Wireless and Mobile Network (22622) IF6I

Chapter 3
Wireless Application Protocol
and 3G Mobile Services
 WAP Architecture:-
 The user selects an option on their mobile device that has a URL with Wireless Markup language (WML) content
assigned to it.
 The phone sends the URL request via the phone network to a WAP gateway using the binary encoded WAP
protocol.
 WAP gateway translates this WAP request into HTTP request and sends to server.
 The server processes and add HTTP header to WML content and returns to the gateway.
 HTML filters translate HTML content to WML format.
 WAP gateway compiles WML into binary form.
 Then gateway sends WML response to mobile phone.
 Mobile receives encoded WML through wireless protocol.
 Microbrowser processes the WML and displays content on screen.
 To browse internet site we need a web browser. Similar way to browse a WAP enables website, we need a
micro browser.

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Wireless and Mobile Network (22622) IF6I

Fig: WAP architecture

 WAP Gateway:-
 It is located in between WAP device and internet.
 WAP gateway is software system which helps devices to communicate with internet web and app.
 It decodes, compiles and forward pages into WML format.
 It encode the request between smart phone, micro browser and internet.
 It also decodes the response between smart phone, micro browser and internet.
 It decode WAP request from mobile and send HTTP request to server.
 It encode WML and HTML data returning from web.

 WAP Protocol:-
 WAP protocol is similar to 7 layer OSI model.
 It is designed for accessing web.
 Layer 6: (Application Layer) Wireless Application Environment (WAE):-
 The Wireless Application Environment contains content development programming languages like WML
and mobile device specifications.
 It functions much like a JavaScript and holds the tools that wireless Internet content developers use.
 It includes scripting languages such as WML and WML Script that are used in conjunction with WML.
 Layer 5: (Session Layer) Wireless Session Protocol (WSP):-
 Unlike HTTP, WSP has been designed by the WAP Forum to provide fast connection suspension and
reconnection.
 It determines the session will be connection-oriented or connectionless between the device and the
network and offers a reconnection and fast connection suspension.
 When the information is being streamed or broadcast from the network to the device, commonly, the
connectionless session is used. Then, WSP forwards the packet to the WDP (Wireless Datagram Protocol)
layer.
 The WAP protocol architecture is shown below alongside a typical Internet Protocol stack.
 Layer 4: (Transaction Layer) Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP):-
 The WTP runs on top of a datagram service, such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and is part of the
standard suite of TCP/IP protocols used to provide a simplified protocol suitable for low bandwidth
wireless stations.

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Wireless and Mobile Network (22622) IF6I

 The Wireless Transaction Protocol offers transaction support. It is a part of TCP/IP and runs on top of
UDP, which stands for User Datagram Protocol.

Fig: WAP Protocol

 Layer 3: (Security Layer) Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS):-
 The Wireless Transport Layer Security provides security in terms of data integrity, privacy and
authentication that help to save your data.
 It also has the ability to work like Transport Layer Security. Also, it contains security features that have
Transport Layer Security.
 Layer 2: (Transport Layer) Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP):-
 With the network carrier layer, the Wireless Datagram Protocol functions in conjunction and presents a
constant data format to higher layers of WAP protocol stack.
 The WDP allows WAP to be bearer-independent by adapting the transport layer of the underlying bearer.
 The WDP presents a consistent data format to the higher layers of the WAP protocol stack, thereby
offering the advantage of bearer independence to application developers.

 WML Script:-
 It is scripting language of WML on client side.
 It is similar to Java Script programming language with lighter weight.
 It performs tasks such as user input validation, error message generation, creation of dialog boxes etc.
 Using WML script devices carry out processing and computation.
 It reduces number of request to server and response from server.
 WML script is based on ECMA script, which is standardizing version of java script.
 It doesn’t have objects or array which is present in java script.
 It is optimize to work for low power devices and compiled language.
 Versions are: Arithmetic operators, Comparison operators, assignment server operators.

 Advantages of WAP:-
 Open Standard.
 Vendor independent.
 Network standard independent.
 Fast technology.
 Can be implement on multiple platforms.
 Modern devices support WAP
 Portability-
o The primary use of WAP is to write applications using proprietary protocols.

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o When you are porting applications to a different kind of network, it will need substantial code rewriting.
o For example, a different type of networks like GSM and CDMA, and bearer protocol like CSD (circuit-
switched data) or SMS (short message service).
 User Experience-
o The devices with limited processing power, small screens, limited memory, and limited battery.
o Provide a narrow bandwidth connection.
 Cost and Application Development Time Reduction-
o WAP helps to add new services at a lower cost and quickly. It could be done by the WAP tools and platforms
like WAP devices, WAP gateways, and WAP software development tool kits.
 Disadvantages of WAP:-
 Low speeds, vary small user interface.
 Not very familiar to users.
 Business model is expensive.
 Forms are difficult to design.
 Third party is included.
 Poor security.

 Applications of WAP:-
 Internet access from mobile.
 Playing games on mobile.
 Online banking via mobile.
 Weather forecasting.
 Flight Information.
 Cinema & movie information.
 Traffic updates.

 IMT-2000:-
 International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000 (IMT-2000) is a worldwide set of requirements for
a family of standards for the 3rd generation of mobile communications.
 The IMT-2000 "umbrella specifications" are developed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
 Originally it was the intention to have only one truly global standard but that turned out to be impossible.
 IMT-2000 should provide worldwide mobile broadband multimedia services via a single global frequency band.
The frequency range should be around 2000 MHz.

Fig: IMT 2000

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Wireless and Mobile Network (22622) IF6I

 In the umbrella specification a number of characteristics are defined which the underlying technologies should
meet. The main characteristics are-
o Worldwide usage: Integration of satellite and terrestrial systems to provide global coverage;
o Used for all radio environments,(LAN, cordless, cellular, satellite);
o Wide range of telecommunications services,(voice, data, multimedia, internet);
o Support both packet-switched (PS) and circuit-switched (CS) data transmission;
o Offer high spectrum efficiency;
o Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps,
 144 kbps for high mobility,
 384 kbps with restricted mobility and,
 2 Mbps in an indoor office environment;
 Specifications of IMT 2000.
 Frequency 2000MHz region
 Target user data rate 2000 kbps
 144kbps absolute minimum acceptable transmission data rate
 384 kbps the ideal achievable data rate
 2000 kbps data rate while operating mobile phone inside building for stationary user.
 Symmetrical and asymmetrical Data transmission
 High data rates for indoor and outdoor operations
 Roaming between different operational environments
 Family members:-
 For the terrestrial mobile network(radio access technology), there are six family members identified as
being IMT-2000 compatible:
 IMT Direct Spread (IMT-DS; also known as UMTS/UTRA-FDD): uses Direct spread technology.
 IMT Multicarrier (IMT-MC; also known as CDMA2000): uses Multicarrier technology.
 IMT Time Code (IMT-TC; also known as UMTS/UTRA-TDD, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA “narrowband
TDD”);Time division CDMA is used.
 IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC; also known as UWC-136 or EDGE): uses Single Carrier technology.
 IMT Frequency Time (IMT-FT; also known as DECT).
 IMT OFDMA TDD WMAN (also known as mobile WiMAX)
 Originally, the IMT family consisted of five family members. The sixth family member (mobile WiMAX)
was added later, in October 2007.
 Frequency bands:-
 The frequency bands 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz were identified for IMT-2000 by the ITU in
1992. Terrestrial IMT-2000 networks will operate in the following bands:
 1920 - 1980 MHz paired with 2110 - 2170 MHz, FDD with mobile stations transmitting in the lower sub-
band.
 1885 - 1920 MHz and 2010 - 2025 MHz, unpaired for TDD operation.
 In Europe is the TDD band from 1885-1900 MHz not available for licenses use of IMT-2000, this is used by
cordless telephony (DECT).
 In addition to this core-band the frequency band 2500 to 2690 MHz was identified in 2000, of which the
edges, ranging from 2500-2520 and 2670-2690 MHz, are at first identified for satellite communications.

 Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA):-

 Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) is a third-generation (3G) standard that employs the direct-
sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) channel access method and the frequency-division duplexing
(FDD) method to provide high-speed and high-capacity service.
 WCDMA is the most commonly used variant of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
 WCDMA features two modes:-

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o Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Separates users by employing both codes as well as frequencies. One
frequency is used for the uplink, while another is used for the downlink.
o Time Division Duplex (TDD): Separates users by employing codes, frequencies and time, wherein the same
frequency is used for both uplink and downlink.
 Although WCDMA is designed to operate on evolved GSM core networks, it uses code division multiple access
(CDMA) for its air interface.
 CDMA allows multiple users to share a channel at the same time, while TDMA allows users to share the same
channel by chopping it into different time slots. CDMA offers the benefits of multipath diversity and soft
handoffs.
 As an air interface technology, WCDMA is able to artificially increase a signal's bandwidth. It does so by
modulating each baseband symbol with a binary or quaternary signature with a much higher rate than that of
the original data symbol.
 Wideband CDMA is a third-generation (3G) wireless standard which allows use of both voice and data and offers
data speeds of up to 384 Kbps.
 The frequency bands for WCDMA are as follows: Europe and Asia - 2100MHz, North America - 1900MHz and
850MHz.
 WCDMA is also called UMTS and the two terms have become interchangeable.
 Some parts of the WCDMA are based on GSM technology and the networks are designed to integrate the GSM
networks at some levels.

 CDMA2000 :-
 CDMA2000 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) version of IMT-2000 specifications developed by
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
 It includes a group of standards for voice and data services −
 Voice − CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X Advanced
 Data − CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)

 Features
 CDMA2000 is a family of technology for 3G mobile cellular communications for transmission of voice, data and
signals.
 It supports mobile communications at speeds between 144Kbps and 2Mbps.
 It has packet core network (PCN) for high speed secured delivery of data packets.
 It applies multicarrier modulation techniques to 3G networks. This gives higher data rate, greater bandwidth
and better voice quality. It is also backward compatible with older CDMA versions.
 It has multi-mode, multi-band roaming features.
 The name cdma2000 actually denotes a family of standards that represent the successive, evolutionary stages
of the underlying technology. These are, in order of evolution:
 CDMA2000 1xRTT
 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Release 0, Revision A, Revision B
 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision C or Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)
 CDMA2000 1xEVDV

 CDMA2000 1X

 Within the IMT-2000 family, CDMA2000 is officially known as IMT-CDMA Multi-Carrier.

 Eventually, CDMA2000 will offer the possibilty to use 1 up to 3 carriers of 1,25 MHz width each.
 A carrier of 1,25 MHz width is chosen to make a smooth evolution from cdmaOne possible.
 CDMAOne works with a channel width of 1,25 MHz.

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 CDMA2000 1XEV-DO and CDMA2000 1XEV-DV

 The evolution from cdmaOne to CDMA2000 takes place in several phases.

 The first phase CDMA2000 1X, also referrred to as 1X RTT, introduces packet data with a peak bitrate of 144
kbps and 60-90 kbps on average.
 CDMA2000 1X is fully compatible with cdmaOne. An improved version (Release 1) will double the bit rate to a
peak rate of 307 kbps.
 The next phase is known as CDMA2000 1X-EV (Evolved). The first step in this phase is 1X-EV-DO (Data Only).
 1X-EV-DO will support data rates up to 2.4 Mbps on the downlink (the uplink will remain 153 kbps) on a
dedicated data carrier.
 Finally, 1X-EV-DV (Data and Voice) will support even higer peak rates of 3.09 Mbps, simultaneous voice and high
speed data, as well as improved Quality of Service mechanisms to make e.g high quality videoconferencing
possible.
 CDMA2000 is being developed by 3GPP2.

Compare WCDMA and CDMA 2000:

Parameters CDMA 2000 W-CDMA

Channel Bandwidth 1.25MHz 5MHz
Chip Rate 1.2288Mcps 3.6864Mcps
Peak Data rate 614kbps 2Mbps
Modes of operation FDD FDD and TDD
Duplex mode Full duplex Full duplex
QPSK (forward link),
Modulation QPSK(both links)
BPSK (reverse link)
Power
800Hz in both the links 1500Hz in both the links
Control rate
Synchronized base
Yes No
station required
Spreading Factor Lower Higher
10 ms for physical layer,
5ms(signaling),
Frame length 10,20,40 and 80 ms for transport
20, 40, 80ms physical layer frames
layer
Used in 3G
Network Used in 2G Networks.
Networks.

 Quality of Service in 3G :-
 1. Quality of service (QoS) in 3G networks is a key feature that allows different applications and services to have
different levels of reliability, performance and priority.
 2. QoS is based on the concept of bearers, which are logical channels that carry data between the network and
the user equipment (UE).
 3. QoS is a key factor that influences the satisfaction and performance of 3G users. It refers to the network's
ability to deliver different types of data with different levels of priority, reliability, and speed.

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 4. QoS uses queuing and scheduling algorithms to manage the order in which packets are transmitted when
network congestion occurs. These algorithms prioritize and schedule packets according to their assigned classes
or priorities.
 5. Some examples of QoS requirements for 3G networks include: I. Interactive video conferencing- The network
must be able to deliver these services to the destination on a timely basis. II. Streaming video and audio- The bit
error rate or packet loss ratio must be kept below a certain level.
 6. Some parameters that can be used to measure QoS quantitatively include: Packet loss, Jitter, Latency,
Bandwidth and Mean opinion score.

 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)Architecture:-

 The UMTS network architecture can be divided into three main elements:
 1. User Equipment (UE): The User Equipment or UE is the name given to what was previous termed the mobile,
or cellphone. The new name was chosen because the considerably greater functionality that the UE could have.
It could also be anything between a mobile phone used for talking to a data terminal attached to a computer
with no voice capability.
 2. Radio Network Subsystem (RNS): The RNS also known as the UMTS Radio Access Network, UTRAN, is the
equivalent of the previous Base Station Subsystem or BSS in GSM. It provides and manages the air interface for
the overall network.
 3. Core Network: The core network provides all the central processing and management for the system. It is the
equivalent of the GSM Network Switching Subsystem or NSS.

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 UE
 ME (Mobile Equipment) - is the single or multimode terminal used for radio communication
 USIM (UMTS Subscriber Identity Module) - is a smart card that holds the subscriber identity, subscribed
services, authentication and encryption keys
 UMTS terrestrial RAN (UTRAN)
o i. UTRAN consists of Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs).
The RNS has two main elements: Node B and a Radio Network Controllers (RNC).
o ii. Radio network controller (RNC):
 The RNC is responsible for control of the radio resources in its area. One RNC controls multiple nodes B.
 The RNC in UMTS provides functions equivalent to the Base Station Controller (BSC) functions in GSM/GPRS
networks.
 The major difference is that RNCs have more intelligence built-in than their GSM/GPRS counterparts. For
example, RNCs can autonomously manage handovers without involving MSCs and SGSNs.
 Handoff decisions, congestion control, power control, encryption, admission control, protocol conversion, etc.
o iii. Node B:
 The Node B is responsible for air-interface processing and some radio-resource management functions.
 The Node B in UMTS networks provides functions equivalent to the base transceiver station (BTS) in GSM/GPRS
networks. UMTS operates at higher frequencies than GSM/GPRS and therefore the signal coverage range is less.
 Interfaces between these entities are summarized below.
– Uu interface between UE and NodeB
– Iub interface between NodeB and RNC
– Iur interface between RNC and RNC
– Iu-CS interface between RNC and MSC
– Iu-PS interface between RNC and SGSN
 Core Networks (CN)
o HLR (Home Location Register)
 Database located in the user’s home system that stores the master copy of the user’s service profile. The HLR
also stores the UE location on the level of MSC and SGSN,
o 3G MSC / VLR
 Switch and database that serves the UE in its current location for Circuit Switched (CS) services.
 The MSC function is used to switch the CS transactions, and VLR function holds a copy of the visiting user’s
service profile, as well as more precise information on the UE’s location within the serving system.
o 3G GMSC (Gateway MSC)
 Switch at the point where UMTS is connected to external CS networks. All incoming and outgoing CS
connections go through GMSC.
o 3G SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
 Similar to that of MSC / VLR but is used for Packet Switched (PS) services. The part of the network that is
accessed via the SGSN is often referred to as the PS domain. Upgrade version of serving GPRS support node.
o 3G GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
 Functionality is close to that of GMSC but is in the relation to PS services. Upgraded version of gateway GPRS
support Node

Features of UMTS
 UMTS could be a component of IMT-2000 standard of the Universal Broadcast communications Union (ITU),
created by 3GPP.
 It employments wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) discuss interface.
 It gives transmission of content, digitized voice, video and multimedia.
 It gives tall transmission capacity to portable operators.
 It gives a tall information rate of 2Mbps.

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 For High-Speed Downlink Parcel Get to (HSDPA) handsets, the data-rate is as tall as 7.2 Mbps within the
downlink connection.
 It is additionally known as Flexibility of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA).

UMTS Applications
 Streaming / Download (Video, Audio)
 Videoconferences.
 Fast Internet / Intranet.
 Mobile E-Commerce (M-Commerce)
 Remote Login
 Background Class applications
 Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail
 FTP Access
 Mobile Entertainment (Games)
Advantages of UMTS
 UMTS could be a successor to 2G based GSM advances counting GPRS and EDGE . Gaining a 3rd title 3GSM since
it could be a 3G relocation for GSM
 Support 2Mbit/s information rates.
 Higher Information rates at lower incremental costs.
 Benefits of programmed universal wandering also necessarily security and charging capacities, permitting
administrators emigrate from 2G to 3G whereas holding numerous of their existing back-office frameworks
 Gives administrators the adaptability to present unused mixed media administrations to trade clients and
buyers
 This not as it were gives client a valuable phone but moreover deciphers higher incomes for the administrator.
Disadvantages of UMTS
 It is more expensive than GSM.
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System has poor video experience.
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System still not broadband.

 4G Architecture:-

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 4G network is an integration of all heterogeneous wireless access networks such as Ad-hoc, cellular, hotspot
and satellite radio component. Technologies used in 4G are smart antennas for multiple input and multiple
output (MIMO), IPv6, VoIP, OFDM and Software Defined Radio (SDR) System.
 Smart Antennas: Smart Antennas are Transmitting and receiving antennas. It does not require increase power
and additional frequency.
 IPV6 Technology: 4G uses IPV6 Technology in order to support a large number of wireless enable devices. It
enables a number of applications with better multicast, security and route optimization capabilities.
 VoIP: It stands for Voice over IP. It allows only packet to be transferred eliminating complexity of 2 protocols
over the same circuit.
 OFDM: It stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. It is currently used as WiMax and WiFi.
 SDR: SDR stands for Software Defined Radio. It is the form of open wireless architecture.
 MME- Mobility Management Entity: It is used for Paging, Authentication, Handover and Selection of Serving
Gateway
 SGW-Serving Gateway: It is used to Routing and Forwarding user data packet.
 PDN-GW Packet Data Network Gateway: It is used for User Equipment (UE) IP allocation.
 PCRF-Policy and Charging Rule Function: It provides quality of service and charging.
 HSS-Home Subscriber Server: It is a user Database used for service subscriber, user identification and
addressing PCRF-Policy and Charging Rule Function: It provide quality of service and charging
 eNode B-evolved Node B: It is used as radio resources management and radio bearer control.

The features of 4G are :

 Better download speed
 Extremely high voice quality.
 Easy access to Internet, IM, social networks, streaming media, video calling.
 Higher bandwidth.
 Much faster than 3G

State two features of 5G technology.

 Up to 10Gbps data rate - > 10 to 100x speed improvement over 4G and 4.5G networks
 1-millisecond latency
 Packet switching
 CDMA multiplexing
 Up to 100x number of connected devices per unit area (compared with 4G LTE)
 99.99% availability
 100% coverage
 90% reduction in network energy usage
 Up to 10-year battery life for low power IoT device

Compare the features of 3G and 4G.

Parameters 3G Technology 4G Technology

The term 3G is an abbreviation for the The term 4G is an abbreviation for the
Full Form
third generation technology. fourth generation technology.
It can go up to 5 Megabytes per It can go much higher, about 500
Maximum Upload Rate
second. Megabytes per second.
Maximum Rate of The 3G technology offers a maximum The 4G technology can download
Download download rate of about 21 Megabytes videos at a much faster rate, which

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per second. can go as high as 1 Gigabyte per

second.
It utilizes both the message switching
It utilizes the packet switching
Switching Techniques as well as the packet switching
technique.
techniques.
The frequency of the 3G technology The frequency range of the 4G
Range of Frequency ranges somewhat between 1.8 to 2.5 technology ranges somewhat
Gigahertz. between 2 to 8 GHz.
The 3G technology is horizontally The 4G technology is both vertically
Leniency
lenient. as well as horizontally lenient.
The network architecture of the 4G
The network architecture of the 3G
technology is cell-based for a wide
Network Architecture technology is a wide area cell-based
area along with the integration of
one.
WLAN.
The 4G technology performs error
The 3G technology performs error
Error Correction correction using the concatenated
correction using the turbo codes.
codes.

Difference between LTE and VoLTE :

[Link]. LTE VoLTE

It is also a data communication system to
1. It is a data communication system.
overcome LTE.
2. It is a type of network. It is the services offered on the network.
It may or may not support data and voice call It always supports data and voice call services at
3.
services at the same time. the same time.
In case it supports data and voice call
While it supports HD quality voice calling while
4. together the quality of voice calling is not
using data services.
good.
It turns off the data connection while making It does not turn off the data connection while
5.
voice calls. making voice calls.
Call connection between two users is slower If both users are on VoLTE, the call connection is
6.
(almost takes 7 seconds). faster.
External applications like Skype or WhatsApp No external applications are required to make
7.
are required to make video calls. video calls.
8. It is not widely used by users nowadays. It is more widely used nowadays.
It simply aims to increase data rates using 4G It targets voice calling as well as internet traffic
9.
bandwidth. without interfering with either.
It stands out over LTE in voice call quality, HD
10. It gives comparatively less than VoLTE. video calls, battery life, call setup time, and
others.
This cellular network variety is speedier than
11. It is the calls made over the LTE Network
4G.

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Compare 4G and 5G technologies:

Parameters 4G 5G
Latency 10-100ms Less than 5ms
Mobility Up to 350km/hr Up to 500km/hr
Frequency band Below 6GHz 30GHz to 300GHz
Peak Data rate 1Gbps 10Gbps

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