CE 322/322.1: PRINCIPLES OF 5.
Long service life
REINFORCED/PRESTERESSED CONCRETE 6. Economical material
7. Versatile
LESSON 1: Properties of Concrete as a Construction
8. Inexpensive and local material
Material
9. Does not require skilled labor
Objectives:
Disadvantages:
1. Define concrete and reinforced concrete. 1. Low tensile strength
2. Identify structures for which the use of reinforced or 2. Formworks required
prestressed concrete is applicable to use. 3. Low strength per unit of weight
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of 4. Relatively large
reinforced concrete. 5. Properties vary
4. Compare reinforced concrete structure and structural - Shrinkage and creep
steel structure.
5. Demonstrate the typical stress-strain characteristics
of concrete in simple compression and the evaluation
of its mechanical properties.
6. Discuss the properties of reinforcing steel and grades
of steel available.
7. Understand and apply different types of loads and
combinations to structures using National Structural
Code of the Philippines 2015.
8. Discuss the code used in practice for the reinforced
concrete design such as NSCP and ACI. History:
Definition:
Concrete – mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rocks, or
other aggregates held together in a rock like mass with a
paste of cement and water.
Reinforced Concrete – Combination of concrete and steel
wherein steel provides the tensile strength lacking in the
concrete. (Brown & McCormac) - Built during a.d. 126 using pozzolana mixed with
quicklime and water
- In 1824, Joseph Apsdin obtained a patent for
cement
- In 1867, Joseph Monier was credited for the
invention of reinforced concrete structures.
- In 1877, Thaddeus Hyatt was probably the first
person to correctly analyze the stresses in a
reinforced concrete.
- In 1870s, E. L. Ransome originated the creation
of deformed bars.
NSCP 2015
Reinforced Concrete vs Structural Steel
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural
Material: - <4 stories = concrete, steel, and wall bearing are
1. Compressive strength competitive
2. Resistance to fire and water - 4-20 stories = concrete and steel are competitive
3. Rigid
4. Low-maintenance
- > 20 stories = steel mostly being used in the - For massive structures, heat dissipates slowly
past; but has concrete has become competitive and can cause problems such as expanding
today also during hydration.
- Other factors that need to be considered in
choosing which type to be used
Availability of material
Foundation Admixtures:
Height and span 1. Air-entraining admixtures
Local building code 2. Accelerating Admixtures
Architectural 3. Retarding admixtures
Duration 4. Superplasticizers
Compatibility of concrete and steel: 5. Waterproofing materials
- Compensates the disadvantage of each other
Building Code: Properties of Reinforced Concrete:
Compressive strength
Types of Portland Cement:
- Concretes made with Portland cement require
about two weeks to achieve sufficient strength.
Such concretes reach 28 days and continue to
gain strength at a lower rate thereafter.
Concrete Compressive Strength (f’c) Typical concrete stress-strain curve, with short term loading
1. 2500 psi (17 MPa)
2. 3000 psi (21 MPa)
Modulus of elasticity:
3. 4000 psi (28 MPa)
4. 5000 psi (34 MPa)
5. 6000 psi (41 MPa)
6. 7000 psi (48 MPa)
7. 10000 psi (69 MPa)
8. 20000 psi (138 MPa)
Used in the field
1. 3000 – 4000 psi; ordinary application
2. 5000 -60000 psi; prestressed construction
3. 9000 – 10000 psi; high-rise buildings
Modulus or rupture:
Limits of f'c based on NSCP
Poisson’s ratio:
- Ratio of the lateral expansion to the longitudinal
shortening
Reinforcing Steel
Yellow – Grade 40
Green – Grade 60
Red – Weldable
Typical stress strain curve of steel: Concrete Density:
Mechanical Properties: References:
McCormac. J & Brown R., (2016). Design of Reinforced
Modulus of Elasticity: 200 Gpa
Concrete. Wiley 10th Edition.
Ultimate tensile strength (Fu) American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2019). Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-19)
Yield Strength (Fy)
White – Grade 33
