MtE-345L- Fundamental of

Thermal Sciences
Lab No. 01
To study the cut model of an I.C. four-
stroke petrol engines

Muhammad Huzaifa Iqbal

22PWMCT0841

6th semester

22pwmct0841@[Link]

Submitted To

Dr. Muhammad Akmal

University of Engineering and Technology

Peshawar
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Contents
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 3

1. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF THE PETROL CYCLE, INCLUDING ENGINE DIAGRAM, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM,
AND PV......................................................................................................................................................... 3

ENGINE & SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:................................................................................................................. 4

PV DIAGRAM:............................................................................................................................................... 5

2. NAME AND DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE OBSERVED VARIOUS PARTS OF AN I.C. PETROL ENGINE. 5

3. DESCRIBE ENGINE VALVETRAIN OHV, SOHC, DOHC OR FLATHEAD DESIGNS...........................................6

4. DESCRIBE VTEC, I-VTEC AND VVT.......................................................................................................... 7

Introduction
In this lab, we have studied the cut model of an IC four-stroke petrol engine. We
analyzed different parts of the machine and studied the different motions of these parts.
We also studied about complete Thermodynamic cycle of the pistons, differential
system, gear shifting mechanism, brakes mechanism, etc.

1. Working Principles of the Petrol Cycle,

including engine diagram, schematic diagram,
and PV
The petrol cycle also known as the Otto cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle that describes
the operation of a four-stroke internal combustion engine. It consists of four processes:
intake, compression, power/combustion, and exhaust.

I. During the intake process, the piston moves down and draws a mixture of air
and fuel into the cylinder through the open intake valve. The exhaust valve is
closed during this process.
II. During the compression process, the piston moves up and compresses the air-
fuel mixture inside the cylinder. Both valves are closed during this process. The
compression ratio is the ratio of the maximum and minimum volumes of the
cylinder. A higher compression ratio increases the efficiency and power of the
engine.
III. During the power/Combustion process, the spark plug ignites the compressed
air-fuel mixture, causing a rapid increase in pressure and temperature. The
expanding gases push the piston down, producing mechanical work. This is the
only process that generates power in the cycle. Both valves are closed during this
process.
IV. During the exhaust process, the piston moves up and pushes the burned gases
out of the cylinder through the open exhaust valve. The intake valve is closed
during this process. The exhaust gases are then released into the atmosphere or
treated by a catalytic converter.
Engine & Schematic Diagram:
The engine diagram shows the layout of the cylinders, valves, spark plugs, and camshaft
in the engine. The schematic diagram shows the piston positions and valve timings for
each process in the cycle.
PV Diagram:
The PV diagram shows the pressure-volume relationship for each process in the cycle.

2. Name and describe the functions of the

observed various parts of an I.C. petrol engine.

The various parts of an I.C. petrol engine and their functions are:

I. Cylinder: The cylinder is the space where the air-fuel mixture is compressed and
ignited by the spark plug. It is also where the expanding gases push the piston
down to produce power. The number and arrangement of cylinders determine
the engine’s displacement, configuration, and performance.

II. Piston: The piston is a cylindrical metal piece that moves up and down inside the
cylinder. It is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod. The piston
converts the pressure and heat of the combustion into mechanical work. The top
of the piston is called the crown, and the bottom is called the skirt. The piston
has rings around it that seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall,
preventing gas leakage and oil contamination.

III. Valve: The valve is a device that controls the flow of air and fuel into the cylinder
and the flow of exhaust gases out of the cylinder. There are two types of valves:
 intake and exhaust. The intake valve opens during the intake process and closes
during the compression process. The exhaust valve opens during the exhaust
process and closes during the power process. The valve is operated by a
camshaft, which is driven by a timing belt or chain from the crankshaft. The valve
has a stem, a head, and a spring. The stem is the part that connects to the
camshaft. The head is the part that seals the cylinder. Spring is the part that
returns the valve to its closed position.

IV. Spark plug: The spark plug is a device that produces a spark to ignite the
compressed air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. It is located at the top of the
cylinder, near the intake valve. The spark plug has two electrodes: a center
electrode and a ground electrode. The center electrode is connected to a high-
voltage source, such as a coil or a distributor. The ground electrode is connected
to the engine block. When the voltage difference between the electrodes is high
enough, a spark jumps across the gap, causing combustion.

V. Crankshaft: The crankshaft is a long metal shaft that converts the reciprocating
motion of the pistons into rotational motion. It is connected to the pistons by
connecting rods. The crankshaft has several crankpins, which are the points
where the connecting rods attach. The crankshaft also has counterweights, which
are used to balance the forces and vibrations of the engine. The crankshaft is
supported by bearings, which reduce friction and wear. The crankshaft is
connected to the flywheel, which is a large metal disc that stores rotational
energy and smooths out the engine’s power delivery.

3. Describe Engine Valvetrain OHV, SOHC, DOHC

or Flathead Designs.

The engine valvetrain is the system that operates the valves in the engine. There are
four main types of valvetrain designs: OHV, SOHC, DOHC, and flathead.

I. OHV (Overhead Valve): OHV is a valvetrain design where the camshaft is in the
engine block, below the cylinder head. The camshaft operates the valves through
pushrods and rocker arms. The pushrods are long metal rods that transfer the
motion of the camshaft to the rocker arms. The rocker arms are levering that
pivot on a fulcrum and push or pull the valve stems. OHV engines have fewer
moving parts and lower manufacturing costs, but they also have lower
performance and efficiency due to the increased weight and friction of the
valvetrain.

II. SOHC (Single Overhead Camshaft): SOHC is a valvetrain design where the
camshaft is in the cylinder head, above the valves. The camshaft operates the
 valves directly or through rocker arms. SOHC engines have one camshaft per
cylinder bank, which means they have two camshafts for a V-shaped engine and
one camshaft for an inline engine. SOHC engines have better performance and
efficiency than OHV engines, but they also have higher complexity and weight.

III. DOHC (Double Overhead Camshaft): DOHC is a valvetrain design where the
camshaft is in the cylinder head, above the valves. The camshaft operates the
valves directly or through rocker arms. DOHC engines have two camshafts per
cylinder bank, which means they have four camshafts for a V-shaped engine and
two camshafts for an inline engine. DOHC engines have better performance and
efficiency than SOHC engines, as they allow for more valves per cylinder, better
valve timing, and variable valve timing. However, they also have higher
complexity, weight, and cost.

IV. Flathead (Side Valve): Flathead is a valvetrain design where the camshaft is in
the engine block, below the cylinder head. The camshaft operates the valves
through lifters and pushrods. The valves are located on the side of the cylinder,
rather than on the top. Flathead engines have the simplest and lightest
valvetrain, but they also have the lowest performance and efficiency, as they
have poor airflow, low compression ratio, and high heat transfer. Flathead
engines are obsolete and rarely used in modern engines.

4. Describe VTEC, I-VTEC and VVT

VTEC, I-VTEC, and VVT are technologies that allow for variable valve timing in engines.
Variable valve timing is the ability to change the timing of the valve opening and closing,
depending on the engine speed and load. This improves the engine’s performance,
efficiency, and emissions.

I. VTEC (Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control): VTEC is a

technology developed by Honda that uses two or three different cam profiles for
each valve. The cam profiles have different lift and duration, which means they
affect how far and how long the valve opens. The engine switches between the
cam profiles by using hydraulic pressure and solenoids. VTEC engines have low
cam profiles for low and mid-range speeds, which provide smooth and efficient
operation. They also have high cam profiles for high speeds, which provide more
power and torque.

II. I-VTEC (Intelligent Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control): I-
VTEC is an advanced version of VTEC that also incorporates variable valve timing
for the intake valves. The engine can adjust the timing of the intake valve
opening and closing by using a phaser, which is a device that rotates the
 camshaft relative to the crankshaft. I-VTEC engines have more precise and
flexible control over the valve timing, which improves the engine’s
responsiveness, fuel economy, and emissions.

III. VVT (Variable Valve Timing): VVT is a generic term for any technology that
allows for variable valve timing in engines. VVT can be applied to both intake and
exhaust valves, or only to one of them. VVT can use different mechanisms, such
as phasers, helical gears, or electric motors, to change the valve timing. VVT
engines can optimize the valve timing for different engine conditions, which
improves the engine’s performance, efficiency, and emissions.

References:

1. [Link]
valvetrains-and-which-design-works-best
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]