CHAPTER 22

CHEMICAL CO ORDINATIONS AND INTERACTION

SYNOPSIS

• Special tissues are called endocrine glands produce hormones. They pass into the blood
and act away from their site of produce hormones. They pass in to the blood and act
away from their production. Hormones affect target cells and target organs in the
body.
• In humans, more than a dozen tissue and organs produce hormones. Some including the
pituitary glands, the thyroid glands, the parathyroid glands and the adrenal
glands are endocrine specialists: their major function is to secrete one or more
hormones. Others, such as the pancreas, ovaries and testes,secrete hormones in addition
to their other functions together , these glands make up the human endocrine system.
• The brain maintains long-term control over physiological processes by synthesizing
releasing hormones in the hypothalamus. Some neurosecretory cells in the
hypothalamus synthesize two hormones (vasopressin and oxytocin),which are
released into the blood from their axon terminals in the posterior pituitary, a distinct
gland itself. The anterior lobe of the pituitary, another distinct gland, is connected to
the hypothalamus by portal vein.
• Thyroid glands secrete thyroxin (T4) and tri-idothyronin (T3).These hormones of
thyroid glands enhance metabolic rate, promote body growth and tissue differentiation.
Iodine deficiency goiter is also accompanied by reduced thyroxin secretion.
• Parathyroid secrete parathormone or parathyroid hormone(PTH), which increase the
blood calcium levels by increasing mobilization of bone calcium and renal absorption
of calcium from the urine.
• Adrenal cortex secretes three groups of steroid hormones. They are
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids and Sex corticoids
• The medulla of adrenal gland secretes adrenaline and nor adrenaline, which prepare the
body for the high activity.
• The islet cells of the pancreas secrete insulin, which stimulate uptake and uses of
glucose .They also secrete glucagons. Which has the opposite effect .Diabetes
results from immunological distraction of the islet cells, reduced insulin secretion,
or less of sensitivity to insulin.
• Interstitial (Leydig) cells of testes secrete testosterone.
• Thymosins secreted by thymus stimulate maturation of immune system cells.
Melatonin controls skin colour in some animals. And appears to control annual
reproductive
1 mark questions-MCQs

1.Which of the following is not effect of GH?

a- Dwarfism
b- Cretinism
c- Development of all tissues
d- Gigantism
2.Which of the following are effects of vasopressin?
a- Increased glucose level
b- High BMR
c- Accumulation of fat under the skin
d- Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
3.Which of the following pair of hormones maintain the Ca++ levels in the body?
a- PTH and TCT
b- PTH and aldosterone
c- TCT and ADH
d- T3 and T4
4.Which hormone is secreted by Zona fasciculate?
a- ADH
b- Mineralocorticoids
c- Glucocorticoids
d- Hydrocorticoids
5.Which gland atrophies after puberty?
a- Thyroid
b- Parathyroid
c- Thymus
d- Adrenal
6.What is related to a in the diagram?

a- TCT
b- TSH
c- PTH
d- LH
7.What is the full form of ANF?
a- Atrial Natriuretic Factor
 b- Atrial Natural factor
c- Anti Natriuretic Factor
d- Anti Nutrient Factor
8.Find the odd in terms of source-
a- ANF
b- Vasopressin
c- Adrenaline
d- Aldosterone
9.Which part of the following secrtetes LHRH
a- Pars nervosa
b- Hypothalamus
c- Pars intermedia
d- Pars distalis
10Which of the following hormones follows the mechanism shown in the diagram?

1.
a- Progesterone
b- Insulin
c- Glucagon
d- Adrenaline
2mark questions

1.What happens to the wall of distal convoluted tubule(DCT) of a

nephron, when vasopressin is released by pituitary into blood stream?
2.Expand ANF? Where is it secreted from? What is its function?
3.What causes cretinism? Mention any two outward visible symptoms?
4.What happens to the glycogen concentration in the liver cells,
when the concentration of adrenaline in the blood stream
increases?
5.A person is suffering from calcium deficiency in spite of taking a calcium
rich diet. Explain how this condition occurs?
6.Why adrenal medulla is termed as the gland of emergency?
7.Androgens regulate the development, maturation and other important
functions in human male. List them.

2 mark questions

1.Name a gland in humans acting as both endocrine and

exocrine? (a)Mention the three endocrine secretions from
this gland?
(b)Write two principal action of each secretion?
2.A patient was complaining of frequent urination, excess thirst, hunger and tiredness.
The fasting glucose level was
found higher than 130mg/dl
(a)Name the disease?
(b)Give the
root cause of
this disease?
(c)What are
the control
measures?
3. Due to some physiological reasons the blood glucose level of an otherwise
normal person has shot up above normal. How will this condition return to
normal through hormonal action?
4. What are the effects of hyper thyroidism?
5. Pituitary gland is considered as the master
gland. Explain? Describe the significance of
thyroid gland in human body?
6. Define hormone and classify them on basis of their chemical nature.

5 marks questions
1. Write briefly about the mechanism of hormonal action?
2. Explain the function of pancreas?
3. What is the function of testis and ovary with respect to hormones?
4. Explain the structure and function of thyroid gland?
5. Diagrammatically indicate the location of various
endocrine gland in our body?
6. Explain briefly the various types of disorders resulting
from malfunctioning of thyroid gland.
7. Explain the mechanism of hormone action which helps in
various physiological and development effect? Also,
define the role of second messenger in this process.
HOTS questions
1.A patient complains of constant thirst, excessive passing of urine and low
blood pressure. When the doctor checked the patients’ blood glucose and
blood insulin level, the level were normal or slightly low. The doctor
diagnosed the condition as diabetes insipidus. But he decided to measure one
more hormone in patients’ blood. Which hormone does the doctor intend to
measure?
2.You have learnt that a characteristic feature of endocrine system is the
presence of feedback loops. By this what is meant if hormone A stimulates
gland ‘X’ to secrete hormone B, the production of ‘A’ could be modified
when the level of B changes in our blood. An example is the relation
between hormones LH and estrogen (E2)
3.An old woman exhibits the following features. High levels of LH in blood
but low levels of E2 in the blood. Another woman exhibits high level of LH in
blood and also high level of E2 in the blood. Where is the defect in both these
women? Provide suitable diagram to support this answer.
4.A milkman is very upset. One morning as his cow refuses to milk. The
milkman’s wife gets the calf from the shed. On fondling by the calf, the cow
gave enough milk. Describe the role of endocrine gland and pathway
associated with this response?