nominated post holder. This person
shall be responsible for the management and supervision of continuing airworthiness activities, pursuant to
paragraph (c)
● e) The nominated post holder referred to in paragraph (d) shall not be employed by a Part- 145 approved
organisation under contract to the operator, unless specifically agreed by the competent authority
● f) The organisation shall have sufficient appropriately qualified staff for the expected work
● g) All paragraph (c) and (d) persons shall be able to show relevant knowledge, background and appropriate
experience related to aircraft continuing airworthiness
● h) The qualification of all personnel involved in continuing airworthiness management shall be recorded
● i) For organisations extending airworthiness review certificates in accordance with points M.A.711(a)4 and
M.A.901(f), the organisation shall nominate persons authorised to do so, subject to approval by the competent
authority
● j) The organisation shall define and keep updated in the continuing airworthiness management exposition the
title(s) and name(s) of person(s) referred to in points M.A.706(a), M.A.706(c), M.A.706(d) and M.A.706(i)
● k) For all large aircraft and for aircraft used for commercial air transport the organisation shall establish and
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and/or quality audits in accordance with a procedure and to a standard agreed by the competent authority.
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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness
Management
Organisation

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness
Management
Organisation

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Part M Section A - subpart G – Continuing Airworthiness
Management
● Each Part-M approved organisation is subjected to the controls by theOrganisation
competent authority. Every 2 years a complete audit is performed by the
authority in order to verify the compliance of the organization with this Part

● During an audit finding could be issued by the authority. The findings

can be summarized as follow:

a. A level 1 finding is any significant non-compliance with Part-M requirements

which lowers the safety standard and hazards seriously the flight safety
b. A level 2 finding is any non-compliance with the Part-M requirements which
could
lower the safety standard and possibly hazard the flight safety

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Part M Section A - subpart H – Certificate of Release to
Service CRS
Part M Section A -
subpart H
– Certificate of Release
to Service CRS

This subpart includes

the following topics:
1. The aircraft certificate
of release to service
(M.A.801)
2. The component
certificate of release
to service (M.A.802)
3. The pilot owner
authorisation (M.A.803).

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Part M Section A - subpart I – Airworthiness Review
Certificate
Part M Section A - subpart I –
Airworthiness Review Certificate

This subpart includes the following

topics:
1. The aircraft airworthiness review
(M.A.901)
2. The validity of the airworthiness
review certificate (M.A.902)
3. The transfer of aircraft registration
within
4. The the EU (M.A.903)
airworthiness review of aircraft
imported into EU (M.A.904)
5. The findings (M.A.905).

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Chapter 10.7
NATIONAL
REGULATIONS

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Federal office of civil aviation (FOCA) - Bundesamt Für
Zivilluftfahrt
The Federal Office of (BAZL)
Civil Aviation (FOCA) is
the Swiss National
Aviation Authority, a
Swiss government
organisation and is part
of the Federal
Department of
Environment,
Transport, Energy and
Communications
(DETEC).
It is responsible for
ensuring that civil
aviation in Switzerland
has a high safety
standard and that it is in
keeping with sustainable
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Federal office of civil aviation (FOCA) - Bundesamt Für
Zivilluftfahrt
(BAZL)

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Introduction
● Switzerland, which was founding member of Joint Aviation Authority (JAA),
is an EASA member country, also if it is not European Union (EU) member.
● The Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) is responsible for aviation
development and the supervision of civil aviation activities in Switzerland.
The FOCA is part of the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport,
Energy and Communications (DETEC) and is charged with ensuring that the
high safety standards in civil aviation in Switzerland are maintained, and
with pursuing a policy of sustainable development.
● The FOCA aims to ensure the safe and best possible and environmentally
friendly use of the infrastructure, which includes airspace, air traffic
control and aerodromes.
● The FOCA also supervises aviation companies to which it issues an
operating license
based on a technical, operational and financial evaluation.

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The FOCA issues the advisory and guidance material and explanatory and
instruction publications on procedure, as:

● Airworthiness directives (AD)

● FOCA Technical communications (TC)
● Aircraft documents
● Standard journey log-books
● FOCA Technical folder (airworthiness records)
● FOCA forms.

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The classification of TCs to date is to be simplified following a decision by the DETEC
Appeals
Committee as:
1. Instructions (TC-I)
2. Directives (TC-D)
3. Communications (TC-C)
4. Information (TC-INFO).

TC-Ds are recommendations or explanations and are therefore not legally binding. They set
out – in the sense of 'acceptable means of compliance' or 'interpretative and explanatory
material‘.
TC-Cs consist of information of a general nature and do not usually have a direct bearing on
airworthiness, e.g. on the organization and procedures in technical supervision by the FOCA.

The remaining Swiss airworthiness regulations include:

1. Federal Aviation Law, that states principles and responsibilities of handling aviation matters
2. Ordinances and decrees, which include specific regulations (for example, airworthiness
operations, airspace use, certifying staff, maintenance organizations, charges and taxes).
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Air navigation
ordinance
Air navigation ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.01 - Luftfahrtverordnung, LFV)
● LFV ordinance treats the following main topics:
1. Definition of aircraft by groups and categories
2. Requirements for registration in the Swiss aircraft register, related to Swiss owner and/or
operator aircraft that are not in any other register
3. Definition of aircraft documents to be carried on board.

LFV is including the following nine parts:

● Part 1: Aircraft
● Part 2: Flying objects
● Part 3: Aeronautical personnel
● Part 5: Air traffic and rules
● Part 6: Commercial air navigation
● Part 7: Civil liability
● Part 8: Aeronautical information
● Part 9: Administrative regulations.

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Air navigation
ordinance
● Swiss government aircraft are considered to be military aircraft, the customs and cantonal
or federal police or those that the Federal Council has expressly designated as such.
● Aircraft without passengers’ restrictions:
1. The operation of airplanes with occupants, whose wing loading is less than 20 kg/m2 is
prohibited.
2. The FOCA may grant individual permissions for test flights and other special cases.
● Registration marking may be rejected when the aircraft does not respond in a clear way to
the suitable Swiss flight attitude requirements, nor to disposals on environment
protection
● Registration of an aircraft must be requested by the aircraft owner
● Registration must contain, at least, the following data:
3. a. Registration date
4. b. Registration marking
5. c. Manufacturer
6. d. Aircraft type
7. e. Organization serial production number
8. f. Name and address of the user.
● The FOCA brings to the aircraft owner a certificate confirming the registration.
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Aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations
ordinance
Aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.127.2 -
Verordnung Luftfahrzeug-Instandhaltepersonal, VLIp)

● VLIp ordinance treats the aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations topic. VLIp current
ordinance (issue 01/08/2008) is divided in the following chapters and sections:

1. Chapter 1: Application field and definition

2. Chapter 2: General rules relating to personnel licenses
3. Chapter 3: Special provisions relating to licenses and personal authorizations
4. Chapter 4: Technical communications
5. Chapter 5: Final provisions

The present agreement is intended for:

● a. Personnel authorized to certify (certifying staff)
● b. Components
● c. Personnel authorization
● d. Maintenance works
● e. Complex and non complex maintenance works
● f. Certificate of Readmission in Service (CRS)
● g. Maintenance documents
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Aircraft maintenance personnel licenses and authorizations
Art. 5 Foreign licenses ordinance
● Anyone who wishes to pursue a lasting activity subject to licensing must request a written
authorization validation foreign to FOCA. This validation is issued for two years maximum,
provided that the third party to grant reciprocity
Art. 6 License type and personal authorizations
● The FOCA issues the following permits maintenance personnel:
a. Aircraft mechanic
b. Specialist.
Art. 13 Examination results
● The expert shall prepare a report on the conduct of the examination.
● Tests that have not been passed may be repeated twice. The second and third examination is
limited to those matters in which the candidate did not respond properly at least 75 percent of
the questions in the first exam
● The FOCA establishes the period within which the candidate may reappear examination.
Normally, this term is at least of three months.
Art. 17 Duration of validity of license and authorization personnel
● The period of validity of the license and authorization is five years. On request, license and
authorization
are from time to time extended by five years.

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Aircraft maintenance organization approvals
ordinance
Aircraft maintenance organization approvals ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 -
748.127.4 - Verordnung Luftfahrzeug-Instandhaltungsbetriebe, VLIb)

● VLIb ordinance treats the aircraft maintenance organization approvals topic.

● VLIb current ordinance (issue 01/08/2008) is divided in the following sections:
1. Section 1: General
2. Section 2: Maintenance licenses
3. Section 3: Conditions for issuance of a maintenance license
4. Section 4: Inspection of maintenance organization and maintenance license
5. Section 5: Rights of maintenance organization
6. Section 6: Duties of maintenance organization
7. Section 7: Final provisions

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Aircraft maintenance organization approvals
ordinance
Inspection of maintenance organization and maintenance license
Art. 15 Maintenance organization examination
● 1. The FOCA, after receiving and checking the documentation referred to in art.8, make an
inspection of the maintenance in the presence of a representative of the latter
● 2. The date of the inspection is scheduled by the FOCA
● 3. The FOCA may call on external experts for inspection
● 4. The results of the inspection shall be recorded and communicated to the applicant.
● 5. If the inspection shows that not all the conditions for the issuance of a license
maintenance, the FOCA shall notify the applicant of the additional measures
● 6. If the applicant fails to take the necessary measures within the time limit, the inspection
is
considered not exceeded.
Art. 16 Maintenance license
● 1. If all conditions are met, the FOCA issue the maintenance license, as set out on the field
or fields of activities permitted in accordance with the maintenance organization exposition
● 2. The maintenance license has unlimited duration.
● 3. The FOCA performs an inspection at least every 24 months for each organization
according to art.15 in order to verify compliance with the current requirements.
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Aircraft design and production organization approval
ordinance
Aircraft design and production organization approval ordinance (Luftrecht
Schweiz SR 748 - 748.127.5 - Verordnung Luftfahrzeug-Herstellerbetriebe, VLHb)
● VLHb ordinance treats about the aircraft design and production organization
approval.
● VLHb current ordinance (issue 01/08/2008) is divided in the following chapters:

1. Chapter 1: General
2. Chapter 2: Aircraft design and production organization
3. Chapter 3: Other regulations, directives and communications
4. Chapter 4: Final provisions

Applicant prepares an exposition of the organization where disciplines:

● a. Organization of the design and production organization
● b. Execution, surveillance and certification of manufacture works.

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Aircraft design and production organization approval
ordinance
In the present regulation:
● a. Design and production documentation: workshop drawings, parts list,
description of the processes for constructing products in accordance with the
type, inspection reports, likewise technical communications and decisions
from the FOCA
● b. Products: aircraft, engines, propellers, aircraft parts and equipments
● c. Workshop certificate: acknowledgment that the product is accordant with
design and production documentation.

Validity of a design and production organization license:

● Design and production organization license has unlimited duration
● In particular cases, the FOCA may limit the period of validity.

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Aircraft airworthiness
ordinance
Aircraft airworthiness ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.215.1 -
Verordnung Lufttüchtigkeit von Luftfahrzeugen, VLL)

VLL ordinance treats the aircraft airworthiness matter.

The current ordinance (issue 01/04/2011) is divided in the following chapters:

1. Chapter 1: Application field and rules

2. Chapter 2: Aircraft development and manufacturing
3. Chapter 3: Admission of aircraft
4. Chapter 4: Admission of aircraft components and equipment
5. Chapter 5: Assignment and other documentation
6. Chapter 6: Continuing airworthiness
7. Chapter 7: Modifies CT 02.020-60
8. Chapter 8: Certificate of airworthiness for exportation
9. Chapter 9: Publication and duty to be informed
10. Chapter 10: Withdrawal of certificates and authorizations
11. Chapter 11: Final provisions.
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Aircraft airworthiness
ordinance
Art. 22 Documents to be
carried on
board

In any aircraft admitted to

circulation the following
documents to be carried on
board and files must be
found as the following table.

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Aircraft airworthiness
ordinance
Art. 25 Maintenance principles:
a. Maintenance plans (Maintenance Review Board Reports/Documents) expected from the
type certificate and declared valid by the FOCA
b. Operating limits assigned or recommended by the owner of the type certificate. In the single
case, the FOCA may assign exceptions and tolerances to operating limits (technical
communications, art. 50)
c. Maintenance programs, work instructions, control sheets and repair instructions worked out
by the owner of the type certificate; in the single case, the FOCA may assign exceptions and
tolerances compared to what determined in the maintenance programs (Technical
communications, art. 50)
d. Orders on airworthiness and other instructions issued by the FOCA
e. Maintenance programs of air navigation industries approved by the FOCA.

Art. 37 Certificate of Release to Service

At the end of the maintenance work on aircraft and engines, propellers, parts of aircraft and
equipment that are mounted, a person authorized confirmed by a certificate of release to
service

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Aircraft examination
ordinance
Aircraft examination ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.215.2 -
Verordnung
Prüfung von Luftfahrzeugen - VPL)
● This ordinance treats the aircraft examination topic. VPL current ordinance
(issue 01/08/2008) is divided in the following chapters:

1. Chapter 1: Application field and rules

2. Chapter 2: Extension of examination
3. Chapter 3: Type of examination
4. Chapter 4: Examination procedure

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 Module 10 Aviation
legislation
Aircraft emissions
ordinance
Aircraft emissions ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.215.3 - Verordnung
Emissionen von Luftfahrzeugen, VEL)

● This ordinance treats the aircraft emissions topic.

● VEL current ordinance (issue 01/08/2009) is divided in the following sections:

1. Section 1: Emission limit values and noise certificates of aircraft registered in

Switzerland
2. Section 2: Operating restrictions for aircraft not registered in Switzerland
3. Section 3: Final provisions

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Aircraft emissions
ordinance
Art. 3 Ecolight category aircraft
● By derogation from section 10, paragraph 10.4 of Annex 16, Volume I of the Chicago
Convention, the noise level of airplanes in the category ecolight cannot exceed 65 dB (A)
● The power of its engines, as measured on the engine actually installed on the aircraft
concerned (installed capacity, power axis), must not exceed 90 kW (121 PS) under
International Standard Atmosphere (International Standard Atmosphere, ISA)
● The aircraft of the category ecolight equipped with internal combustion engines must be
able to work with unleaded fuel, according to Annex 5 of the Ordinance of 16 December
1985 against air pollution.

Art. 5 Noise certificates

● The FOCA issues the following certificates for aircraft noise that are not certified as
required by the Commission Regulation (EC) No 748/2012 or Annex 16, Volume I, of the
Chicago Convention:
● 1. In the case of aircraft, a noise certificate in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6
or
Chapter 10, of annex 16, Volume I, of the Chicago Convention
● 2. In the case of helicopters, a noise certificate in accordance with the requirements of
Chapter 11 of Annex 16, Volume I, of the Chicago Convention.
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 Module 10 Aviation
legislation
Aircraft registration
ordinance
Aircraft registration ordinance (Luftrecht Schweiz SR 748 - 748.216.1 - Verordnung
Kennzeichen der Luftfahrzeuge, VKZ)
• This ordinance treats the aircraft registration marking. VKZ current ordinance (issu
01/04/2011) is divided into the following sections: e
1. Section 1: Aircraft marking of registered aircraft
2. Section 2: Aircraft marking of not-registered aircraft
3. Section 3: Final provisions.

Section 1: Aircraft marking of registered

aircraft Art. 1 Registration
Art. 2 Mark of nationality
Art. 3 Aircraft registration marking (The letters HB, three letters and the
Swiss flag) Art. 4 Identification
Art. 5 Affixing the letters and the numbers
Art. 6 Affixing the emblem (Swiss flag)
Art. 7 Affixing the registration on aircraft, motor sailplanes, gliders and
airships

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 Module 10 Aviation
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Aircraft registration
ordinance
Art. 8 Affixing the registration on balloons
Art. 9 Affixing the registration on other
aircraft Art. 10 Special cases
Art 11
1. All aircraft except gliders will be equipped with a plate of identification
2. The identification plate shall be of a material whose melting point is higher than 1300°C
3. The identification plate must be visible and set near the entrance or in the tail of a fixed part
of the aircraft.
4. On the balloons, the plate is fixed to the basket.

Section 2: Aircraft marking of not-registered

aircraft Art. 11a Hang gliders

Section 3: Final provisions:

Art. 12 Repeal of existing legislation, Art. 13 Transitional provisions, Art. 14 Entering into force

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 Module 10 Aviation legislation

Aircraft registration
ordinance

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Thank you for your
attention.

Pa
g.