Mechanics of Materials

Lecture 3
Dr. Ibrahim Nabil Eldesouky
Faculty of Engineering
German International University (GIU)

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Course content
1. Introduction to the concept of
stress.
2. Axial Loading.
3. Torsion.
4. Pure Bending.
5. Analysis and Design of Beams
for Bending.
6. Shearing Stresses in Beams.
7. Transformations of Stress and
Strain
8. Buckling of Columns

Different loading conditions

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Chapter 2 – Axial Loading

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Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
and DC or the displacements of B
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links and D.
AB and CD. • Work out the geometry to find the
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa) deflection at E given the deflections
and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2. at B and D.
Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and
has a cross-sectional area of (600 mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
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Sample Problem 2.1
Displacement of B:
SOLUTION: PL
B 
Free body: Bar BDE AE
 60  103 N 0.3 m 

500 10-6 m2 70 109 Pa 
 514  10 6 m
 B  0.514 mm 
MB  0 Displacement of D:
0  30 kN  0.6 m   FCD  0.2 m D 
PL
AE
FCD  90 kN tension
90 103 N 0.4 m 
 MD  0 
600 10-6 m2 200 109 Pa 
0  30 kN  0.4 m   FAB  0.2 m
 300 10 6 m
FAB  60 kN compression

 D  0.300 mm 
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Sample Problem 2.1
Displacement of D:

BB BH

DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm   x

0.300 mm x
x  73.7 mm

EE  HE

DD HD
E

400  73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
 E  1.928 mm

 E  1.928 mm 

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Static Indeterminacy
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.

• A structure will be statically indeterminate

whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.

• Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.

• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.
  L R  0

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Example 2.04

Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel

bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.

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Example 2.04

SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.

• Require that the displacements due to the loads

and due to the redundant reaction be compatible,
i.e., require that their sum be zero.

• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads

and the reaction found at B.

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Example 2.04

SOLUTION:
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1  0 P2  P3  600 103 N P4  900 103 N

A1  A2  400 10 6 m 2 A3  A4  250 10 6 m 2

L1  L2  L3  L4  0.150 m

Pi Li 1.125 109
L   
A
i i iE E

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Example 2.04

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
P1  P2   RB

A1  400 10 6 m 2 A2  250 10 6 m 2

L1  L2  0.300 m

δR  
Pi Li


1.95 103 RB 
A
i i iE E

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Example 2.04
• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
  L R  0

 
1.125  109 1.95 103 RB

0

E E
RB  577  103 N  577 kN

• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

 Fy  0  R A  300 kN  600 kN  577 kN
R A  323 kN
R A  323 kN
RB  577 kN
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Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain.
• There is no stress associated with the thermal strain
unless the elongation is restrained by the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.

• The thermal deformation and the deformation from

the redundant support must be compatible.
  T   P  0   T   P  0
P   AE T 
PL
 T L  0 P
AE    E   T 
A
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Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x
x  y z  0
E

• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
𝒚 𝒛

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

𝒚 𝒛
𝒙 𝒙

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Generalized Hooke’s Law
• For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,
the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition. This requires:
1) Strain is linearly related to stress. (Hooke’s
Law - elastic region)
2) Deformations are small.
• With these restrictions:
 x  y  z
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
 x  y z
z    
E E E
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Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
• Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is

• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure

P, 31  2  p
e  p 
E k
E
k bulk modulus
31  2 
• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be
negative, therefore
0    12
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Bulk Modulus
• The bulk modulus of a
Material Poisson's ratio
substance is a measure
of how resistant to Rubber 0.4999
compression the Gold 0.42–0.44
substance is. Magnesium 0.252–0.289
Titanium 0.265–0.34
Copper 0.33
Aluminum Alloy 0.32
Stainless Steel 0.30–0.31
Steel 0.27–0.30
Cast Iron 0.21–0.26
Concrete 0.1–0.2
Glass 0.18–0.3
Cork 0.0

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Sample Problem 2.5

A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an

unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in.
Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20
ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and  = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) The length of diameter AB,
b) The length of diameter CD,
c) The thickness of the plate, and
d) The volume of the plate.

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SOLUTION:
• Apply the generalized Hooke’s Law to find the three components of
normal strain.

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SOLUTION:

• Evaluate the deformation components.

B A  
  x d   0.533  103 in./in. 9 in.

B A  4.8  103 in.

C D  
  z d   1.600  103 in./in. 9 in.

C D  14.4  103 in.

 
 t   y t   1.067 103 in./in. 0.75 in.

 t  0.800 103 in.

• Find the change in volume

e   x   y   z  1.067 103 in 3/in 3

V  eV  1.067 103 15 15  0.75in 3

V  0.187 in 3
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Composite Materials
• Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed
from lamina of fibers of graphite, glass, or
polymers embedded in a resin matrix.

• Normal stresses and strains are related by Hooke’s

Law but with directionally dependent moduli of
elasticity,
 y z
Ex  x Ey  Ez 
x y z

• Transverse contractions are related by directionally

dependent values of Poisson’s ratio, e.g.,
y 
 xy   xz   z
x x
• Materials with directionally dependent mechanical
properties are anisotropic.

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Any questions?

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