THE ADOLESCENT MUST DEVELOP A

PERSONAL SENSE OF IDENTITY

Adolescence is a vital stage where individuals explore

who they are and their place in the world. This
involves questioning values, beliefs, and influences to
form a unique sense of self. Through experimentation
and self-reflection, adolescents develop clarity about
their goals, interests, and identity. While challenges
like self-doubt and societal pressures may arise,
supportive environments help them grow. A strong
sense of identity provides confidence and direction,
preparing them for adulthood

THE ADOLESCENT MUST ESTABLISH

EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
INDEPENDENCE FROM HIS OR HER PARENTS.
The adolescent situation revolves around developing
individuality even to the point of excluding parents. It
is part of growing up to be self-reliant from parents,
elders, and guardians, both emotionally and
psychologically. As early as now, you should be
learning how to be self-reliant and able to do some
things on your own.
 THE ADOLESCENT MUST DEVELOP STABLE AND
PRODUCTIVE PEER RELATIONSHIPS.
As adolescents, everyone has a tendency to follow
the rule of the flock in exchange for their own.
It is alright to be alone while you are figuring yourself
out.

THE ADOLESCENT MUST LEARN TO MANAGE

ONE'S SEXUALITY.
Their self-image must relate to their personal sense of
masculinity and femininity. Developing their self-image
also involves incorporating acceptable manners and
values about their sexual behavior. In their pursuit of a
self-image and in managing their sexuality, adolescents
should always remember to be responsible and enjoy life
one step at a time.

THE ADOLESCENT MUST ADOPT A PERSONAL

VALUE SYSTEM
As adolescence begins, our knowledge systems grow
more complex, making it important to recognize our
values and beliefs. While these may strain relationships
oue to conflicts, it can be fixed if others let you be who
you are and it helps if we do the same as well. Resolving
conflicts, especially with parents, allows adolescents to
develop their personal ideology.
THE ADOLESCENT MUST DEVELOP INCREASED
IMPULSE CONTROL AND BEHAVIORAL MATURITY

An excess of one thing is always detrimental so

moderation is key. Trying rew things moderately is
key Trying new things moderately is healthion then
never trying anything at all.
Follow your mind, but it does not mean to follow your
teat either
Learning now to identify which to try from what not to
try a key to achieving benavioural maturity

INTELLECTUAL/COGNITION
Adolescence is marked by significant cognitive
development, enabling individuals to think critically,
reason abstractly, and solve complex problems. These
advancements help adolescents understand themselves
and the world more deeply. They begin to analyze ideas,
question norms, and form independent perspectives, all
of which contribute to shaping their personal identity. This
intellectual growth is crucial for decision-making and
preparing for the responsibilities of adulthood.
 PIAGET'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
FORMAL OPERATIONS

Jean Piaget identified the Formal Operations stage as the

final phase of cognitive development, where abstract,
hypothetical, and transcendental thought emerge. This
stage enables humans to imagine, philosophize,
innovate, and question ideas like "what if?" and "why
not?" If these cognitive abilities remain unused, they may
atrophy, similar to unexercised muscles.

STAGES OF HEALTHY ADOLESCENT

DEVELOPMENT BY JEROME B. VITUG
Healthy adolescent development occurs in three stages
—Early Adolescence (10-14), Middle Adolescence (15-
17), and Late Adolescence (18-21)—and is influenced by
communities, schools, and families. The Konopka
Institute’s research emphasizes the importance of
protective factors and developmental milestones in
supporting youth well-being.
 EVALUATING ONE’S DEVELOPMENT COMPARED
TO OTHERS OF THE SAME AGE

Adolescents often compare themselves to their peers,

particularly in areas like appearance, height, or abilities.
Being different can lead to bullying or self-criticism. Even
high-achieving adolescents may feel inadequate,
becoming overly focused on grades or performance in
activities like sports.

These comparisons shape their sense of competence,

influencing self-esteem. Excelling beyond peers can
foster confidence and happiness, while developmental
delays may lead to feelings of inferiority and lower self-
worth.
 CHALLENGES AND ISSUES
AMONG ADOLESCENTS

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Adolescents fresh off puberty or still going through it,
face a lot of changes regarding their physical
appearance
IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
It is a complex process in which humans develop a
clear and unique view of themselves and their
identity. It involves discovering and developing
one’s potential, choosing one’s purpose in life,
and finding opportunities to that potential and
purpose.
GENDER IDENTITY
refers to a person's deeply felt sense of their own
gender, which may or may not align with the sex they
were assigned at birth. It is a core aspect of an
individual's identity and can be male, female, a blend
of both, neither, or something else entirely.
SOCIAL COGNITION:PERSONAL FABLE AND
IMAGINARY AUDIENCE
refers to how individuals process, store, and apply
information about others and social situations
PERSONAL FABLE AND IMAGINARY AUDIENCE

Personal Fable : the belief that one's experiences,

feelings, and thoughts are unique and cannot be
fully understood by others.
Imaginary audience : refers to the belief that others
are constantly watching, judging, or thinking about
them.
IMPULSIVITY AND RISK-TAKING OR
THRILL-SEEKING BEHAVIORS

During adolescence, the effect of adrenaline

complements the effects of increased testosterone and
estrogen. From a physiological perspective, this
explains why risk-taking behaviors that involve high
levels of these hormones are also at a high. Impulsivity
and thrill-seeking behaviors also happen more during
these times of youth.

SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
Sexual behavior is a broad term that describes
physical and psychological actions that satisfy
sexual needs.
Sexual behavior associated with puberty is the
experience of the flurry of hormones, emotions, and
newly found facilities but it does not change that you
are a thinking, calculating, self-oriented human
being.
 Solitary Sexual Behavior
Sociosexual Behavior
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IS DEFINED AS

'BEHAVIOUR BY A PERSON WHICH CAUSES, OR IS
LIKELY TO CAUSE, HARASSMENT, ALARM OR
DISTRESS TO PERSONS NOT OF THE SAME
HOUSEHOLD AS THE PERSON

DELINQUENCY BEHVIORS

Delinquent behavior refers to surreptitious actions that

are considered criminal or illegal but often go
unreported to the police.

ADDRESSING CHALLENGES AND ISSUES OF

ADOLESCENTS
Plan for your life and develop yourself
- Setting targets for themselves and being goal-oriented
can fix cluttered thoughts in this developmental stage.
As early as your teenage years, you can already set
your goals to easily identify what you want to achieve
and go about getting it.
 Know your values
- There might be lots of pressure from the people
around you, but your values should remain firm and
should be the main foundation of your life.

Express yourself
Express your feelings openly and honestly, as they are
always valid. Being assertive and open to
communication allows you to hone your skills and share
your thoughts with others. Parents and guardians
should be sensitive to teens' emotions and show
concern for their well-being.

Manage your feelings

Teenagers often struggle with stress, leading to mental
health issues. To combat this, they should limit
electronic devices and engage in in-person activities.
Mental health problems are treatable and can be
treated by consulting mental health professionals.

Learn to face realities

Teenagers face many changes like physical, emotional,
and behavioral, which can feel overwhelming. Accepting
that this phase is temporary and universal helps.
Parents should support teens by observing their
behavior, talking to them often, and reassuring them of
their worth.
Learn more things

Learning new skills or improving existing ones can

boost confidence and independence. These skills may
even lead to future careers or income. Explore hobbies
or activities beyond schoolwork to grow and discover
new interests.
COPING WITH STRESS
COPING WITH STRESS
COPING WITH STRESS
COPING WITH STRESS
COPING WITH STRESS
 POWER OF THE MIND

THE BRAIN
Early studies point to the human brain as the seat
of the mind. As early as 1664, Thomas Willis, an
English doctor, concluded that the brain is
responsi ble for mental functioning.
The human brain consists of three main structures
which are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the
brain stem.

THE BRAIN STEM

It connects the spinal cord and the brain. Controls
functions that keep people alive such as breathing,
heart rate, blood pressure and food digestion.

THE CEREBRUM
•Largest of the three brain sections, accounts for
85% of the brain's weight and has four lobes the
temporal lobe, the occipital lobe, parietal lobe and
frontal lobe
Responsible for most the brain's functions such as
thought and movement

THE CEREBELLUM:
It controls voluntary movement. It translates your
will into action.
 POWER OF THE MIND
THE FOUR PARTS OF CEREBRUM

PARIETAL LOBE
helps people understand what they see and feel
TEMPORAL LOBE
hearing and word recognition abilities are located
FRONTAL LOBE
determines personality and emotions
OCCIPITAL LOBE
where vision functions are located

the signal jumps from the end of the dendrite on one

cell across the space, called a synapse, to the dendrite
of another cell with the help of chemicals called
neurotransmitters. That signal continues jumping
from cell to cell until it reaches the muscle you need
to wave, wink or walk the neurotransmitter dopamine
has been associated with attentionmemory and
cognition endorphins known to fight stress and pain.

Left Hemisphere:
Focuses on logical reasoning, analytical thinking, and
language.
Right Hemisphere: Excels in creativity, holistic
thinking, and visual-spatial skills.

Understanding brain lateralization aids in tailoring

learning strategies.
 POWER OF THE MIND
THE FOUR PARTS OF CEREBRUM

PARIETAL LOBE
helps people understand what they see and feel
TEMPORAL LOBE
hearing and word recognition abilities are located
FRONTAL LOBE
determines personality and emotions
OCCIPITAL LOBE
where vision functions are located

the signal jumps from the end of the dendrite on one

cell across the space, called a synapse, to the dendrite
of another cell with the help of chemicals called
neurotransmitters. That signal continues jumping
from cell to cell until it reaches the muscle you need
to wave, wink or walk the neurotransmitter dopamine
has been associated with attentionmemory and
cognition endorphins known to fight stress and pain.

Left Hemisphere:
Focuses on logical reasoning, analytical thinking, and
language.
Right Hemisphere: Excels in creativity, holistic
thinking, and visual-spatial skills.

Understanding brain lateralization aids in tailoring

learning strategies.
 POWER OF THE MIND
Brain Dominance Theory:

This theory states that the left and right hemispheres

of the brain control different functions, with each
hemisphere influencing distinct aspects of personality
and behavior. There are two classifications that
differentiate the brain's control of each side.

Left-Brain Hemisphere:

People who are left-brained prefer structured

lectures, logical thinking, and analytical tasks. They
tend to enjoy reading long articles and prefer writing
down notes instead of relying on graphics.

Example: Alex likes to study a lot. His study habits

are always well-organized, which helps him finish the
tasks he needs to complete.
 POWER OF THE MIND
Right-Brain Hemisphere:

On the other hand, people who are right-brained

prefer using stories and experiential learning. They
tend to listen more and focus on visuals. Unlike left-
brained people, they have a creative imagination,
enjoy being adventurous, and prefer activities that
don’t require too much logical thinking.

Example: Ray hates studying a lot, but he is highly

creative in other areas. He enjoys doing things that
come from his imagination, as if he is in his own world.
He also prefers exploring the world rather than
engaging in logical tasks.
 POWER OF THE MIND
Whole-Brain Model Theory:

The whole brain theorists believe that the

brain is divided into four quadrants where
each quadrant is responsible for particular
abilities.This whole brain perspective is
explained by the oscillatory activities in
human cognitive processing (Basar, 2006).
During processing, researchers believe in
the super binding in the neural network and
super-synergy in the whole brain, meaning
that there is spatial integration of
particular brain structures and constant
reciprocal activation in processes of
attention, perception, learning, and
remembering (Basar, 2006).All brain
functions are interconnected and
inseparable from memory functions.
 POWER OF THE MIND

The four quadrants and their specialized

functions are proposed by Ned Herrmann, an
American creativity researcher and author. He
claims that people have their own thinking
preferences in dealing with facts and feelings.

The first quadrant, person who is logical,

analytical, fact-based, and quantitative in
thinking may have a dominant

Example: A financial analyst examines market

data to identify investment opportunities,
using logic and numbers to make data-driven
decisions.
 POWER OF THE MIND

The second quadrant is more sequential, organized,

detailed, and well-planned in dealing with facts.

Example: A wedding planner meticulously organizes

every detail of an event, following a structured timeline
to ensure everything runs smoothly.

The third quadrant focuses on interpersonal, feelings,

kinesthetics, and emotions.

Example: A social worker provides emotional support

and guidance to clients, building trust and offering
solutions based on their needs.

The fourth quadrant is more holistic in thinking, more

intuitive, integrates,and synthesizes information.

Example: A startup founder combines creative ideas

and market trends to develop an innovative business
strategy with a big-picture approach. These quadrants
do not work independently but rather functions
cooperatively by integrating information.
 POWER OF THE MIND

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
Howard Gardner (2004), an American
developmental psychologist. In his theory of
multiple intelligences, he believes these innate
intelligences are expressed in different sensory
modalities. He came up with eight distinct
intelligences such as linguistic, logico-
mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic,
musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and
naturalist. Gardner believes that these
intelligences do not operate independently.
They are used at the same time and
complement each other as people develop
skills and solve problems.
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences made
a strong impact on the field of education.
Schools have picked up his ideas in
determining students' learning styles and
acknowledge their natural talents and abilities
and design their curriculum accordingly.
 POWER OF THE MIND

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

Gilhooly(1995) says that intelligence is not

fixed or static at birth because environmental,
cultural, and socialization factors affect the
development of intellectual abilities. Secondly,
intelligence can be learned, taught, and
enhanced because it has a neurobiological
base such that at any age, mental ability can
be improved. Lastly, intelligence is
multidimensional at various levels of our brain,
mind, and body.

𝗟𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 is the ability to use

words in both oral and written communication.
People with this ability think in words rather
than visuals. They are good in listening,
speaking, writing, discussing, and other
language skills.
 POWER OF THE MIND

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

𝗟𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗼-𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 is the

ability to reason, apply logic, and work with
numbers. They think in logical and numerical
patterns, making connections between pieces
of information. Their skills include problem
solving, classifying and categorising
information, thinking logically, questioning,
carrying out investigations, performing
mathematical calculations. and working with
geometric shapes.

𝗩𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹-𝘀𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 is the ability to

perceive the visual. They tend to think in
pictures and need to create vivid mental
images to retain information. Their skills
include understanding charts and graphs,
sketching, painting, creating visual images,
and con structing and fixing design.
 POWER OF THE MIND

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 Musical Intelligence is

the ability to produce and appreciate music.
These musically inclined people think in
sounds, rhythms, and patterns. They
immediately respond to music either
appreciating or criticizing what they hear. Their
skills include singing, playing musical
instruments, recognizing sounds and tonal
patterns, composing music, and remembering
melodies.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence This is the

ability to skillfully use the body and hands to
express ideas or create things. People with this
intelligence excel in activities like dancing,
sports, acting, and crafting. They learn through
movement and interacting with their
surroundings.
 POWER OF THE MIND

Interpersonal Intelligence This is the ability to

understand and connect with others. People with this
intelligence can sense emotions, motivations, and
intentions. They are skilled at communication,
empathy, and recognizing nonverbal cues like body
language.

Intrapersonal Intelligence This is the ability to

understand yourself deeply. People with this
intelligence are self-aware, recognizing their own
strengths, weaknesses, and emotions. They are
good at reflecting on their thoughts and making
thoughtful decisions

Naturalistic Intelligence is the ability to recognize

and categorize things. They are lovers of nature and
see patterns on how nature works.
 POWER OF THE MIND

Creative Thinking
Creative thinking is the production of effective
novelty through mental processes, combining
procedural and declarative knowledge (Halford,
2004). It involves breaking old frameworks, creating
new ones (Boden, 1996), and articulating and
modifying rules to innovate. Unlike animals, humans
can consciously represent relationships and connect
ideas through creative activities like art, music, and
movement. Creativity is neurologically linked to
distinctive brain wave patterns (Dartnall, 2002).

Analytical Thinking: Solving problems by

sorting facts, analyzing data, brainstorming,
researching, and interpreting results.
Active Listening: Fully engaging in
conversations, interpreting messages, and
fostering dynamic, effective discussions.
Innovation: Generating new ideas and
exploring fresh approaches with critical thinking,
risk-taking, and resilience.
 POWER OF THE MIND

CRITICAL THINKING

requires logic and coherence as we try to analyze,

synthesize, evaluate, and interpret information rather
than simply apply technical abilities (Andolina, 2001).

In critical thinking, we formulate good arguments as

we evaluate ideas, information, and the sources that
provide them. Then, we arrange this information in a
coherent way by making connections to other ideas,
considering alternative sources, and assessing their
implications.