Unit 1: Fundamentals of Architecture
1. Definition of Architecture
o Derived from the Greek word Architekton (Archi = great, Tekton = builder).
o Architecture is the art and science of building, combining technical
efficiency and aesthetic appeal.
o It involves the conscious creation of utilitarian spaces using materials
deliberately.
2. Elements of Architecture
o Primary Elements:
Point: Zero-dimensional, indicates position in space.
Line: One-dimensional, extends from a point, with properties of length,
direction, and position.
Plane: Two-dimensional, extends from a line, with properties of length,
width, shape, surface, orientation, and position.
Volume: Three-dimensional, extends from a plane, with properties of
length, width, depth, form, space, surface, orientation, and position.
o Form and Space:
Shape: Primary characteristic of a plane.
Surface, Color, Texture: Affect visual weight and stability.
Volume: Defined by planes, can be solid or void.
3. Space-Defining Elements
o Horizontal Planes: Base plane, elevated plane, depressed plane, overhead plane
(ceiling/roof).
o Vertical Planes: Single vertical plane, L-shaped, parallel, U-shaped, and enclosed
planes.
o Openings: Provide visual and spatial continuity, allow light, and establish
relationships between spaces.
4. Spatial Relationships and Organization
o Spatial Relationships: How spaces interact with each other.
o Spatial Organization: Centralized, linear, radial, clustered, and grid-based
organizations.
5. Primary Forms and Transformation
o Primary Solids: Sphere, cylinder, cone, pyramid, cube.
o Transformation of Forms:
Dimensional Transformation: Altering dimensions while retaining
identity.
Subtractive Transformation: Removing portions of a form.
Additive Transformation: Adding elements to a form.
Unit 2: Principles of Design
1. Proportion
o Golden Section: A ratio (1:1.618) used to create visually pleasing proportions.
o Classical Orders: Greek and Roman columns based on proportional systems.
o Anthropometry: Human body measurements used in design.
o Modulor: Le Corbusier’s proportional system based on human scale.
2. Balance
o Symmetrical Balance: Equal distribution of elements on either side of an axis.
o Asymmetrical Balance: Unequal distribution, creating dynamic compositions.
3. Scale
o Refers to the size of elements relative to each other and the human body.
4. Axis
o An imaginary line that organizes forms and spaces, often used to create
symmetry.
5. Rhythm
o Repetition of elements to create a sense of movement and harmony.
6. Hierarchy
o Emphasizing certain elements to create focal points.
7. Symmetry
o Balanced distribution of forms and spaces around a central axis or point.
Unit 3: Circulation in Architecture
1. Approach
o Frontal, Oblique, Spiral: Different ways to approach a building.
2. Entrance
o Flush, Projected, Recessed: Types of entrances that transition from exterior to
interior.
3. Configuration of Space
o Linear, Radial, Spiral, Grid, Network, Composite: Different spatial
organizations.
4. Path-Space Relationships
o Pass by, Pass through, Terminate in a Space: How paths interact with spaces.
5. Form of Circulation Space
o Corridors, Halls, Galleries, Stairways: Types of circulation spaces.
Unit 4: Principles of Composition
1. Unity
o Creates a sense of wholeness through harmony, dominance, and balance.
2. Dominance
o Emphasizes a primary element to create focus.
3. Harmony
o Achieved through repetition, proportion, and balance.
4. Vitality
o Introduced through contrast in color, texture, and form.
5. Emphasis
o Highlights important elements through scale, color, or position.
6. Fluidity
o Creates a sense of flow and movement in design.
Unit 5: Design Process and Building Analysis
1. Design Process
o Integration of aesthetics and function.
o Understanding formative ideas, organization concepts, and spatial
characteristics.
2. Building Analysis
o Formal, Functional, Structural Analysis: Examining the design, purpose, and
construction of buildings.
o Case Studies:
Fallingwater House by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier.
Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier.
ChatGPT4 | Midjourney, [2/16/2025 10:53 PM]
Okay, I've underlined the answers in the 60 multiple-choice questions below:
Unit 1: ARC101 Theory of Architecture
1. From which language does the word "Architecture" originate?
a) Latin
b) French
c) Greek
d) Italian
2. In the Greek origin of "Architecture," what does "Archi" mean?
a) Small
b) Great
c) New
d) Old
3. In the Greek origin of "Architecture," what does "Tekton" mean?
a) Designer
b) Engineer
c) Builder
d) Artist
4. Which of the following best describes the definition of architecture according to the notes?
a) The simple construction of buildings
b) The creation of aesthetically pleasing facades.
c) The conscious creation of utilitarian spaces with deliberate use of material.
d) The use of material to efficiently construct structure.
5. According to the notes, what are the two key characteristics architecture should possess?
a) Size and Functionality
b) Form and Texture
c) Color and Stability
d) Technically efficient and aesthetically pleasing
6. Which of the following is NOT a primary element of architecture?
a) Point
b) Line
c) Plane
d) Texture
7. What is the dimensionality of a point?
a) One-dimensional
b) Two-dimensional
c) Three-dimensional
d) Zero-dimensional
8. A point extended becomes a:
a) Plane
b) Line
c) Volume
d) Shape
9. Which of the following properties does a line possess?
a) Length, width, and depth
b) Shape, surface, and orientation
c) Length, direction, and position
d) Form, space, and surface
10. What is the dimensionality of a plane?
a) One-dimensional
b) Two-dimensional
c) Three-dimensional
d) Zero-dimensional
11. A line extended becomes a:
a) Volume
b) Plane
c) Point
d) Shape
12. Which of the following properties does a plane possess?
a) Length, depth, and form
b) Length, width, and shape
c) Space, surface, and orientation
d) Direction, position, and volume
13. What is the dimensionality of a volume?
a) One-dimensional
b) Two-dimensional
c) Three-dimensional
d) Zero-dimensional
14. A plane extended becomes a:
a) Line
b) Point
c) Volume
d) Shape
15. Which of the following is NOT a property of a volume?
a) Length
b) Width
c) Depth
d) Direction
16. What is considered the primary identifying characteristic of a plane?
a) Surface
b) Color
c) Texture
d) Shape
17. Which of the following is considered supplementary property of plane?
a) shape
b) Size
c) Texture
d) Volume
18. What is the primary identifying characteristic of a volume?
a) Space
b) Surface
c) Form
d) Orientation
19. What is the relationship of points or vertices in the volume?
a) Lines meet
b) Edges meet
c) Planes meet
d) Spaces meet
20. What is the result of two planes meeting in a volume?
a) Point
b) Line or Edge
c) Surface
d) Space
21. What is the other term for surfaces in volume?
a) Points
b) Lines
c) Planes
d) Edges
22. A volume can be solid space displaced by:
a) Void
b) Mass
c) Plane
d) Line
23. A volume can be void contained by:
a) Mass
b) Lines
c) Points
d) Planes
24. Which of the following is NOT a type of plane mentioned in the notes regarding elements of form
defining space?
a) Overhead Plane
b) Base Plane
c) Wall Plane
d) Diagonal Plane
25. The overhead plane is also known as:
a) Base plane
b) Wall plane
c) Ceiling or Roof plane
d) Ground plane
26. Which plane is considered vital for the enclosure of architectural space?
a) Base plane
b) Roof plane
c) Wall plane
d) Ground plane
27. Which plane does the building can merge, rest firmly or be elevated above it?
a) Roof plane
ChatGPT4 | Midjourney, [2/16/2025 10:53 PM]
b) Wall plane
c) Ceiling plane
d) Base plane
28. When the ground plane merges with the base plane, what is the effect?
a) The building becomes taller.
b) The building becomes more visible.
c) The building rests firmly on the ground.
d) The building appears to float.
29. What plane does ceiling plane belongs?
a) Vertical Plane
b) Horizontal Plane
c) Linear Plane
d) Diagonal Plane
30. What plane does Wall plane belongs?
a) Horizontal Plane
b) Vertical Plane
c) Linear Plane
d) Diagonal Plane
31. Which of the following vertical plane can generates a volume of space from its center outward as a
diagonal?
a) Single vertical plane
b) parallel plane
c) Planes closure
d) L‐ shaped plane
32. Which of the following vertical plane can define the volume of space in between that is oriented
axially towards open end?
a) Single vertical plane
b) parallel plane
c) Planes closure
d) L‐ shaped plane
33. Which of the following vertical plane can defines the volume that is primarily oriented towards the
open ends?
a) Single vertical plane
b) parallel plane
c) Planes closure
d) U shaped plane
34. Which of the following vertical plane can establish boundaries of an Introverted and influence the
field of space around enclosure?
a) Single vertical plane
b) parallel plane
c) Planes closure
d) U shaped plane
35. When a base plane is elevated, what does it create?
a) A smaller space
b) A more open space
c) A specific domain
d) A hidden space
36. How can a base plane be visually defined?
a) change in material
b) change in elevation
c) perceptible change in color, texture
d) change in height
37. How can edge be defined in base plane?
a) change in material
b) change in elevation
c) change in height
d) edge definition
38. How can a base plane be surface defined?
a) change in material
b) change in elevation
c) change in height
d) surface articulation
39. If the surface characteristics continue up across the elevated plane, then the elevated one will appear:
a) Distinctly separate
b) Part of the surrounding plane
c) Larger
d) Smaller
40. If the edge conditions are articulated by a change in form, color, or texture, then the field will become
a:
a) part of surrounding plane
b) smaller
c) Larger
d) distinct plateau, that is separated from surroundings
41. In an elevated base plane with a well-defined edge, which type of continuity is maintained?
a) Physical continuity only
b) Visual continuity only
c) Spatial continuity
d) No continuity
42. In an elevated base plane with well-defined edge, what is required for physical access?
a) Ladder
b) Stairs
c) Ramp
d) Bridge
43. When visual and spatial continuity is interrupted in Elevated plane, what can happen?
a) Ladder
b) Stairs
c) Ramp
d) Elevated plane isolated from ground level
44. Why might a building be elevated from its surroundings?
a) To make it smaller
b) To hide it
c) To enhance its image in the landscape
d) To make it easier to access
45. What provides orientation, balance, and visual relationship to other elements within a form?
a) Space
b) Axis
c) Surface
d) Shape
46. What do the elements of Architecture that is point, line, plane, form, and space become?
a) design
b) art
c) science
d) planning
47. All of these are spatial relationship, EXCEPT:
a) Space within a space
b) Interlocking space
c) Adjacent space
d) Floating space
48. The quality of the space can be determined by all, EXCEPT:
a) space
b) light
c) view
d) smell
49. All of these are a Primary form, EXCEPT:
a) Cube
b) Sphere
c) Cylinder
d) Prism
50. The transformation can occur using all, EXCEPT:
ChatGPT4 | Midjourney, [2/16/2025 10:53 PM]
a) Dimensional Transformation
b) Additive Transformation
c) Subtractive Transformation
d) Illumination Transformation
51. Dimensional transformation can change all, EXCEPT:
a) length
b) width
c) depth
d) Texture
52. What transformation can occurs from adding elements?
a) Dimensional Transformation
b) Additive Transformation
c) Subtractive Transformation
d) Illumination Transformation
53. What transformation can occurs from removing elements?
a) Dimensional Transformation
b) Additive Transformation
c) Subtractive Transformation
d) Illumination Transformation
54. Which of the following spatial relationship is the overlapping of two volumes?
a) Space within a space
b) Interlocking space
c) Adjacent space
d) Space linked by a common space
55. Which of the following spatial relationship is the joining or sharing of a common plane?
a) Space within a space
b) Interlocking space
c) Adjacent space
d) Space linked by a common space
56. Which of the following spatial relationship requires intermediary that can be linear,radial, or pivotal?
a) Space within a space
b) Interlocking space
c) Adjacent space
d) Space linked by a common space
57. Which spatial organization contains regular pattern?
a) clustered organization
b) grid organization
c) linear organization
d) radial organization
58. Which spatial organization is suitable for different size and shape?
a) clustered organization
b) grid organization
c) linear organization
d) radial organization
59. Which spatial organization contains a path that are sequence?
a) clustered organization
b) grid organization
c) linear organization
d) radial organization
60. Which spatial organization are grouped together by proximity?
a) clustered organization
b) grid organization
c) linear organization
d) radial organization
