DELEGATE

HAND BOOK
GFM MUN II
 TITLE
INDEX PG
The Concept | What is an 2
MUN?

Rules of Procedure (UNA- 5

USA Format)
Flow of Debate
Types of Motions
Types of Points

Researching Effectively 18

Position Papers 22

Draft Resolutions 24

How to? | Speech 26

General Speakers List
Moderated Caucus

General Delegating 29
Guidelines

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The Concept | What is MUN?
Just like the United Nations- an organization formed in 1945 due to the
inefficiency of the former league of nations and the need for international
peace and security- Model United Nations (MUN) is a simulation, but at a
student level.

The United Nations is further divided into different sub-organizations for

specialized and organized control. The major divisions are the Security
Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship
Council, and the International Court of Justice.

However it includes hundreds of other affiliations and sub-organizations as

well which turn out to be more relevant in MUNs like the 6 divisions of the
General Assembly, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UN
Women, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Historical
Security Council, Continuous Crisis Committees, International Labor
Organization (ILO), UNESCO, UNICEF, Human Rights Council (HRC),
UNEP, ICJ, ICC, UNHCR and so on. Sometimes even other organizations
such as NATO, EU, Arab League, GCC etc.

The United Nations holds meetings every now and then to discuss world
affairs or emergency meetings in crisis situations for immediate response. The
participants are delegates from various countries who come to represent their
country’s policies and contribute to solving the issue(s) at hand.

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Similarly, in an MUN, delegates are given a committee to attend (SC, GA,
HRC etc.) and a country to represent. Their goal throughout the conference is
going to be to contribute in the discussion, assessment, analysis and solving of
the problem(s) in hand. They must do so with respect to the foreign policies of
the country they’ve received.
Example: Being the delegate of China, you cannot suggest solutions that
glorify internet freedom as China itself exercises severe internet control.

Although in some cases this may seem like a disadvantage where the delegate
may feel like they do not have the moral high-ground or can be easily targeted
because the topic is not in their favor, that is completely alright and in fact,
makes the conference even more fun and challenging.

Something to keep in mind is that you don’t get judged upon whether or not
you have that moral high-ground or topic advantage, but how well you can
represent your country stance, defend its policies, collaborate with other
delegates and contribute in solving the issue(s) in hand.

Example 1: If you are the delegate of China (PRC) in the United Nations
Security Council (UNSC) and the topic is ‘democracy’. The conference is 10x
more fun for you because you’ve a greater role to play, making you significant
in the committee and easier to score as if you can defend Chinese policies
(which trust me, is pretty easy to do if you have your research right—which
will be discussed in further pages), the ball easily falls in your court. You may
not go against the concept of democracy, but accept all forms of governments
and proclaim no form must be forced upon another, as what Chinese officials
claim on its policies of non-intervention.

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Example 2: If you are the delegate of a country that does not accept refugees
(maybe Austria) in the United Nations General Assembly Third Committee
(GA3), and the topic is ‘refugee crisis’. Do not feel afraid to let the committee
know that Austria will not be looking forward in taking refugees in due to
financial issues, and crime rate insecurities and whatever other reason(s) there
may be. You will be scored upon how well and accurately you explain that (and
diplomatically too) and not whether or not you’re accepting refugees.

Along with representing your foreign policy and nations’ stand on the given
topic, you must also respect its international relations and work accordingly.

Example: Being China, it wouldn’t make sense to work together with United
States on the topic of, for example, Syrian crisis. However, in some cases where
the United States and China can (and realistically already have/are) working
together, you can do so. Such as for tackling the international threats posed by
terrorism.

At the end, you will have to come up with solutions for the given topic via
formal documents called ‘Draft Resolutions’ (discussed later on) which mark
the end of the topic. Everything will be debated upon. MUNs will be highly
focused around debate, communication, socializing, lobbying, collaboration,
critical and innovative thinking.

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 Rules of Procedure
Roll call Quorum
At the beginning of each session, the The committees may start their
Chairs will conduct a roll call in activities when at least 1/3rd of the
alphabetical order. Delegates shall delegates are present. If participants
establish their presence in the arrive during or after the roll call, they
Committee in either of the two following are required to send a note to the chairs
manners stating whether they are ‘present’ or
‘present and voting’.
Present and Voting: A Delegate that
declares themselves “Present and Voting” (Roll call takes place in the start of
shall vote in favor or against any matter every committee session)
without the possibility of abstention.
Present: A Delegate that declares
themselves “Present” shall vote in favor,
against or abstain on any substantive Motion
matter. They cannot abstain from voting A motion is a request made by a
on procedural matters (moving into delegate to move the committee as a
caucuses etc.) whole to do something. This could be
for various reasons enlisted after the
Opening The Floor For Debate explanation of flow of debate.
After roll call is done, the floor has to
be opened to debate. This is done so via Motion to Set The Agenda
a ‘motion to open the floor for debate’. “Motion to set the agenda to ‘topic A' followed
by ‘topic B’”
Setting The Agenda
Eg: Motion to set the agenda to ‘discussing
After the floor is open to debate, the
the flow of debate’ followed by ‘discussing
chairs will open the floor to points and
motions. A motion to ‘set the agenda’ the types of motions’.
has to be proposed at this point.

This motion is only used for committees

that have two agendas.

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 If a committee has only one agenda, the Simple Majority
chairs automatically declare the setting of that
If more than 50% of the
agenda. The purpose of this motion in a two delegates present in committee
or more agenda committee is to give delegates vote in favor of a motion, it
the choice to determine in which order will the passes. This number is declared
given topics be discussed. This motion is put at the beginning of the first
to vote and has to receive a simple majority to session.
pass, else fails. A 50-50 vote will result in one
speaker for and against the motion with 30 (points will be explained in
seconds speaking time each, no points of detail later ahead)
information (POIs) (fancy for questions)
followed by a re-vote
Motion To Establish The GSL
“Motion to establish the GSL”

Establishing The General Speakers List This motion automatically

(GSL) passes and is not put to vote.
Once the agenda has been adopted, a motion
to establish the general speakers list has to be
Duration of a GSL
proposed (the chairs will open the floor to
nfinite, the GSL elapses only
points and motions). After it’s establishment,
when the conference does. It
the chairs ask delegates to raise their placards
cannot be closed or extended.
if they wish to be added to the speakers list
An empty GSL list indicates a
from which a random list is prepared in which
blank GSL, it does not mean it
speakers speak in the order they were
has closed.
recognized.

The speaking time of a GSL is fixed to either

Yielding Remaining Time
60 or 90 seconds depending on chairs
discretion. Speeches are made in the context To POIs, the delegate opens himself
of the adopted agenda as a whole. to a number of questions he sets or
set by the chairs.
In case the delegate doesn’t use up all his Back to the chair, the delegate is not
time, they can yield it in three ways. open to any POIs and returns to his
seat

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In some cases, the chairs can entertain have taken place. This motion is also put to
POIs for a delegate despite their time vote another delegate, the other delegate has
elapsing based on the controversial nature to accept or decline the time for this yield to
or importance of the statements made by work. POIs will be entertained in bothGSLs
and Moderated caucuses.
the delegate that spoke.

Motions for Moderated

Moving into Moderated Caucuses
Caucuses Establishment
“Motion to move into a
The chairs will open the floor to points and
moderated caucus on the topic __
motions at any time irrespective of the
for individual speaking time __
status of the GSL.
and total time __.”
A moderated caucus can be called a (Eg: If the main topic is “combatting
limited GSL with a specific sub-topic. global terrorism”. A motion to move
Along with a speakers time, it even has a into a moderated caucus on the topic
total caucus time and automatically closes “methods to stop illicit fund flows to
when that time elapses irrespective of terrorists” for individual speaking
whether speakers are remaining. time 60 seconds and total time 15
However, it can be extended via a motion minutes would be in order.)
to extend. A moderated caucus can only
be extended once. All three scenarios are Closing
put to vote and require a simple majority “Motion to end this moderated
to pass. caucus” (requires 2/3rd majority)
Extending
A minimum of 3-5 moderated caucuses “Motion to extend
have to take place before moving into
current/previous moderated
unmoderated caucuses.
caucus for ___ (time)”

Moving into Unmoderated Motions for Unmoderated

Caucuses Caucuses
Establishment
A motion to move into an unmoderated “Motion to move into an
caucus is entertained after a reasonable unmoderated for __ (time)”
amount of moderated caucuses

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and requires a simple majority to pass. Closing
Unmoderated caucuses are used for forming “Motion to end this unmoderated
alliances/blocs, informal debate and caucus” (requires 2/3rd majority)
discussion and resolution formation.
Extending
“Motion to extend
current/previous unmoderated
caucus for ___ (time)”
Resolution Discussion
After draft resolutions (will be explained Motion To Discuss Draft
in detail ahead) have been submitted, Resolution
they have to be motioned to be discussed.

Sponsor Speech “Motion to discuss draft

resolution _____ (name of DR)”
Depending on time scenario, the chairs
(Draft resolutions have to be
give the sponsors (writers) of the resolution
named by the sponsors for
a certain amount of time on their
identification purposes. The
discretion to read and explain the
names must be ethical and
resolution. The time allotted for points of
diplomatic)
information is independent of speaking
time.

Amendment
Amendments
After sponsor speech, the chairs open to A document aiming to add,
taking amendments. remove or modify clauses in a
Explanation: The sponsor of the resolution being discussed.
amendment explains the amendment
Resolutions’ Sponsors Declaration: (Amendment-based speakers
After the amendment has been explained, get between 30 and 90
seconds with POIs inclusive of
the sponsors of the resolution have to
this time. The number of pro
declare the amendment friendly or and con speakers is decided by
unfriendly. A friendly amendment directly the chairs)
passes, an unfriendly amendment
undergoes three more stages as follows:
Pro-Speaker: delegates speak in favor
of the amendment

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 If 40% of a resolution is amended
Con-Speaker: delegates speak against the
(unfriendly) then the resolution is
amendment
automatically tabled.
Amendment Voting: The amendment fails if it
doesn’t get simple majority favor. (Resolution-based speakers get
between 60 and 90 seconds with
Pro/Con Speakers POIs inclusive of this time. The
After amendments are over, delegates speak number of pro and con
in favor or against the resolution as a whole
speakers is decided by the
in its post-amendment status.
chairs- it is usually 2 each)
Voting on the resolution as a whole
After the pro/con speakers for the resolution Resolutions usually pass with a
as a whole. The resolution is voted upon. simple majority vote, however
some committees have different
Following the fail/pass of the discussed
resolutions, the next resolution is brought up stipulations so refer to your
and discussed in the same order. committee’s mandate for the
same.
When all resolutions are discussed on the first
topic- a motion to close the agenda needs to Vetoes* will be in order only in
be passed following which the chairs declare the security council
the opening of the next agenda and the entire (*Read below for more information on its
procedure repeats. functioning)

(Both require simple majority)

Closing Committee Sessions

Every committee session has to be closed by a motion
to “suspend” the session.
Closing the last committee session
The last committee session has to be closed by a
motion to “adjourn”.

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 Vetoes*
In the security council, during the voting of an amendment or a draft
resolution if any one P5 nation (United Kingdom, United States,
France, Russia and China) casts a negative vote, the resolution
automatically fails. However, for the best interest of the committee, in
the event that there is a veto- a P5 moderated caucus with any one
member of the dais will take place outside the committee to discuss the
grounds of the veto depending on which it may either remain or
withdrawn.

Types of Motions
Motion to open the floor for debate
How: “Motion to open the floor for debate”
Purpose: Mandatory opening of floor at the start of the conference. Voting: Passes by
chairs discretion.

Motion to set the agenda

How: “Motion to set the agenda as A followed by B”
Purpose: To determine the order of discussion of agendas in committees with two or
more agendas.
Voting: Simple Majority

Motion to establish the general speakers list (GSL)

How: “Motion to set/establish the GSL”
Purpose: To establish a speakers list when an agenda has been adopted. Voting: Passes
by chairs discretion.
Motion to move into a moderated caucus
How: “Motion to move into a moderated caucus on the topic __ for an individual
speaking time __ and total time __”
Limitation: Cannot exceed 20 minutes.

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Purpose: To discuss sub-topics of the main agenda and get into specifics
and provide focus to the house.

Voting: Simple Majority

Motion to move into an unmoderated caucus

How: “Motion to move into an unmoderated caucus for __
minutes”
Limitation: Cannot exceed 30 minutes.
Purpose: To form blocs/alliances and freely discuss matters and
write resolutions. Voting: Simple Majority

Motion to extend the moderated/unmoderated caucus

How: “Motion to extend the current/previous un-/moderated caucus by
__ minutes”
Limitation: A caucus that has already been extended once cannot be
extended again. Cannot exceed 20 minutes.
Voting: Simple Majority

Motion to close the moderated/unmoderated caucus

How: “Motion to close the un-/moderated caucus”
Purpose: In case the caucus becomes redundant, it can be closed to avoid
wasting time on redundant matters.
Voting: 2/3rd majority

Motion to table the draft resolution

How: “Motion to table draft resolution __ (name of DR)”
Alternatives: “Motion to close discussion on draft resolution __ (name of
DR)”
Purpose: In case the house finds a resolution unworthy and wishes it to
fail immediately without debate, discussion on it can be closed via this
motion.
Voting: 2/3rd majority

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Motion to close the agenda
How: “Motion to close the agenda”
Purpose: Closes the agenda, once all resolutions relating to the topic have
been discussed and there is nothing left.
Voting: Simple majority.

Motion to discuss draft resolution

How: “Motion to discuss draft resolution __ (name of DR)”
Purpose: Multiple resolutions are made for each topic. For distinction and
determination of an order of their discussion they are to be motioned for
discussion by their name unless the chairs prescribe order of discussion as
the order in which they were submitted in.
Voting: Simple majority.

Motion to divide the question

How: “Motion to divide the question”
Alternatives: “Motion to vote clause by clause”
Purpose: In case of resolution and directive discussion, delegates often
tend to support only certain clauses. In this case, a motion to vote on the
resolution clause by clause can be proposed.
Voting: 2/3rd majority

Motion to divide the house

How: “Motion to divide the house”
Purpose: At times, delegates tend to want to explain why they vote in-favor
or against a resolution hoping to influence other delegates or to prevent an
exact 50% vote. A motion to divide the house facilitates voting by roll call
which prohibits abstentions and gives delegates 4 options:-
a) Yes- simple yes, the chairs then call the next country. b) No- simple no, the
chairs then call the next country.

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 c) Yes with rights- the delegate gets 30 seconds to explain why they voted yes.
d) No with rights- the delegate gets 30 seconds to explain why they voted no.
Voting: 2/3rd majority.
Motion to extend POIs
How: “Motion to extend POIs”
Purpose: In case a delegate uses up all his speaking time and is not eligible for
POIs, or if the POIs allotted to them by the chairs were too less in contrast to
the controversy and weight of the statements made by the delegate- a motion to
extend POI’s can be instantly raised before the next speaker goes up.
Voting: None, chairs decide.

Motion to challenge
How: “Motion to challenge the delegate of __ on the topic of __”

a) Based on the time scenario and topic of challenge, the chairs first choose
whether the motion is in order or not.
b) If the chairs deem the motion fit, the challenged delegate has to accept/deny
the challenge. If the challenge is denied, the motion automatically fails.
c) Thedelegatesarethenaskediftheywishtopickonemoredelegatetomakeit a
2v2,even if one delegate denies, the challenge remains a 1v1.
d) The delegate that motioned the challenge (proposition) begins first with a
time of 60 seconds followed by the challenged speaking for 60 seconds. (In a
2v2, both sides get a collective 120 seconds)
e) The rebuttal round starts with the proposition delegate speaking again for 45
seconds followed by the challenged speaking for 45 seconds. (In a 2v2, both
sides get a collective 90 seconds)
f) All delegates then take POIs from other delegates, the delegate raising the
POI directs it to one of two or four delegates.
g) Following the POI session, the committee votes on who wins the challenge.
This is decided based on simple majority.
Purpose: Model UN procedures often come off as limitations for 1v1 or 2v2 debates
between delegates over a specific topic. A motion to challenge facilitates an in-depth
formal debate between 2 or 4 delegates regarding a topic.

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Motion to move to previous question
How: “Motion to move to previous question”
Alternatives: “Motion to move into voting procedures”
Purpose: In case of amendment and draft resolution discussion after the
pro/con speakers have finished a motion to move to previous question is
required to vote on the matter if the chairs don’t automatically do so.
Voting: Simple majority.

Motion to appeal the decision of the chair

How: “Motion to appeal the decision of the chair”
Purpose: In case a delegate feels a decision taken by the chair is unfair
or unfit for the committee, a motion to appeal the decision of the chair
can be proposed where the delegate gets 30 seconds to reason himself
and given an alternative. The appeal is still liable to diplomatic code of
conduct and respect to the dais.
Voting: None, decision of the chair.

Motion to establish a round table conference

How: “Motion to establish a round table conference on the topic __”
Purpose: If a delegate feels a topic requires every delegate’s view, a
motion to establish a RTC can be proposed through which every delegate
has to speak for 30 seconds on the topic it is set for. No POIs are
entertained.
Voting: 2/3rd majority.

Motion to suspend the session

How: “Motion to suspend the session”
Purpose: Every committee session has to send with a motion to suspend
it.
Voting: Simple Majority

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Motion to adjourn
How: “Motion to adjourn”
Purpose: The last committee session has to end with a motion to adjourn.
Voting: Simple Majority

Types of Points
Point of Information
How: The chairs open the floor to points of information and only then do
delegates raise their placards. This point cannot be randomly raised.

Purpose: To ask questions to delegates or chairs after a speech has been made or
something has been said.

Request/Plead to Follow Up
How: “Request/Plead to follow up” to be said right after the other delegate
responds.

Purpose: At times a delegate might feel that their question wasn’t answered
properly or that they need more clarity or want to ask something following up
the previous question- the delegate may raise a request to follow up to do so,
subject to the chairs approval.

Point of Parliamentary Inquiry

How: “Point of parliamentary inquiry”, can be raised at any time as long as it
does not interrupt a speaker.

Purpose: If a delegate is confused regarding what is going on, the procedures or

wishes to do or say something but doesn’t know the procedural pathway to do
so, they can raise a point of parliamentary inquiry asking about it.

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Point of Personal Privelege
How: “Point of personal privilege”, can be raised at any time as long as it does not
interrupt a speaker. It can interrupt a speaker only if the personal privilege is to ask
the speaker to speak slower, or louder
Purpose: Delegates tend to encounter certain discomforts in the conference. The point
of personal privilege is meant to keep them at ease. This point is used if the delegates
wishes to use the restroom, move seats, adjust the temperature, charge a device, bring
a speaker to be audible etc.

Point of Order
How: “Point of order”, only under two conditions. May not interrupt a speaker.

Conditions
a) Violation of the rules of procedure: If a delegate or the chairs have done something
that is a violation of the rules of procedure, any delegate can raise a “point of order”
immediately.
b) Blatant factual inaccuracy: If a delegate or the chairs have made a statement
containing a factual inaccuracy, a point of order can be raised. However, a factual
inaccuracy has to be something universally acceptable and not an opinion, or a foreign
policy view, or any matter that is subject to source. For example, saying that India falls
in Europe would be a point of order but if the delegate of Togo says their country is
doing economically well, it cannot be subject to a point of order as it is a political view
and can be put to debate- not something that can be dismissed as a fact or fallacy.

Delegates often tend to raise point of orders to higher degrees right after someone
raises a point of order. It is to be noted that no point of order to the second degree can
be raised until the chairs respond to the first one.

Right to Reply
How: “Right to reply” right after the speaker has finished.
Purpose: In case a delegate or his country has been insulted, they can raise a right to
reply and speak for 30-60 seconds (as chairs seem fit) as defense.

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 Summarized Flow of Conference:
1. Roll call (attendance basically)
2. Setting which topic to start with (via motions and voting)
3. Opening speeches by delegates who volunteer to do so and whose
countries were added in the speakers list. (usually 45-90 seconds
followed by questions depending on committee size)

4. Moving into moderated caucus to discuss subtopics of the agenda

(subtopics are decided by the delegate raising the motion, which is also
voted upon first)

5. Moving into unmoderated caucuses to form blocs (alliances) and

begin working on Draft Resolutions.

6. Moderated caucus for explanation of the Resolution, pro/con speeches

and amendments finally followed by voting on the resolution as a whole.

7. Once all resolutions are voted upon and pass/table; the topic is closed
and the next topic begins with the same cycle and then the committee
adjourns.

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 Research Effectively
1. Read the Background Guide, least 20 days prior to the conference and make a
note of everything that needs to be understood. Do read the Background guide.

2. In case of a crisis situation always read and look for the analysis and plausible
rationale on the updates that may be issued a week before the MUN. (For Crisis
Committees or pre-informed crisis scenarios)

3. Google/Search everything and find relating documents (UN, News articles,

Scholarly articles, government reports, reports from regional/international
organizations such as EU, NATO, ASEAN, GCC, Arab League etc.) for
whatever was not really understood.

4. After wholly understanding (subject to how in depth you wish to go for the
research), understand your allotted country’s perspective on the agenda in every
way possible including weak spots where other delegates may attack you.

a) What you can do, is make something called a country profile which helps you
keep track of many things about your country that will come in handy.

Basic information (population, neighbors, GDP, relevant budgets to the

topic, which all organizations the country is part of)
Foreign Policies (Country’s vision, mission and goals in various fields such as
UN, other countries, major topics, education, health, terrorism, R&D,
human rights etc.)
Relations with other countries. A list of its closest allies, and enemies.
Any information relevant to your country with the given topic(s)

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You can use various websites to assist you in this such as:
[Link]

5. Make the stance in accordance with the country’s perspective on the agenda
which shall also define your foreign policy (history, past actions etc.). This
knowledge is what has to be used in the making of the position paper and draft
resolutions (discussed further)
6. Understand the cues and hints that are given minutely in the Background
Guide that may come handy while presentation of contentions in committee.
7. Take a good look at the mandate of council as to what you can discuss and
what you can do in this council. This point is placed here, just because your
knowledge base shouldn’t be limited to the mandate of the council. Know
everything, speak whatever the mandate allows.
a) Make sure you don’t speak out of your committees mandate.
Example: Being a delegate in the Human Rights Council discussing issues in
Myanmar, you can not authorize a peacekeeping force to Myanmar as that is only
under the mandate of the Security Council and not the UNHRC.
8. Follow the links given alongside and understand why they were given. Read the
footnotes and the links and hyperlinked text. (Good quality background guides
come with bibliography and links that are recommended to read for greater
insight, don’t overlook them)
• Predict the kind of discussions and on what subtopics can they take place,
thereby analyzing the subtopic research you have done and prepare yourself
accordingly.
• Make a word/pages document and put your arguments there for better
presentation in council. (makes it easier to make impromptu speeches and
arguments)
• Ask the Executive Board (chairs) your doubts, if you have any, least 10 days
before the conference by means of the given email ID and

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make sure to not disclose your allotted country, until you want to understand the
policy of your country.

• Download the United Nations Charter, the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and
additional protocols , and other Conventions relevant to the given topic(s) there to
and other relative treaties and documents given.

Example: For UNHRC under the topic of refugees, you may want to go through the
Refugee Conventions and its various protocols.

[Link]
[Link]
• Ask questions regarding procedure to speak something etc., if you have any, ON the
day of the conference before commencement of committee or via ‘Point of
Parliamentary Inquiry’ during session(s).

9. Once you’re done researching about your country, make sure you also research
against your own country and prepare defenses in the face of certain fields where
other delegates can potentially attack you. Research against other countries as well
and find weak spots on where you can attack them. Focus on searching against
countries that are enemies, or not so close allies. Attacking close allies in ways that go
against your foreign policy would not seem logical.

Example 1: As the delegate of India, you would want to search against Pakistan and China, but if you
search against the United States or United Arab Emirates, it would seem a bit illogical.

Example 2: As the delegate of United Arab Emirates, since most of the world is neutral or friendly with
the UAE, you would want to search against non-GCC countries and delegates that pose a threat to you
for an award.

Ensure that you do this in diplomatic ways, and whatever heat you develop with
delegates during committee sessions stays only towards your country policies and for
MUN-sake, outside committee it is highly recommended not to keep any personal
grudges with that person as a

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whole for the committee debates. You can still attack allies, but in
subtle ways and via questions that don’t come off as aggressive.

Primarily Recommended Links-

(In no order whatsoever)
a. National, regional or international websites
b. International relations media:

i. [Link],
ii. [Link],
iii. [Link], [Link],
iv, [Link],
v. [Link] etc.
c. Scientific Publications
d. PastResolutions

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 Position Papers
Note: This section need not be prioritized if the MUN you are
attending as already provided a Position Paper guide.

Prior to the MUN, a document called the position paper has to be

submitted (length depending on wordcount set by host school,
usually 500-800 words). As the name suggests, it is for the delegate to
explain the position of his country in relevance of the two topics (one
position paper for each topic)

A good position paper includes:

Brief introduction to the topic internationally and nationally.
How the issue effects your country
What has your country done about it, is doing about it, and will
do about it.
Statistics and precise details, relevant quotes from national
leaders
Conventions, treaties and laws your country has signed relevant
to the
topic.
UN actions and resolutions your country has supported/opposed
and why.
Counters common allegations held against the country relevant
to the topic.
Original solutions
Is not plagiarized and lays down bibliography.

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Samples:

1. [Link]
_SC_Franc [Link]/file

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 Draft Resolutions
A resolution contains all the proposed solutions to a topic. Learning to
write a resolution is very important because the ultimate goal of the
committee sessions is for delegates to come up with written solutions to the
problems they are trying to solve. MUNs are not 2-3 days of just
conversations and questions. Resolutions are complex yet significant parts
of an MUN, once you are thorough with every other element of MUNing,
develop your expertise in this field.

Writing a good resolution

Preambulatory Clauses: The preambs are where you describe the problem
and justify why it’s worthy of the committee’s attention. You also underline
the reasons behind the solutions that you will be proposing in the operative
section. Having a good preamble is important before moving on to the
operative section.

Operative Clauses: These clauses are the core of the resolution and must lay
down a proper framework to tackle the issues at hand. They must not be
vague and must be able to answer every question regarding how they will be
implemented, their feasibility, time-line and why they are the best solutions.

It is always a good idea to connect perambulatory clauses with operative

clauses. No perambulatory clause must be left unaddressed. Every
mentioned problem must be dealt with.

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Precision: The resolution must not be vague. It must address the audience it
is targeted to. The financing. Legality of implementation keeping in mind
national and international law. Oversight and progress-tracking and
timeline. It is also to be kept in mind that when a resolution is practically
implemented, countries implement what is mentioned in the document and
not what was mentioned in the speeches explaining. Hence it is important
that everything is mentioned in the document in such a way that it is clear
and understandable without needing to give a speech- although that still
remains an integral part of the conference.

Mandate-Abiding: A good resolution effectively utilizes the mandate of the

committee it is being proposed in and respects and makes use of
international law.

Concision: Every clause must have a purpose.

Good form: A good resolution is in proper format, accurate grammar,

clear and precise language and is not plagiarized.

Samples:

1. [Link]
C_France .pdf/file
2. [Link]
NSC_S [Link]/file

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 How to? | Speeches
General Speakers List-
The general speakers list is the list of countries that will be giving their
opening speeches. It is the first speaking role that comes after setting of
the agenda. Opening speeches usually last 60-90 seconds, depending on
the limits set by the delegate who raised the motion or as approved by the
chairs.
The opening speech is more or less a summary of the position paper, but
worded in a way that catches people’s interest and is well-constructed.
There is no format for the opening speech, delegates are free to use any
format that they wish to but following a proper logical sequence always
helps.

My Collection of Opening Speeches:

[Link]
[Link]/file
I myself don’t follow a single format but keep changing it as and when
required depending on the information I have available. I usually try
starting with a quote from the leaders of the country I’ve been allotted
with relevance to the topic. If no apt quote exists, I skip directly to the
greeting, followed by a general overview on the topic, then its situation in
my allotted country, what my country is doing about it and then what I
wish to do about it (with respect to my country’s policies of course)
[Refer to above link to see samples] This can be anything about the topic,
you could even pick a subtopic yourself or come up a format completely
different from the ones shown in the above samples.

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Some delegates don’t prepare an opening speech beforehand extempore it in
committee with reference to their position paper. However personally I
wouldn’t recommend doing that as there is no harm in preparing at least the
opening speech beforehand and gives you a stronger ground and more
confidence. However for moderated caucuses (sub-topic speeches), I
wouldn’t recommend preparing entire speeches beforehand- but only try to
predict what kind of subtopics may come up and what points you need to
elaborate on.

Moderated Caucuses-
Raised through a motion and is based on subtopics to the given agenda.
These are set by the delegate who raises the motion.

Example 1: Main Topic: Terrorism. Moderated Caucus Topic: “Addressing

how terrorism thrives in war-torn nations”, or “addressing sources of
finance for terrorists” etc.

Example 2: Main Topic: Environmental Refugees. Moderated Caucus

Topic: “How to prevent the creation of more environmental refugees”, or
“legal issues pertaining to non- recognition of environmental refugees” etc.

Make effective use of moderated caucuses. While others are speaking, take
note of their points so you can counter them later on or use them in your
resolutions or base off ideas from them or expand on them.
Moderated caucus speeches also don’t have a particular format, but as the
purpose suggests, you ought to make sure that what you speak isn’t vague,
to the point and must be new and original ideas. Try not to bring up
common points in your mod caucus speeches. Bring about something new.

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 Example 1: In one of my MUNs, there was a moderated caucus
discussing what each country has done in the field of women’s rights.
Now such a topic to many people appears as if everyone is just getting
a platform to show off their country and it isn’t important. A similar
topic was there in my first two MUNs as well, in which that was my
thinking and I didn’t listen to anyone. However for the recent one, I
began my speech with mentioning that delegates mustn’t think of this
as a platform for show-off but collect points and inspiration to reflect
in final resolutions, and then I skipped my country’s legislation
because every country has laws and went on to talk about individual
specialized projects because those will not be common to other
speeches. Other speeches had so much in common in terms of “the
laws in the delegate’s country are...”.

Example 2: If you aren’t anywhere in the first 3 speakers in the list,

take a note of what the other delegates mention. If your speech has the
same points, see if you can cut those points out and replace it with
“Apart from what other delegates have already mentioned..” so as to
avoid repetition and keep the debate interesting. No one wants to hear
the same point repeated by multiple delegates.

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 General Delegating Guidelines
Well-Researched
Being well researched about possibly anything that is relevant is the first
step to being a responsible delegate, the previous section of this guide
gives directions to start from. From research stems off every other
essential MUN activity. What good will a speech, position paper,
resolution and POI be if it lacks research?

Abidance of Rules of Procedure and Code of Conduct

A good delegate is well aware about the rules of procedure and the
conferences’ code of conduct and abides by it at all times. It is essential
that you are well versed with the rules beforehand, any doubts can be
cleared up by emailing your chairs or the secretariat or on the conference
days via a point of parliamentary inquiry.

Punctuality
As a delegate you will be required to submit a position paper
beforehand, it is your duty as a responsible delegate to submit it on time
while following all guidelines given in the position paper section of this
guide. Shall any unprecedented contingency prevent you from
submitting the paper on time, let the secretariat know beforehand kindly
requesting for an extension.

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Engagement
Speaking is the primary essence of a Model UN conference. Push yourself
to make speeches and ask questions, raise points and motions, engage. It
might be hard to break out of the shackles of fear and anxiety but give it
your best shot. Our supportive executive board will be there to assist at any
point shall you be scared or feel like anything is preventing you from
speaking.

Delegates often avoid speaking if their country lacks direct content on the
agenda(s) at hand but even if you get in such a situation, speak, give
personal opinions that indirectly relate to your country’s policies, ask
logical questions- your country will never prevent you from engaging.

Collaboration and Diplomacy

You can lead your committee to wonders if you focus more on
collaboration and diplomacy than power-play and personal attacks. Do so
via submitting constructive amendments, good resolutions, effective
alliance-making during unmoderated caucuses (lobbying) and making
constructive statements.

Effective Caucusing
1. Provide ideas, debate and discuss the feasibility of everything- narrow
down your options to the best possible solutions and defend them.
2. Negotiate wherever necessary, make compromises in exchange of
compromises to come to common grounds and consensus to move the
committee forward.
3. Listen and record ideas. Statements picked up from speeches and
unmoderated caucuses can be converted to clauses. Good listening will
help you discover your allies and enemies and enable you to ask
relevant questions.

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Taking and Asking POIs.
Considering the time used for POIs is the time that is remaining from
your speaking time after you’re done with the speech, it is advisable that
you not use your time up entirely and leave about 15 or more seconds to
POIs. Asking constructive POIs such as feasibility of a certain idea,
intensity of national problems or clarifications on a nations stance are
essential for the committee to keep moving forward. Vague, pointless
and undiplomatic POIs must be avoided. POIs must also always be
asked in the form of a question, and kept concise and to the point.
Remember, it is a question not a speech, do not add unnecessary
backstory and history to it.

Bag Checks
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Bag checks will be conducted on all three days to ensure that no illicit
substances are being carried. If you fail to cooperate, you will not be
allowed to attend the MUN, and no refunds will be given.
Registration
Every participant wishing to attend the conference must fill out the
digital registration form. The criterion for admitting registrations must
be based on a priority principle based on the order of submission.
Participants who successfully register and acquire a spot will get an
email confirmation as soon as possible.
Right to Participation
The secretariat and staff of GFM, without restriction or explanation,
secure the right to forgo admission to any delegate or executive board
member.

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Credibility of Information
Participants are obligated to provide accurate and current information.
Name, grade, division, contact information, and dietary preferences can
be altered by sending a message to the organisation’s official Instagram
account (@gfmmun).

Committee Assignments
Participants will receive discussion topics and be grouped into
committees. They will be in charge of writing position papers,
performing speeches, and coming up with answers regarding the topics
they have been given.

Change of Preference
After registering, registrants' requests for a new country or committee
assignment will not be taken into consideration. The organising
committee's decisions must be accepted as final.

Registration Fee and Payment

It is mandatory for all attendees to pay the registration fee in advance
before the conference starts. It is essential to remember that there are no
refunds for the registration cost. We've included particular information
on the registration and payment deadlines on our Instagram page. The
participant's allocated committee allocation may be forfeited if the
registration money is not received by the designated deadline.

Carrying official ID
All delegates are required to carry their Emirates ID as a tangible or
photocopy version on all three days of the conference.
Social Media
Every piece of information on our Instagram (@gfmmun) is timely
updated. Instagram will be used to share updates about modifications.
It is the participant’s responsibility to update themselves on any and all
changes by frequently checking our website.

Dress Code
Throughout the conference, delegates are required to follow a dress
code that is professional. Participants who don't adhere to the specified
dress code risk having their access to the conference facilities revoked. It
is not acceptable to wear clothing that is casual.

Travel Arrangements
Participants are entirely accountable for arranging their own
transportation to and from the conference location. The conference
organisers disclaim all liability and responsibility for participant-
experienced travel-related problems.

Photography and Recording

By attending this conference, attendees automatically consent to
members of the Secretariat, the media crew, or the Photography Team
taking pictures or recording videos without their awareness. We could
use these photos to promote our brand on our profile on Instagram.
Please be advised that no liability will be accepted for photos taken
without express consent.
Use of Electronic Gadgets
Members may use their cell phones, computers, tablets, and other
devices during committee sessions as long as they are used for
conference-related purposes. Delegates must, however, employ caution
and abstain from improper or excessive technological use that causes
frequent interruptions. Discipline up to and including suspension from
the committee and, in extreme circumstances, exclusion from the
conference may be applied if this rule is broken.

Liability Disclaimer
If there are any mishaps, injuries, or losses during the conference, the
organisers will not be responsible or liable.

Alterations in Itinerary
Unexpected events may cause changes to the conference schedule, such
as preparation, postponing, or cancellation of the event.

Amendments
This page contains Terms & Conditions that could be amended in the
future. Changes may be implemented at the discretion of the Secretariat.
It is the registrant's obligation to be informed about any changes made
to the terms.

Hope this helped! All the best with your future endeavors!