Presented to: Dr.

Ijaz Ahmed Tatla

Presented by: Amina Nazir
Subject: Pakistan history of education
policy and plan
Topic: "strategies of Education Policy"

University of Education, Division of Education, Lahore

Content list
Education policy
Strategies
• Education policy 1947
• Education policy 1959
• Education policy 1970
• Education policy 1972
• Education policy 1979
• Education policy 1992
• Education policy 1998-2010
Educational policy
• Education Policy refers to a set of guidelines
and strategies established by governments to
enhance the quality of education.
• Education policy consists of the principles and
policy decisions that influence the field of
education, as well as the collection of laws and
rules that govern the operation of education
systems.
Education policy 1947
The first National education conference was held
at Karachi from November 27th to December 1st,
1947.
• Free and Compulsory Education: The policy
aimed to make primary education free and
compulsory for all children, regardless of their
socioeconomic background.
• The curriculum was to be revised to include
subjects like science, mathematics, and
technology.
• The policy emphasized the importance of
Islamic studies in the curriculum.
• The policy recommended in-service training
programs for teachers to update their
knowledge and skills.
• The policy aimed to launch literacy programs to
reduce illiteracy rates among adults.
The policy 1947 implementation faced various
challenges, including lack of resources, political
instability, and administrative problems of new
born county.
Education policy 1959
The National Education Commission of 1959,
chaired by S.M. Sharif, aimed to reform
Pakistan's education system.
• Compulsory Education: The commission
recommended making primary education
compulsory up to the age of 10.
• The government was urged to expand the
network of primary schools, especially in rural
areas.
• The commission emphasized the need for well
-trained teachers and recommended the
establishment of teacher training institutions.
• Urdu was to be the medium of instruction at
the secondary and higher levels.
• The commission recommended the launch of
literacy programs to reduce illiteracy rates
among adults.
• Focus on science and Technical education.
• Examination system should be combination of
internal (25%) and external (75%) evaluation.
• Religious education should be introduced in
three stage:
1. Compulsory at middle level.
2. Optional at secondary level.
3. Research at University level.
Education policy 1970
The 1970 National Education Policy was
adopted by the Cabinet on March 26, 1970.
• Establishment of Islamic Studies: The policy
mandated the establishment of Islamic Studies
departments in educational institutions.
• The policy aimed to decentralize educational
administration and give more autonomy to
provinces.
• The policy aimed to promote scientific and
technological education to meet the demands
of modern society.
• The policy aimed to launch literacy programs to
reduce illiteracy rates among adults.
• The policy encouraged community
mobilization to promote literacy.
Policy was not implemented due to war with
India, separation of East Pakistan. its
implementation was hindered by political
instability and economic challenges. However,
some of its key strategies, such as the emphasis
on Islamic values and science and technology,
have continued to influence subsequent
education policies in Pakistan.
Education policy 1972
Zulifqar Bhutto announced a national Education
policy on 29 March 1972.
• Private schools, colleges, and other
educational institutions were nationalized to
bring uniformity in education.
• Launch adult literacy programs to target
illiterate adults.
• Promote non-formal education to provide
flexible learning opportunities for working
individuals.
• Develop a unified and national curriculum to
foster a sense of patriotism and national
identity.
• Establish technical and vocational institutions
to provide skills-based education.
• Invest in building infrastructure, hiring teachers,
and upgrading existing schools.
• Encourage female enrollment in schools and
colleges.
• Address the gender gap in literacy and
education.
• Increase the number of universities and
colleges.
• Active participation of teacher, students, and
parents in educational affairs.
• All public and private schools to provide free
education up to class 8th. Second phase
starting 1974, free education extended up to
class 10th.
• Provide incentives and scholarships to reduce
gender disparity in education.
The policy was good approach towards
betterment, but has many drawbacks due to lack
of adequate resources.
Education policy 1979
The Education Policy of 1979 in Pakistan,
introduced during General Zia-ul-Haq's regime,
marked a significant departure from earlier
policies by emphasizing Islamization of
education and promoting a more religious-
oriented framework.
• Incorporation of Islamic teachings across all
levels of education.
• Introduction of compulsory Islamiat as a
subject from primary to university levels.
• Establishment of Quranic schools (Deeni
Madaris) to provide free religious education.
• Emphasis on the ideology of Pakistan and its
foundations in Islamic principles.
• Revision of textbooks to emphasize Islamic
values, culture, and history.
• Establishment of separate schools for girls to
address cultural barriers.
• Urdu was further emphasized as the medium
of instruction to promote national cohesion.
• Launch of adult literacy programs to improve
literacy rates among adults.
Education policy 1992
This policy was announced in December 1992.
• Make primary education free and compulsory
to increase literacy rates.
• Expand school infrastructure, especially in rural
and underprivileged areas.
• Provide scholarships and incentives to
encourage girls' education.
• Recruit more female teachers to address
gender barriers.
• Facilitate public-private partnerships to
enhance the quality and reach of education
• Promote community participation in the
management of schools through parent-
teacher associations and local committees.
• Ensure the curriculum aligns with national
development goals and international standards.
• Focus on Islamic education while also
introducing modern subjects.
• Allocate more resources to the education
sector, aiming to spend at least 4% of GDP on
education.
• Use of Av aids promoting private sectors.
Education policy 1998-2010
The Education Policy of 1998-2010 in Pakistan
outlined a long-term vision to improve the
country's education system. The policy focused
on expanding access, improving quality,
reducing disparities, and modernizing education
to meet national development goals.
Strategies:
• Achieve 100% enrollment at the primary level
by 2010.
• Make primary education free and compulsory.
• Reduce dropout rates through school
infrastructure improvements and incentives like
free textbooks and stipends.
• Increase literacy rate to 70% by 2010 through:
• Launching mass literacy campaigns.
• Establishing community-based literacy centers.
• Introducing adult and non-formal education
programs targeting out-of-school children and
adults.
• Modernize the curriculum to include science,
technology, and information technology (IT).
• Emphasize Islamic values, ethics, and tolerance.
• Align the curriculum with international standards
and national development priorities.
• Increase female enrollment at all levels,
particularly in rural and conservative areas.
• Establish new universities and colleges to
increase access to higher education.
• Provide better pay, job security, and career
progression opportunities to attract and retain
qualified teachers.
• Decentralize education management to
provincial and district levels for better planning
and implementation.
• Strengthen Islamic education by incorporating
teachings of the Quran and Sunnah into the
curriculum.
• Increase education expenditure to 4% of GDP
by 2010.
• Establish computer labs in schools and
colleges.
• Promote IT literacy among students and
teachers to prepare for global competitiveness.
• Ensure coordination between federal,
provincial, and local governments for effective
execution.
• Strengthening of research in higher education.
 Reference:
• [Link]
link=https%3A%2F%[Link]%2Fs
lideshow%2Fdifferent-education-policies-of-
pakistan%2F48395767&utm_campaign=aga&u
tm_source=agsadl1%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2
%2F4
• Ahmad, I., & Rauf, M. (2012). Implementation
gaps in educational policies of pakistan:
Critical analysis of problem and way forward.
International journal of Humanities and Science.