Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 461–471

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Chinese Herbal Medicines

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chmed

Review

Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of durian shells in

ASEAN countries: A review
Yuan-fei Zhan a,b,c,d,1, Xiao-tao Hou a,b,c,d,e,1, Li-li Fan a,b,c, Zheng-cai Du b,c,d,e, Soo Ee Ch’ng d,f, Siok Meng Ng g,
Khamphanh Thepkaysone d,h, Er-wei Hao b,c,d,e,⇑, Jia-gang Deng b,c,d,e,⇑
a
Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
b
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China
c
Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
d
China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
e
Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, China
f
CAIQ Test Innovation (Malaysia) Service Center, Selangor 40150, Malaysia
g
Bio-Axis Healthcare Limited, Hong Kong 999077, China
h
Institute of Traditional Medicine, Vientiane, Lao PDR

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Durio zibethnus is mainly distributed in Southeast Asia. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that durian
Received 11 August 2021 shells have the effects of clearing heat and purging fire, nourishing yin and moisturizing dryness.
Revised 4 September 2021 Therefore, it is often used as a pharmaceutic food in the Chinese folk to assist treating diseases. At pre-
Accepted 24 September 2021
sent, the chemical constituents isolated from durian shell include phenolic acids, phenolic glycosides, fla-
Available online 6 October 2021
vonoids, coumarins, triterpenes, simple glycosides and other compounds. Modern pharmacological
studies show that durian shell has many pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-
Keywords:
inflammatory, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. The chemical composition and pharmacolog-
agricultural residues
chemical constituents
ical effects of durian shells are summarized in order to provide references for the further research and
durian shell application of durian shell.
Durio zibethnus Murr. Ó 2021 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access
pharmacological effects article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
2. Traditional application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
3. Chemical compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
3.1. Phenolic acids and phenolic glycosides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
3.2. Flavonoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
3.3. Coumarin compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
3.4. Triterpenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
3.5. Simple glycosides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
3.6. Volatile components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
3.7. Cellulose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
3.8. Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
3.9. Pectin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
3.10. Other compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
4. Pharmacological effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
4.1. Antioxidant effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
4.2. Anti-inflammatory effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

⇑ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (E.-w. Hao), [email protected] (J.-g. Deng).
1
These authors contributed equally to this work.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2021.10.001
1674-6384/Ó 2021 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Yuan-fei Zhan, Xiao-tao Hou, Li-li Fan et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 461–471

4.3. Antibacterial effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

4.4. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
4.5. Anticoagulant effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
4.6. Antitussive effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
4.7. Analgesic effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
4.8. Anti-nitrosation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.9. Liver protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.10. Regulating immune function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.11. Laxative effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.12. Moisturizing effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.13. Toxic effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.14. Topical antipruritic effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Declaration of Competing Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

1. Introduction Asia. Southeast Asian folk believe that the fruit is an aphrodisiac
and abortion drug, which can improve menstruation (Lim, 2012)
Durian, also named Shexiangmaoguo, is the fruit of Durio zibeth- and treat infertility (Reshma, 2016). In Malaysia and China, the
nus Murr. (Bombacaceae). It is one of the most important tropical decoction of the leaves and roots is used for antipyretic, expecto-
fruits in Southeast Asia and adjacent islands. It originated in the rant and cold (Ho, et al., 2015); And the peel ash can be used to
Malay Peninsula and now is mainly distributed in Thailand, Malay- treat infant fever (Siriphanich, 2011). In Malaysia, the leaf juice is
sia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Philippines applied locally to the head of fever patients. The traditional pre-
and Singapore (Wang, 2020). It is also planted in Guangdong, scriptions include: Mix boiling the leaves of Hibiscus rosasinensis,
Guangxi, Hainan, and Taiwan in China. Durian is one of the most Nephelium longan, Durio zibethinus, Nephelium mutabile and Arto-
popular tropical fruits and an important economic fruit crop in carpus integrifolia to make poultice, or boiled decoctions of the
Southeast Asian countries. China is the main country in durian con- roots of these species for fever patients. Or the local people use
sumption. In 2019, the import value of durian from Thailand was the leaves of Curculigo latifolia, Gleichenia linearis, Nephelium lap-
USD 1.6 billion (Han, 2020). Durian shells are often regarded as paceum and Durio zibethinus to boil water to wash the patients’ hair
agricultural residues which refer to the non-main economic target for a several days (Lim, 2012). They also use the leaves to boil
product part of crops grown by farmers, and in traditional produc- water for medicated bath to treat jaundice. The decoction of the
tion activities (Deng, 2018), and this part is mainly not used for leaves and fruits can reduce swelling and skin diseases. In Java,
medicine or other valuable commodities. The medicinal research durian shells are used externally to treat skin diseases (Sah,
of agricultural residues can ensure the sustainable development Pathak, Sankar, & Suresh, 2014); Epidermal swelling is treated with
of traditional Chinese medicine resources, which is conducive to leaf and Acorus sp. (Mariod, Mirghani, & Hussein, 2017). The pulp
protecting the environment and promoting the development of cir- can be used for anti-helminthic. The burnt peel ash is taken post-
cular economy. Durian shells account for more than 50% of the childbirth (Sah, Pathak, Sankar, & Suresh, 2014), and it can improve
quality of durians, but they are commonly used agricultural resi- sexual function. In India some tribal sects believe that the decoc-
dues because of their economic added value. Through searching lit- tion of seeds can enhance male sexual function and has an aphro-
eratures, we found that durian has traditional medicinal value in disiac effect (Ho & Bhat, 2015); Durian is used to the proven
Southeast Asia. The current research on durian mainly focuses on fertility enhancing activity in Nilgiris and India (Sah, Pathak,
the processing and preservation of durian pulp (Yan et al., 2021), Sankar, & Suresh, 2014). The sap of the bark can be used to treat
the identification of durian varieties (Zhou et al., 2021; Mao malaria. Rubbing the abdomen with the valves of durian can ame-
et al., 2020), and the study of durian shell energy (Shen et al., liorate constipation (Michael, 1997). Malaysia has a traditional fer-
2019) and materials (Zhao, Lyu, Lee, Cui, & Chen, 2019). The mented condiment ‘‘Tempoyak”, which is made from durian pulp
research and development of medicinal products of durian shells as the main raw material (Leisner et al., 2001).
is relatively few, resulting in a waste of medicinal resources. There- In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), durian flesh is hot and
fore, this paper mainly summarized the chemical components and sweet, and displays good effects of invigorating the spleen and
pharmacological effects of durian shells to provide a basis for the tonifying qi, invigorating the kidney and strengthening yang,
products development of durian in the future. warming meridian and promoting blood circulation, dispersing
cold and relieving pain, promoting diuresis for removing jaundice.
Patients with hot constitution and yin deficiency constitution
2. Traditional application
should take it with caution. People with diabetes, kidney disease,
heart disease and high cholesterol are not allowed to eat durian
Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia are the main durian produc-
(Qin & Zhang, 2017). Durian shells are warm in nature, pungent
ing countries. There are 15 registered varieties in Malaysia and
and sweet in taste; enter the lung, liver and kidney meridians
seven commercial varieties in Thailand (Husin, Rahman,
(Jia, He, Liu, & Jia, 2020), have functions and indications of clearing
Karunakaran, & Bhore, 2018). Similar varieties have different
heat and purging fire, clearing heat and purging fire, nourishing yin
names in Malaysia and Thailand (Aziz & Jalil, 2019). In 2019, the
and moisturizing dryness, topical treatment for skin pruritus. Dur-
durian planting area in Malaysia was 72,536 hm2, and the output
ian core has the effects of invigorating the kidney and invigorating
reached 384,170 tons (He, 2020). In 2020, the durian output were
the spleen (Cheng & Zou, 2014). In China, durian is often used as
1.2 million tons and 110 000 tons in Indonesia and Thailand,
raw material to make medicated diet for adjuvant treatment of dis-
respectively (He, 2021). Durian is not only used as fresh fruit and
eases. The roots of durian are used to treat fulminant dysentery,
processed food, but also as a traditional folk medicine in Southeast
462
Yuan-fei Zhan, Xiao-tao Hou, Li-li Fan et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 461–471

Table 1
Phenolic acids and phenolic glycosides in durian shells.

No. Compounds References No. Compounds References

1 3-methoxy-4-O-b-D-[6-(S)-2- (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 8 protocatechuic acid-O-hexoside (Liu, 2020)
methylbutanoylglucopyranosl] benzoic acid 2016)
2 4-O-b-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]glucopyranosyl (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 9 1-O-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-b-D- (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
cinnamic acid 2016) glucopyranose 2018)
3 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 10 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-b-D- (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
2016) glucopyranoside 2018)
4 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 11 sinapic acid hexoside (Liu, 2020)
2016)
5 ethyl protocatechuate (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 12 vanillic acide-O-hexoside (Liu, 2020)
2016)
6 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 13 leonuriside A (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
2016) 2018)
7 caffeic acid (Liu, 2020)

Huang, Wang, & He, 2018; Feng, Wang, Yi, Yang, & He, 2016).
The extraction rates of polyphenols were 3.77 mg/g and 1.86 mg/
g from durian white sac and the outer shell, respectively; And it
was found that the durian white sac contained total polyphenols
(135.52 ± 4.25) mg CAE/g
DW and the outer shell contained (101.
06 ± 3.36) mg CAE/g
DW (Liu, Zhan, Xiong, Zhu, & Sun, 2020). At
present, five phenolic acids (3–7) and eight phenolic glycosides
(1–2, 8–13) were extracted from durian shells. The compounds
are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1.

3.2. Flavonoids

Masturi et al. (2020) extracted total flavonoids from three local

Fig. 1. Chemical structures of phenolic acids and phenolic glycosides in durian durian shell in Indonesia, and the yields of total flavonoids were (0.
shells.
405 ± 0.002) mg QE/g, (0.321 ± 0.003) mg QE/g and (0.324 ± 0.002)
mg QE/g in Monti, Malik and Malon, respectively. Studies showed
that the contents of total flavonoids were (56.79 ± 0.73) mg CAE/
‘‘cold air in the heart and abdomen”, the sap and leaves of the tree
g
DW and (12.91 ± 0.03) mg CAE/g
DW from durian white sac
have the effects of detoxification and detumescence, and the leaves
and durian shells, respectively (Liu et al., 2020). A total of nine fla-
can cure jaundice. The dry powder of leaves and bark can be
vonoids were found (14–22). The flavonoids in durian shells are
applied to the wound to stop bleeding. It is an effective first-aid
shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2.
hemostatic (Nan, 2014). Durian shells and light saline water boiled
together to treat ‘‘Shang Huo”, and dry durian shells to boil in
decoction to cure kidney deficiency (‘‘Family Bookshelf” editorial 3.3. Coumarin compounds
board, 2007).
Coumarin has a wide range of pharmacological effects. At pre-
sent, 15 coumarin compounds (23–37) have been isolated from
3. Chemical compositions durian shells. The specific compounds are shown in Table 3 and
Fig. 3.
Durian shells contain a variety of chemical components, mainly
including phenolic acids and phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, cou- 3.4. Triterpenoids
marins, triterpenes, simple glycosides, cellulose, pigments, etc. In
addition, the volatile oil components are mainly composed of At present, 11 triterpenoids (38–48) have been isolated from
esters and acid compounds. durian shells. The specific compounds are shown in Table 4 and
Fig. 4.
3.1. Phenolic acids and phenolic glycosides
3.5. Simple glycosides
Feng et al. isolated nine phenolic acids and phenolic glycosides
(1–6, 9–10, 13) from durian shells. Liu (2020) used UPLC-LTQ- Song (2019) processed durian skin with water extraction and
Orbitrap-MS/MS to identify the main biologically active compo- then alcohol precipitation method, deproteinization, depigmenta-
nents of durian white sacs and shells (Feng, 2017; Feng, Yi, tion, and small molecular substances to obtain 42.28 g of durian

Table 2
Flavonoids in durian shells.

No. Compounds References No. Compounds References

14 quercetin (Liu, 2020) 19 catechin (Liu, 2020)
15 quercitrin (Liu, 2020) 20 epicatechin (Liu, 2020)
16 rutin (Liu, 2020) 21 procyanidin B (Liu, 2020)
17 quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (Liu, 2020) 22 malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Liu, 2020)
18 quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Liu, 2020)

463
Yuan-fei Zhan, Xiao-tao Hou, Li-li Fan et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 461–471

Fig. 2. Chemical structures of flavonoids in durian shells.

skin crude polysaccharides, with an extraction rate of 1.41%. After

the raw sugar was purified, it was found that the total sugar con-
tent of durian skin polysaccharide components DZM-A and DZM-
B increased significantly, especially the total sugar content of
DZM-A reached 93.65%, and its structure was a pectin polysaccha- Fig. 3. Chemical structures of coumarin compounds in durian shells.
ride. Hokputsa et al. (2004) used durian peels as the raw material
to separate water-soluble crude polysaccharides (PG) with medic-
inal value by hot water extraction-ethanol precipitation method, tent of unsaturated fatty acids in the mesocarp and exocarp was
and after separation and purification, the main component was 51% and 56.37%. Among them, octadecanoic acid accounted for
pectin polysaccharide. And it was found that the crude polysaccha- 37.07% in the mesocarp and 37.09% in the exocarp. 9,12-
ride extracted from durian shells has higher viscosity, which can be octadecadienoic acid (E, E) accounted for 8.03% in the mesocarp
used as an alternative viscosity enhancer and has medicinal value, and 16.28% in the exocarp.
but it cannot be purified for too long, otherwise the intrinsic vis- The chemical components of durian shells were extracted by
cosity will be reduced. The simple glycosides (49–61) extracted simultaneous distillation extraction method, and analyzed by GC/
from durian shells are shown in Table 5 and Fig. 5. MS: Fourteen main compounds were identified in the durian exo-
carp, and their content accounted for 97% of the total volatile oil
content. The main compounds were ester compounds (59.71%)
3.6. Volatile components and acid compounds (26.56%). A total of 49 main compounds were
identified in durian endocarp, accounted for 93.94% of the total
Zhang et al. (2003) used steam distillation to extract the volatile volatile oil content, mainly ester compounds (53.73%) and acid
chemical components of fresh durian shells and analyzed them by compounds (26%) (Zhang, Li, Xin, Li, & Wu, 2012). The main chem-
capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found ical components (62–88) in the volatile oil are shown in Table 6.
that the isolated compounds were mainly alkanes, alcohols, aro-
matic and aromatic heterocyclic compounds and esters, which
accounted for 95.97% of the total oil. Liu, Zhou, Xie, Zhu, and 3.7. Cellulose
Huang (1999) used GC–MS to analyze durian shells and found that
the inner and outer peels of durian contained saturated fatty acids. Li (2012) found that Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus
Among them, hexadecanoic acid has the highest content, 41.12% in thermophilus were used as strains to ferment durian shells to pro-
the mesocarp and 25.41% in the exocarp; octadecanoic acid was duce dietary fiber. Its dietary fiber output is up to 29.50%.
3.27% in the mesocarp, 3.20% in the exocarp; 0.50% arachic acid Wanlapa et al., (2015) reported that in the dietary fiber of dur-
in the mesocarp, and 1.54% behenic acid in the exocarp. The con- ian shells, the total dietary fiber (TDF) was (79.18 ± 3.46) g/100 g

Table 3
Coumarin compounds in durian shells.

No. Compounds References No. Compounds References

23 7-O-b-D-glucosyl-6-methoxy coumarin (Feng, 2017; Feng, 31 7-hydroxyl-6-methoxy-8-O-b-D-[6-(S)-2- (Feng, 2017; Feng,
et al., 2018) methylbutanoyl-glucopyranosyl]-coumarin et al., 2018)
24 8-hydroxy-7-O-b-D-glucosyl-6-methoxy coumarin (Feng, 2017; Feng, 32 50 -methoxy-70 -epi-jatrorin A (Feng, et al., 2016)
et al., 2018)
25 scopoletin (Feng, 2017; Feng, 33 cleomiscosin A (Feng, 2017; Feng,
et al., 2016) et al., 2016)
26 fraxetin (Feng, 2017; Feng, 34 jatrocin A (Feng, 2017; Feng,
et al., 2016) et al., 2016)
27 fraxidin (Feng, 2017; Feng, 35 cleomiscosin B (Feng, 2017; Feng,
et al., 2016) et al., 2016)
28 7- hydroxycoumarin (Feng, 2017; Feng, 36 propacin (Feng, 2017; Feng,
et al., 2016) et al., 2016)
29 6-methoxy-7-O-b-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoyl- (Feng, 2017; Feng, 37 propacin isomer (Feng, 2017; Feng,
glucopyranosyl]-coumarin et al., 2016) et al., 2016)
30 8-hydroxyl-6-methoxy-7-O-b-D-[6 -(S)-2- (Feng, 2017; Feng,
methylbutanoyl-glucopyranosyl]-coumarin et al., 2018)

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Table 4
Triterpenoids in durian shells.

No. Compounds References No. Compounds References

38 2a-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2a,3b,23a-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28- (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 44 alphitolic acid (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
oic acid 2018) 2018)
39 2a-cis-p-coumaroyloxy-2a,3b,23a-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 45 maslinic acid (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
acid 2018) 2018)
40 23a-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2a,3b,23a-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28- (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 46 oleanolic acid (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
oic acid 2018) 2018)
41 23a-cis-p-coumaroyloxy-2a,3b,23a-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 47 ursolic acid (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
acid 2018) 2018)
42 2a,3b-di-hydroxyl-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (Feng, 2017) 48 2a-hydroxyursolic (Feng, et al., 2018)
acid
43 arjunolic acid (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al.,
2018)

Fig. 4. Chemical structures of triterpenoids in durian shells.

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Table 5
Simple glycosides in durian shells.

No. Compounds References No. Compounds References

49 2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-a-glucose (Feng, 2017) 56 6-O-[(S)-2-methyl butanoyl]-b-D-glucose (Feng, et al., 2018)
50 2-O-[(S)-2-methyl butanoyl]-a-D-glucose (Feng, et al., 2018) 57 tiglic acid 1-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 2018)
51 2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-b-glucose (Feng, 2017) 58 2-glucosyl-3-pentanediol (Feng, 2017)
52 2-O-[(S)-2-methyl butanoyl]-b-D-glucose (Feng, et al., 2018) 59 2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-a-primeverose (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 2018)
53 6-O- [(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-a-glucose (Feng, 2017) 60 2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-b-primeverose (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 2018)
54 6-O-[(S)-2-methyl butanoyl]-a-D-glucose (Feng, et al., 2018) 61 6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]- sucrose (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 2018)
55 6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-b-glucose (Feng, 2017)

3.8. Pigments

Zhang, Huang, Huang, and Chen (2012) extracted the pigment

from the upper yellow skin of durian shells, and found that the pig-
ment was bright yellow, bright in color and good stability. Temper-
ature, redox agents, metal ions and various commonly used food
additives have little effect on the stability of the pigment. Among
them, citric acid has the effect of increasing the color. Among the
metal ions, Fe3+ and Cu2+ have a greater impact on the pigment,
and has a certain decolorization effect. Color effect, sunlight has
a greater impact on pigments, so direct sunlight should be avoided
during storage; When the pH is close to 12, the pigments will
change color significantly. Researchers (Li, Li, Gu, Wang, & Liu,
2016) analyzed curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bis-
demethoxycurcumin in durian shell extract by high performance
liquid chromatography, and found that the content of curcumin
was higher.

3.9. Pectin

Fig. 5. Chemical structures of simple glycosides in durian shells.

Wang et al. (2012) used durian shell white sac as raw material,
and the yield of pectin extracted by traditional acid method was
14.97%, and the yield of ultrasonic extraction method reached
dry matter, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was (65.13 ± 2.21) g/100 g
19.68%. After comparison, it was found that the extraction effect
dry matter, and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) has (13.05 ± 1.21)
of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was better than that
g/100 g dry matter, insoluble pectin has (4.11 ± 0.08) g/100 g dry
of the traditional acid extraction method. With microwave-
matter, hemicellulose has (18.51 ± 1.16) g/100 g dry matter, cellu-
assisted method of acid hydrolysis to obtain slightly yellow pectin,
lose has (38.05 ± 1.35) g/100 g dry matter, Lignin has (2.36 ± 0.24)
and the extraction rate can reach 14.35% (Li, Zhou, Zhang, Chen, &
g/100 g dry matter, water retention was (11.41 ± 0.27), and oil
Liu, 2012). Pectin was extracted by acid extraction and alcohol pre-
retention was (3.20 ± 0.30). It was found that durian shells showed
cipitation method. The pectin yield of durian skin was (2.59 ± 0.1
the greatest water and oil retention capacity, as well as high TDF
7)%, and the mass fraction of pectin acid was 84.12%. The pigment
and SDF content. In the oral acute toxicity test, all rats behaved
had no obvious interference with pectin, and the color was gray to
normally, and the lethal dose was greater than 2000 mg/kg body
white, with a weight average molecular weight of 622/kDa, which
weight, indicating that the dietary fiber sample was safe to eat
belongs to high methoxy pectin. It has high hardness (412.014 ± 1
and can be used as a low-calorie functional component to enrich
0.27)/g and high chewiness (192.874 ± 5.394)/g. It was a good raw
dietary fiber.
material for making candies (Gao et al., 2012).

Table 6
Main components of volatile oil in durian shells.

No. Compounds parts References No. Compounds parts References

62 13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester outer/inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 76 methyl tetradecanoate inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
63 methyl palmitate outer/inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 77 2-methyl butyric acid inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
64 methyl stearate inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 78 pentadecanoic acid inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
65 methyl linoleate inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 79 Z-11-hexadecenoic acid inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
66 ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate outer (Zhang, et al., 2012) 80 octadecenoic acid outer (Zhang, et al., 2012)
67 ethyl 2-methylbutyrate outer (Zhang, et al., 2012) 81 palmitic acid outer/inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
68 ethyl palmitate outer (Zhang, et al., 2012) 82 palmitic aldehyde outer (Zhang, et al., 2012)
69 ethyl laurate outer (Zhang, et al., 2012) 83 phenylacetaldehyde outer (Zhang, et al., 2012)
70 ethyl linoleate outer (Zhang, et al., 2012) 84 3-hydroxy-2-butanone inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
71 ethyl oleate outer/inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 85 butyl alcohol inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
72 (2-methyl) dipropyl phthalate inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 86 2-methyl-1-butanol inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
73 dibutyl phthalate inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 87 (Z)-1-(1-ethoxyethoxy)-3-hexene inner (Zhang, et al., 2012)
74 butyl phthalate inner (Zhang, et al., 2012) 88 diethyl disulfide outer (Zhang, et al., 2012)
75 isobutyl butyrate outer (Zhang, et al., 2012)

Note: The outer part refers to the outer shell of the durian shells, and the inner part refers to the white sac of the durian shells.

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Table 7
Other compounds in durian shells.

No. Compounds References No. Compounds References

89 evofolin-B (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 97 5-oxymaltol (Feng, 2017)
2016)
90 2-hydroxy-8a-hydroxycalamenene (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 98 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4- (Feng, 2017)
2016) benzoquinone
91 a-conidendrin (Feng, 2017; Feng, 99 16-dehydropregnenolone (Feng, 2017)
et al.,2016)
92 (3S,6S)-cis-linalool-3,7-oxide-b-D-glucopyranoside (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 100 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (Feng, 2017)
2018)
93 icariside B1 (Feng, 2017; Feng, et al., 101 nicotinamide (Feng, 2017)
2018)
94 (8E,9R)-methyl-(3S,5R,6S)-3,6-dihydroxy-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohex-yl-9- (Feng, 2017) 102 galactonic acid (Feng et al.,
hydroxybut-8-enoate 2016)
95 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (Feng, 2017) 103 citric acid (Liu, 2020)
96 methyl(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) carbamate (Feng, 2017) 104 lucidenic acid D1 (Feng, et al.,
2016)

lower than that of the shells. The whole durian skin contains
7.79% crude protein, 1.58% crude fat, 37.62% crude fiber, and
0.59% phosphorus; In mineral elements the highest content was
magnesium and iron; The total amount of amino acids was
3.95%, which accounted for 50.71% of the crude protein, the essen-
tial amino acids accounted for 39.24% of the total amino acids, and
the flavor amino acids (umami amino acids and sweet amino acids)
accounted for 49.87% of the total amino acids (Zhang, et al., 2015).
Other chemical components (89–104) found in durian shells are
shown in Table 7 and Fig. 6.

4. Pharmacological effects

4.1. Antioxidant effect

Durian shells have antioxidant effect, which may be related to

the flavonoids and phenolic compounds contained in durian shells.
Hong, Du, and Hu (2014a) found that the flavonoids of durian
shells (0.2–1.0 mg/mL) have strong scavenging ability to hydroxyl
(OH) free radicals and ABTS free radicals. Feng (2017) found that
the compounds in durian shells have strong ability to scavenge
DPPH free radicals, and glycosides and triterpenoids (Feng et al.,
2018) have strong inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) produced
by mouse RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS; Some phenolic com-
pounds also have the ability to scavenge superoxide anion (O–2) free
Fig. 6. Chemical structures of other compounds in durian shells. radicals, and their ability to inhibit NO was stronger than indo-
methacin (Feng et al., 2016). Evary et al., (2019) found that the
total phenol content in the ethanol extract of durian shell white
Zhang et al., (2017) used acid extraction and alcohol precipita-
sac was significantly correlated with DPPH free radical scavenging
tion to extract pectin from the white sac of durian shells. The
ability and a-glucosidase inhibitory ability.
adsorption experiment of pectin showed that when water: metha-
Liu (2020) found that durian shells white sac and durian shell
nol was 1:1, pectin has the highest adsorption rate for benzoic acid
extracts showed strong DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical
(12%) and cinnamic acid (21%); When water: formaldehyde was
scavenging ability and Fe3+ reduction ability; it can significantly
5:1, terephthalic acid (18%) and acetanilide (11%) has the highest
inhibit the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells induced
adsorption rate.
by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), super
oxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine
3.10. Other compounds aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) can
significantly reduce cell apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Its
Approximate analysis of three local varieties of durian shells in mechanism of action is to inhibit cell apoptosis by regulating the
Indonesia (Masturi, et al., 2020), showed that the overall moisture expression of apoptosis-related genes in the mitochondrial path-
content of the durian shells was 7%, the fat content was 0.9%, the way, which significantly increases the expression of the anti-
protein content was 4.9%, the ash content was 8.5%, and the carbo- apoptotic gene BCL-2, and inhibits the pro-apoptotic BAX,
hydrate content was 78%, and there was no significant difference in Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 genes and proteins expression. Durian
the analysis results of the three durian peel samples. The nutrient shell has good antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells stimulated by
content of durian white sac was higher than the shells, and the H2O2, which can reduce cell damage and apoptosis caused by
content of crude ash, crude fiber and phosphorus was slightly oxidative stress.
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4.2. Anti-inflammatory effect Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium at a concentration of

1.25–10 mg/mL (Hong et al., 2014a; Hong, Hu, Zhang, Ma, & Han,
Wu (2010) found that the durian shell extract had a very signif- 2014b; Lipipun, Nantawanit, & Pongsamart, 2002). Lubis,
icant inhibitory effect on the peritonitis in mice. It has a significant Wirjosentono, Eddyanto, and Septevani (2020) found that the cel-
inhibitory effect on the swelling of the ears of mice caused by cro- lulose isolated from durian shells was grafted with 2-[acryloyloxy]
ton oil, the swelling of the feet of mice caused by carrageenan, and ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CIAETA) to obtain the product
the chronic inflammation of the subcutaneous granuloma prolifer- DRC-g-CIAETA for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis
ation of mice caused by cotton balls. It has a certain inhibitory and Candida albicans have good antibacterial and antifungal abili-
effect on allergic contact dermatitis in mice caused by 2,4- ties. The ethanol extract of durian shell can inhibit Propionibac-
dinitrofluorobenzene (2,4-DNFB), and the dose–effect relationship terium acnes (Fitrianingsih, Soyata, & Wigati, 2019) and
was good. Xie et al., (2015) found that durian shell extracts (25 and Enterococcus faecalis (Rizky, Anastasia, & Merdekawati, 2020).
50 mg/L) can effectively inhibit the inflammatory factors tumor Studies have found that durian shell has in vitro proliferation activ-
necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1b ity against A549 (human lung cancer cells), MCF-7 (human breast
(IL-1b), NO and transcription factor nuclear factor-rB (NF-RB) con- cancer cells), HepG2 (human hepatoma cells) and HT-29 (human
tent, increase the content of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and other anti- colon cancer cells) (Li et al., 2013).
inflammatory factors, its effect may be related to the inhibition of
NF-rB signaling pathway. 4.4. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism
Huang (2020) found that the coumarin compound propacin in
durian shells can significantly inhibit the release of NO and prosta- Tippayakul, Pongsamart, and Suksomtip (2005) used semiper-
glandin E2 (PGE2) induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. It can inhibit meable membrane dialysis technology to study the cellulose mem-
the release of NO, PGE2, ROS, IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a from macro- brane and intestinal sacs of the rat jejunum in vitro. Using bile salts
phages induced by LPS, and inhibit the expression of nitric oxide as surfactants, 0–2% W/V polysaccharide gel (PG) extracted from
synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It was speculated durian husks and lipids (cholesterol, oleic acid and stearic acid)
that propacin inhibits the inflammatory response of macrophage are mixed in the dialysis membrane. HPLC analysis showed that
RAW264.7 through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and as the concentration of PG increases, the amount of lipid retained
NF-jB signaling pathway. Propacin down-regulates the mRNA and in the membrane increases, and the amount of lipid released out-
protein expression of iNOS and PGE2, inhibits LPS-induced macro- side the membrane decreases. It showed that durian polysaccha-
phages to produce NO, PGE2 and COX-2, reduces the overexpression ride gel has the function of trapping lipids, and can be used as a
of ROS induced by LPS, and maintains the integrity of mitochondria dietary food for controlling blood lipids. In the experiment
in active macrophages (Huang, Wang, Xu, Feng, & He, 2020). Its (Muhtadi, Primarianti & Sujono, 2015), it was found that the alco-
mechanism was to inhibit NF-jB p65 subunit enters the nucleus hol extract of durian shells can lower the blood sugar of diabetic
and phosphorylates MAPKs, especially JNK and ERK. Yang, Wang, model rats. The active ingredient with lowering blood sugar may
Wang, He, and Xu (2021) found that propacin can inhibit LPS be flavonoids. The mechanism of lowering blood sugar may be
induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells by enhancing autophagy. due to its astringent effect, which can precipitate intestinal muco-
Liu (2020) found that durian white flesh and shell extracts sig- sal proteins and form a protective film in the intestinal tract,
nificantly inhibited the secretion of inflammatory mediators (NO) thereby inhibiting glucose uptake enter; by speeding up the kid-
and the expression of inducible iNOS, COX-2 mRNA and protein neys to filter and excrete glucose released in the circulation; Accel-
in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS; significantly reduce the inflam- erate the release of glucose by accelerating metabolism or
matory factors: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1b secretion and mRNA expression; absorbing fat deposits. The alcohol extract of durian shells can sig-
Significantly down-regulate the phosphorylation of inflammatory nificantly reduce the blood sugar level of alloxan-induced diabetic
pathway MAPK, NF-jB related proteins (JNK, ERK, p38, IjBa, rats and the high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia cholesterol level
p65) And weaken the nuclear transfer effect of NF-jB p65. And it (Muhtadi, Haryoto, Sujono, & Suhendi, 2016).
has good anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated
by LPS, and has an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of 4.5. Anticoagulant effect
inflammatory signaling pathways (MAPK, NF-jB) related proteins
(JNK, ERK, p38, IjBa, p65). Liu et al. (2020) found that durian shell Song (2019) found that the two polysaccharides (DZM-A and
extract was rich in polyphenolic compounds, which can reduce the DZM-D) isolated from durian shells could show potential anticoag-
expression of iNOS and COX-2, and reduce the production of NO ulant effect in vitro through endogenous and exogenous coagula-
and ROS in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation tion pathway. DZM-A at doses of 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg can
model. It also reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokines inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce whole blood viscosity and
TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1b at the gene and protein level, thus having plasma viscosity by inhibiting endogenous and exogenous coagula-
strong anti-inflammatory activity. The underlying molecular tion pathways.
mechanism may be through inhibiting IjBa and p65 protein phos-
phorylation, reducing the expression of NF-jB signaling pathway, 4.6. Antitussive effect
and reducing the body’s inflammatory damage.
Wu (2010) found that the durian shell extract has a better inhi-
4.3. Antibacterial effect bitory effect on the incubation period and the number of coughs in
mice caused by ammonia and SO2, and has a better dose-effect
Pholdaeng and Pongsamart (2010) found that polysaccharide relationship. The results showed that durian shell extract had a
gel (PG) of durian-rinds can inhibit the growth of shrimp bacterial good inhibitory effect on bronchial mucosal receptors caused by
pathogen Vibrio harveyi 1526. The water extract of durian white chemical irritants.
sacs had a weak inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Sta-
phylococcus epidermidis, and a strong inhibitory effect on Pseu- 4.7. Analgesic effect
domonas aeruginosa (Wu, et al., 2010). The flavonoid extract of
durian shell has obvious inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus Wu (2010) found that durian shell extract can effectively pro-
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. But has no antibacterial effect on long the incubation period of writhing response in mice caused
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by acetic acid, and can significantly prolong the pain threshold 4.13. Toxic effects
caused by the hot plate at 90 min. The results showed that durian
shell can not only effectively inhibit the pain caused by chemical Pongsamart et al. (2001) found that high-dose durian shell
factors, but also improve the pain threshold of mice caused by polysaccharides gel did not cause acute toxicity to mice and rats
hot plate to a certain extent. It has a certain effect on the pain for 10 d. Durian shell polysaccharide gel, which was given to
caused by physical factors such as temperature, but its protective female and male mice for 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg/d for a long time,
effect is weaker than that caused by acute chemical factors. was not toxic and did not affect pregnancy and offspring
(Pongsamart, et al., 2002). The above experiments showed that
4.8. Anti-nitrosation durian shell polysaccharide gel had no toxic effect (Pongsamart,
et al., 2001; Pongsamart, et al., 2002).
Nitrosamines (NDMA) is one of the chemical carcinogens at pre-
sent. Some studies have proved that it can be synthesized in vitro.
Therefore, blocking or removing nitrosamine – nitrite is one of the
effective ways to prevent cancers. Chen, Chen, Liu, and Zhen (2005) 4.14. Topical antipruritic effect
found that the water extract of durian shells can block the synthe-
sis of NDMA up to 82.15% and the nitrite removal rate can reach up External use of durian shells has the effect of curing skin itching,
to 82.62%. The effective active ingredients that block the synthesis and some researchers use it as the main raw material to make an
of NDMA are mainly polar substances. ointment for external use. In clinical observations, it was found
to be effective in treating senile pruritus, xerotic eczema and atopic
4.9. Liver protection dermatitis (Yang, et al., 2004; Yang, et al., 2008; Yang, Chen, Guo, &
Liu, 2016; Wang, et al., 2014).
Xie et al. (2008) found that the alcohol extract of durian shells Yang et al. (2004) treated 85 patients with senile pruritus, and
can significantly reduce the plasma ALT activity in restrained- found that the total effective rate of the treatment group (Boil
loaded mice, effectively reduce the plasma MDA level and liver tis- the durian skin Shell washed outside) was 84.4%, and the control
sue NO content of restrained-loaded mice, and it also has an effect group (oral Kemin combined with Vitamin E and topical Ailousong
on the content of glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue with a certain Ointment) was 57.5 % in 2004. In 2008, 70 patients with senile pru-
degree of improvement. It indicated that the alcohol extract of dur- ritus were treated in groups, and it was found that the total effec-
ian shell has a certain protective effect on stress liver injury in mice tive rate of the control group (Durian Skin Ointment) was 87.5%,
induced by restraint load, and its mechanism may be related to and the control group (Urea Ointment) was 56.7%, indicating that
scavenging free radicals and reducing the level of oxidative stress Durian Skin Ointment was used to treat senile patients the curative
in restrained load mice. effect of scrapie is better (Yang, et al., 2008). In 2016, 210 patients
with atopic dermatitis were treated, and it was found that the
4.10. Regulating immune function SCORAD score and VAS of the patients in the treatment group
(Compound Durian Skin Ointment) decreased significantly, com-
Jiang (2020) found that polysaccharide of durian shells can reg- pared with the control group (0.1% Mometasone Furoate Cream),
ulate the immunity of immunosuppressive mice induced by it shows that the Compound Durian Skin Ointment has a definite
cyclophosphamide, inhibit the content of SCFAs in mice, and curative effect on atopic dermatitis, can effectively improve the
improve metabolic pathways such as glucose metabolism, amino skin barrier function, has good long-term curative effect, and has
acid and lipid metabolism by reducing the relative abundance of no adverse reactions (Yang, et al., 2016).
Ruminococcus and Oscillospira, increasing the relative abundance In 2014, after treated 60 patients with xerotic eczema, the total
of the beneficial bacteria Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Paraprevotella, effective rate of the treatment group (oral Yangxue Qufeng Gran-
improving the composition of the intestinal flora. ules combined with topical Durian Skin Ointment) was 93.33%,
and the control group (oral Loratadine Dispersible Tablets com-
4.11. Laxative effect bined with external Urea Ointment) was 70.00%, indicating that
the effect of using Yangxue Qufeng granules and Durian Skin Oint-
Jiang et al. (2020) found that durian shell polysaccharides can ment in the treatment of xerotic eczema is satisfactory (Wang,
significantly increase the intestinal peristalsis rate, motilin, gastrin, Yang, & Liu, 2014). Guo (2015) treated 90 patients with atopic der-
substance P levels and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in con- matitis. After four weeks of treatment, it was found that the durian
stipation model rats, reduce somatostatin levels and improve gas- skin group (Compound Durian Skin Ointment) had a total effective
trointestinal motility. Compared with the model group, the rate of 46.6%, the total effective rate of the hormone group
Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136-group of durian shell polysaccharides (Mometasone Furoate Cream) was 60%, and the total effective rate
was significantly higher, while Desulfovibrio was lower. It shows of the combined group (Compound Durian Skin Ointment com-
that durian shell polysaccharides have a certain therapeutic effect bined with Mometasone Furoate Cream) was 80%, indicating that
on functional constipation in rats and have a certain regulatory the Compound Durian Skin Ointment has a definite effect in the
effect on intestinal flora. treatment of atopic dermatitis, and the dosage of hormone oint-
ment can be reduced when combined. In 2016, when treated 210
4.12. Moisturizing effect patients with atopic dermatitis, at the fourth week, it was found
that the water content angle, skin pH value and skin water loss
Futrakul et al. (2010) applied the polysaccharide gel prepared TEWL of target skin lesions in popliteal fossa, cheek and elbow
from durian shell to the facial skin of volunteers and found that fossa in the treatment group (Compound Durian Skin Ointment)
the application had a significant effect on skin capacitance and and the control group (0.1% Mometasone Furoate Cream) were sig-
firmness after 28 d and 56 d, and found that 56 d of treatment nificantly better than those before treatment. It shows that the
can significantly increase skin firmness without allergic reactions. compound durian skin ointment is safe and effective in the treat-
It shows that polysaccharide gel of durian shells is a potential ment of atopic dermatitis, and has a good effect on the repair of
moisturizer for external use, and long-term application can skin barrier function, which is significantly better than the control
improve skin firmness. group (Huang, et al., 2016).
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5. Conclusion Deng, J. G. (2018). In Research on the Medicinal Uses of Agricultural Residues I Mango
Leaf, Mango Kernel and its Extract Mangiferin (pp. 1). Beijing: Beijing Science and
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Declaration of Competing Interest Guangdong Pharmaceutical University.
Huang, Yuying, Wang, Yihai, Xu, Jingwen, Feng, Jianying, & He, Xiangjiu (2020).
Propacin, a coumarinolignoid isolated from durian, inhibits the
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in macrophages through
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared the MAPK and Nf-jB pathways. Food & Function, 11(1), 596–605.
Jiang, Huimin, Dong, Jing, Jiang, Shengjun, Liang, Qiongxin, Zhang, Yan, Liu,
to influence the work reported in this paper Zhenhua, ... Kang, Wenyi (2020). Effect of Durio Zibethinus rind polysaccharide
on functional constipation and intestinal microbiota in rats. Food Research
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Acknowledgements
Jia, X. S., He, X. H., Liu, Q., & Jia, M. H. (2020). Selection of traditional Chinese
medicine against new coronavirus based on traditional Chinese herb. Journal of
Authors thank for the support of the science foundation pro- Ningxia Medical University, 42(9), 956–961.
jects: STS Plan Project (No. KFJ-STS-QYZD-200); Guangxi Science Jiang, H. M. (2020). In Study of Immune Function Regulate of Polysaccharides Extracted
from Durio Zibethinus Murr Rind (pp. 52). Henan: Henan University.
and Technology Plan Project (Nos. GUIKE AA19254033 and GUIKE Leisner, J. J, Vancanneyt, M, Rusul, G, Pot, B, Lefebvre, K, Fresi, A, & Tee, L. K (2001).
AD19110155); Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education Identification of lactic acid bacteria constituting the predominating microflora
(No. YCSY2020096). in an acid-fermented condiment (tempoyak) popular in Malaysia. International
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