MACHAKOS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

PROGRAMME: DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE: TRADE PROJECT

TITLE: DESIGN OF A SCHOOL SOCIAL HALL

TASK: MILESTONE 2 PROPOSAL

STUDENT NAME: KELLY MWANGI NJOGU

STUDENT INDEX NUMBER: 3011010329

SUPERVISOR: MR. ISABWA

EXAM SERIES: JULY 2024

DUE DATE:

THIS TRADE PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT FOR DIPLOMA IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING.
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project is my original copy done to the best of my knowledge and has been
presented to the KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering.
Candidates Name: Kelly Mwangi Njogu

Signature: Mwangi

DATE

Approval by the supervisor

This project has been submitted to the Kenya National Examination Council with approval of the technical
supervisors

MR. ISABWA

Date

SIGN……………….

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special gratitude to my lecturer MR. Isabwa for the great support and guidance

during preparation, to the completion of the project. I appreciate my classmates for ensuring the project was

done on time and special thanks to my family for their moral and financial support that I needed throughout

the period for the project.

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my beloved parents, Mr. and Mrs. Njogu for their continuous support during my
studies and for shaping me in to who I am today. Thank you.
ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to ensure convenient space during service to the students .Advances in engineering

technologies are combining energy efficiency, networked sensors, and data recording in exciting ways. Modern social

hall facilities can adjust lighting, heating, and cooling outputs to maximize efficiency, provide better physical security,

improve way finding for occupants, and provide detailed reports of building use. This column will briefly explore the

idea of smart buildings, describe some of the technologies that are being developed for these buildings, and explore

their implications for social hall. A brief listing of selected smart building technologies is also provided.

The project had various methods and steps that were followed

• Surveying work which are the initial steps to ensure a suitable choice of the site.
• Architectural work which involves design of the project plans.
• Structural details and design
• Measurement, estimating and costing work
TABLE OF CONTET
1. SURVEYING

(1) Site location plan

Block plan with contouring……………………………………………
Raw survey data to be included in the project…………………………

2. ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS

Prepared floor plans………………………………………………

Elevation………………………………………………………………

Section and critical points………………………………………….

Typical construction details………………………………………

Prepare schedules for doors, windows and finishes……………..

3. STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENT

Design and detail the following Typical columns and their bases………………………………..

Upper floors and typical beams…………………………………

Stairs ………………………………………………..

Prepare a bar bending schedule for all works…………………

4. MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATION AND COSTING

Take off all quantities for the substructure works up to clouding the Dpc and appropriate finishes for walls,
floors and ceiling………….
Abstract and prepare a bill of quantities of items(a) above using traditional
Method………………………………………………………………

Build up rates and price all the items for the sub-structure works…...

5. SITE ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT

Prepare the following ………………………………………………...

Site layout plan for the works……………………………………………………...

Detailed works programme for the substructure………………………………

Method statement for the substructure…………………………………………

. A critical path analysis and network for the works……....................................

6. SERVICES.

Provide details for the drainage of ablution facilities…………………………

Prepare isometric line diagrams for water reticulation from the public mains...
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Scheme

The constitution of Kenya envisages special protection for socially and Economically deprived sections of the society
for ensuring their rapid economic development and achieving equality with others. Provision of quality education is an
important tool for empowering the weaker sections. Various socio-economic factors obstruct the access of the
children belonging to scheduled castes to education in general and girls in particular, especially those living in rural
areas.

Construction of Social hall building within or close to the campus of educational institutions has been considered one
of the means to enable and encourage boys and girls of SC community to strive towards achievement of quality
education at reasonable costs to improve access to education. Government of Kenya started the Centrally Sponsored

Scheme for construction of new Social Hall building as well as expansion of existing
Social Hall building for community so as to give impetus to students. In due course, certain changes were introduced
to improve the scheme by allowing central assistance in construction of Social hall building in Universities and for
making Social hall building barrier-free for disabled students. A major change came during the Seventh Five Year Plan
(20102017) when the Working Group on the Development and Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
recommended that Social hall building for community students should also be constructed. They recommended at
least two Social hall building for boys and girls should be established in each district HQ in the country.

1.2 Objective of the Scheme

The main objective of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) is to provide space for studests activities and the
university at verse . In order to provide and propagate social homogeneity and equity 10 percent of total seats were
meant for non-SC students. The general instruction issued by the Government of Kenya under the Centrally
Sponsored Scheme (CSS) further provided that if after accommodating all SC applicants, certain seats were left vacant
then accommodation to non-SC students might be considered. However, the proportion of non-SC students in any
case should not exceed 25 percent. The guideline also states that for general category students some charges may be
levied which may be utilized for better maintenance of the Social hall building
.
 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The main problem for addressing this project within the institution is to help in saving time and avoid overcrowding
in the mess. This will also make the student have a comfortable place to rest.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION

Having done all these processes in methodology, this mess hall will be important for students to ensure they
enjoy their meal and socialize with other peers. This will improve good relationships among the students.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE

To have an improved mess hall within the institution.

1.3.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To design foundation

2. To design a typical beam, column and slab

3. To design a stair and a roofThe main problem for addressing this project within the institution is to help in saving
time and avoid overcrowding in the mess. This will also make the student have a comfortable place to rest.
CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Poor structural design and services offered in learning institution has led to students having to conduct
their meeting in classes due to inadequate space.

The social hall can also serve the lecturers within the Institution which will also increase income to the
school.

This makes the staff working around the university to use it in conducting their functions such as

seminors and meetings .

It also will improve the quality of services in the institution and increase punctuality for students and lecturers.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

The nature of activities in construction industry where by several precast units are prepared outside the site.

Safety of workers is also of basic importance for health against the workers in the site and within the site.

10

3.1 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

Design: it complies with the requirements of the Architectural Association of Kenya.

Client: The owner of the proposed construction is the Machakos University

P.O BOX 136-90100, MACHAKOS

The design is a result of findings from;

a) The load bearing capacity of the soil.

b) The nature of loading on the structure

c) The user requirements

3.2 ELEMENTS OF THE BUILDING

a) Strip foundation that will be determined in the site.

b) Foundation wall of 200mm thick quarry stones or concrete blocks reinforced with hoop iron at every two
courses.

c) The floor slab is 150mm thick reinforced with a type D12 steel and concrete mix [Link]

d) The floor bed lies on Damp Proof Membrane for damp proofing on 50mm murram well compacted on 300mm
thick hardcore.

e) Super structure walls are quarry stone dressing on the external face reinforcement with hoop iron at every
two course.

f) Roof trusses of steel rafters 150 by 150mm @1200mm C/C 150×150 ties 150 ×150 king posts, 100 ×50 struts

and braces.

g) Clay tiles are used as roof coverings layer on 2"×1" battens laid on 32gauge corrugated iron sheets as
underlay.

3.3 FINISHES

i. External walls -Raking and pointing

ii. Paring around the building 600mm ×600mm concrete slabs

iii. Internal wall finishes -Gauged plaster - sand /cement in ratio 1:3

iv. Floor finishes -Ceramic floor in kitchen,

v. PVC tiles – whole hall and the store

vi. Wood blocks – Balcony

vii. Doors -From steel square tube (external) and internal -study flush

viii. Windows-From purpose made steel

ix. Fascia board- 225 by 25mm aluminium planned with a bevel on lower side.

x. Rain water goods -Gutters, swan neck with down pipes for storm water drain into underground tank.

3.4 STEPS FOLLOWED DURING CONSTRUCTION

The steps may be classified as:

i. Pre-construction

ii. During construction

iii Post construction

3.4.1 Pre Construction

Acquire land

Technical consultation Design process

Prepare budget ,cost estimation, time estimation, and labour estimation for the project.

Building permits

Tendering

3.4.2 During Construction

Site clearance

Excavation ; excavation to trench bases and column bases

Reinforcement to the column and strip bases

Concrete blinding to the column and strip bases

Foundation walling

Back filling and compacting

300 mm for the hardcore filling and compacting

50 mm murram blinding and

compacting Anti-termite controlling

laying of DPM

Reinforcement where D12 will be used

Superstructure columns

Masonry work

Lintel over windows

Floor slab

Plastering
 Fixtures and fittings

Electrical and plumbing

Finishes and painting

3.4.3 Post Construction

Landscaping

Type of data needed to make enough observations

Reduce pollution

Enhance water management

Soil sampling

3.5 SOIL MECHANIC

1. To ensure that the soil is suitable for the structure

2. To enable an adequate and economical design to be made

3.6 SOIL SAMPLING 3.6.1

Apparatus Sampling

bags Measuring depth

apparatus mattock

Spade gloves (protective

gears )

3.6.2 Procedure of sampling

[Link] overburdened layer measured 0.5 m was removed from each pit

[Link] firm soil was found to be 1m below

3.6.3 Physical characteristics of firm soil

It was red soil and therefore it was capable to hold the structure

The soil sampled was dried for seven days in an oven and prepared for tests according to BS8110 3.6.4 Soil

preparation
 Material for grading Procter and CBR was taken from new samples

Materials for plasticity index was passed in sieve number 5.25mm

3.6.5 Soil testing

The commonly tests carried out were

Plasticity index/Atterberg limit

California bearing ratio

Grading

3.6.6 Conclusion

Laboratory test analysis

The soil thereby achieved the plasticity index[p1] of 13 and its liquid limit of 57 this satisfies that the soil is
therefore able to hold the building. The soil had CBR of 117 shows that the bearing capacity of soil is
stable thus the type of foundation will be strip

3.7 DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of BS 5950

3.8 DESIGN OF BEAMS

• Beam is a horizontal member in the structure that holds the slab over the columns

• A beam of 300 mm thick shall be laid.

• Following are the loads which are acting on the beams.

• Dead load, these are loads that are permanently in the building

• Live load, these are loads that are temporarily in the building.

3.9 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

• Columns are vertical members in the structure that hold and transmit the total load of the structure to the

foundation.

• A column of 400mm×400mm shall be used with height of 2700mm

COLUMNS:

The column which takes load are:

(a) Slab load

(b) beam load

(c) Wall loads

(d) Self weight of the column

CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATION

4.1 SOIL ANALYSIS

4.1.1 Moisture content

Weight of empty tray-200g

Weight of tray +wet soil-950g

Weight of dry soil +tray-1100g

Weight of water=1150-1100=50g

Weight of soil=1100-200=900g

Moisture content=weight of water/weight of solid x100٪

50/900 x100%=5.55%

Sieve analysis

The soil samples are taken through a series of sieves of different sizes

Sieve size Mass retained %Retained %Passing

0 0 0 100
2.25mm 13 0.70 99.30
1.18mm 115 6.13 93.17
850 130 6.97 86.20
600 268 13.80 72.40
425 312 16.53 55.87
300 350 17.28 38.59
212 380 19.72 18.57
 150 230 11.30 7.57
75 127 6.32 1.25
<75 25 1.25 0

Table 1; Sieve analysis

The grain distribution curve is plotted by taking values of mass retained (D) on x axis and corresponding values

on y-axis

Coefficient of uniformity CU

CU=D60/D10

COEFFICIENT OF CURVATURE CC

CC=D 30 2/D 60 x D 10

4.1.2 BEARING CAPACITY

The shear box analysis used to determine the bearing capacity of soil i.e. amount of loads soil can carry without

failure. This is done using different loadings of 5kg ,10kg ,15kg .and the shear box 100mm by

100mm. the soil is put in a shear box and the alignment of apparatus is arranged and switched on using the
first load is put in a tabular for a loading.

SOIL SAMPLE READINGS

Time in seconds Load of 5kg Load of 10kg Load of 15kg

0 0 0 0
30 45 90 120
60 80 180 265
90 160 290 322
120 160 335 387
150 160 370 454
180 160 440 488
210 160 450 553
 240 160 472 605
270 160 498 642
300 160 477 656
330 160 475 661
360 160 471 663
390 170 475 658
420 160 468 646

Table 2: Soil Sample Readings

Normal stress dn=9(m+1) +26.93×g/box area

Where; m= mass of load g=gravitational pull

Conclusion the normal stress is seen to increase as the loads increase

4.3 CONCLUSIONS

It was a great learning experience for me while working on this project. This project took me

through the various phases of project development and gave me real insight into the world of

building engineering. The joy of working and the thrill involved while tackling the various problems

and challenges gave me a feel of the development industry.

It was due to this project that I came to know how professional software is designed.
 SURVEYING
B.S I.S F.S REMARKS RISE FALL R.L
0.33
1.520
1.484
1.345
1.445 1.368
1.365
1.315
1.305
1.405
1.406
1.650
1.538
1.374
1.310
1.310
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
PROJECT PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A MODERN MESS
HALL
ITEM CRITICAL PATH

ACTIVITY EVENT DURATION

A 1-2 2
B 1-3 3
C 1-4 4
D 2-5 5
E 3-5 6
F 4-7 7
G 4-6 8
H 5-7 5
I 7-8 9
J 6-8 0
K 6-9 9
L 8-10 11
M 9-10 12
ESTIMATING AND COSTING
MEASUREMENT