A. Write true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question 1.
Sound is produced when a body vibrates.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
The voice box responsible for the production of sound in human beings
is located in the mouth.
Answer:
False. The voice box responsible for the production of sound in human
beings is located in the throat.

Question 3.
Sound waves are transverse in nature.
Answer:
False. Sound waves are longitudinal in nature.

Question 4.
Frequency of a wave is the number of vibrations completed by it in one
second.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
Greater the amplitude of a vibration, greater will be the loudness of the
sound produced.
Answer:
True.

B. Answer these questions.

Question 1.
Explain in brief about some sources of sound.
Answer:
Every vibrating body around us is a source of sound. A school bell, an
alarm clock, a barking dog, moving vehicles and human voice are some
sources of sound.
Question 2.
Why is a sound wave called a longitudinal wave?
Answer:
When a sound wave travels through a medium, a series of
compressions and rarefactions is formed between the particles of the
medium due to the vibration of these particles in a direction parallel to
the direction in which the sound travels. This shows that sound waves
are longitudinal in nature.

Question 3.
The frequency of a source of sound is 100 Hz. How many times does it
vibrate in a minute?
Answer:
Frequency = 100 Hz
So, number of vibrations completed by the sound in 1 second = 100
Number of vibrations completed by it in 1 minute = 60 x 100 = 6000

A. Tick the most appropriate answer

Question 1.
Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of
a. touch.
b. hearing.
c. sight.
d. feelings.
Answer:
b. hearing.

Question 2.
Sound is produced by alan
a. vibrating object.
b. object at rest.
c. rotating object.
d. rolling object
Answer:
a. vibrating object.

Question 3.
Which of the following is transferred by a wave from one place to
another?
a. mass
b. particles
c. energy
d. matter
Answer:
c. energy

Question 4.
If five waves are produced in one second, then the time period of the
wave is
a. 0.2 s.
b. 0.25 s.
c. 0.1 s.
d. 0.05 s.
Answer:
a. 0.2 s.

Question 5.
Sound cannot propagate through
a. solids.
b. liquids,
c. gases.
d. vacuum.
Answer:
d. vacuum

Question 6.
Which of the following is a good sound absorber ?
a. glass
b. water
c. thermocol
d. vacuum
Answer:
c. thermocol

Question 7.
Which of the following concepts is used in SONAR to find the depth of
oceans ?
a. musical sound
b. echoes
c. laser
d. noise
Answer:
b. echoes

Question 8.
The speed of sound in air at 0 °C is approximately
a. 344 m/s.
b. 260 m/s.
c. 330 m/s.
d. 390 m/s.
Answer:
c. 330 m/s.

B. Fill in the blanks.

Question 1.
An object that does not vibrate cannot produce ………….
Answer:
An object that does not vibrate cannot produce sound.

Question 2.
Sound travels in the form of …………
Answer:
Sound travels in the form of waves.

Question 3.
Vibration means …………. motion of an object
Answer:
Vibration means to-and-fro motion of an object.

Question 4.
The larynx has two folds called ………….
Answer:
The larynx has two folds called vocal cords.

Question 5.
Sound waves are in nature.
Answer:
Sound waves are longitudinal …………. in nature.

Question 6.
The SI unit of frequency is ………….
Answer:
The SI unit of frequency is hertz.

Question 7.
Loudness of a sound depends upon the …………. of the sound.
Answer:
Loudness of a sound depends upon the amplitude of the sound.

Question 8.
The repetition of sound produced due to the reflection of sound waves
from a reflecting surface is known as an
Answer:
The repetition of sound produced due to the reflection of sound waves
from a reflecting surface is known as an echo.

C. Write true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question 1.
Sound is produced by vibrating bodies.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Loudness of a sound depends upon the frequency of the sound.
Answer:
False. Loudness of a sound does not depend upon the frequency of the
sound.

Question 3.
Sound travels fastest in vacuum.
Answer:
False. Sound travels fastest in solid.

Question 4.
The human ear can hear two sounds separately only if they reach the
ear after an interval of one-twentieth of a second.
Answer:
False. The human ear can hear two sounds separately only if they
reach the ear after an interval of one-tenth of a second.
Question 5.
SONAR is used to produce and transmit low frequency sound waves.
Answer:
False. SONAR is used to produce and transmit high frequency sound
waves.

D. Answer the following in short.

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term wave?
Answer:
A wave is a disturbance produced in a medium that carries energy
from one part of the medium to another part of the medium, without
the transfer of matter.

Question 2.
Differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves.
Answer:
A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate up and down, that
is, perpendicular to the direction in which the wave . is moving, is
called a transverse wave. On the other hand, a wave in which the
particles of the medium vibrate to-and-fro in the same direction in
which the wave is moving, is called ” a longitudinal wave.

Question 3.
How are loudness and amplitude related?
Answer:
Loudness of a sound depends on its amplitude. Higher the amplitude,
louder is the sound. As the amplitude of a wave is directly related to
the energy it carries, we can say that greater is the energy carried by a
wave, louder is the sound produced.

Question 4.
What is the time period of a particle that is vibrating at a frequency of
10 Hz?
Answer:
Frequency,f = 10 Hz
So, 10 vibrations are completed in 1 s.
Therefore, time period of the sound wave = 110 s = 0.01 s
Question 5.
Why are the walls and floors of cinema halls and auditoriums covered
with curtains and carpets?
Answer:
The walls, ceilings and floors of auditoriums and cinema halls are-
covered with sound-absorbing materials such as thick sound-proofing
tiles, curtains and carpets. These materials help reduce reverberations.

Question 6.
Why do echoes produced in an empty auditorium usually decrease
when it is full of people ?
Answer:
People absorb the sound waves travelling in the air and reduce
reverberations. Whereas, in an empty auditorium, all sound waves get
reflected by the walls of the autitorium.

Question 7.
Describe elasticity of a medium.
Answer:
Elasticity is the property of a medium to regain its shape after being
stretched or compressed.

E. Answer the following in detail.

Question 1.
Describe sound as a longitudinal wave.
Answer:
When a sound wave travels through a medium, a series of
compressions and rarefactions is formed between the particles of the
medium due to the vibration of these particles in a direction parallel to
the direction in which the sound travels. This shows that sound waves
are longitudinal in nature.

Question 2.
Define amplitude, time period and frequency with respect to a sound
wave. State the relationship between the time period and the
frequency of a wave.
Answer:
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave on either side of its
mean position. Time period of a wave is the time taken by it to
complete one full oscillation. It is denoted by T and is measured in
seconds. Frequency of a sound wave is the number of oscillations
completed by it in one second. It is denoted by/and its unit is hertz
(Hz).

Question 3.
What does’ it mean if we say that a tuning fork has a frequency of 256
Hz?
Answer:
If a tuning fork has a frequency 256 Hz, then it means that it vibrates
256 times in 1 second.

Question 4.
How can you prove experimentally that sound cannot propagate
through vacuum ?
Answer:
Aim : To show that sound cannot propagate through vacuum.
Materials Required : An electric bell, a glass bell jar, vacuum pump,
battery and a swtich.
Procedure :

Step 1. : Place the electric bell in the glass bell jar, as shown in fig. 3.4.
Make sure that all the openings of the bell jar are properly closed. Now
complete the electric circuit by switching on the switch.
Observation : When the circuit is closed, you can hear the sound of the
bell. Also you can see its hammer striking against the gong.

Step 2.
Now, slowly remove the air from the bell jar by using the vacuum pump
connected to the jar. Can you hear the bell now ?
Observation : As air is removed from the bell jar, the loudness of the
bell decreases until it becomes very faint. Finally, you will not be able
to hear the bell even though you can see the hammer of the
bellstriking the gong. If you allow air to enter the bell jar, you will hear
the sound of the bell again.
Conclusion : Sound cannot propagate in the absence of a material
medium, that is, sound cannot travel through vacuum.

Question 5.
What is an echo ? What are the necessary conditions for its
occurrence?
Answer;
An echo is defined as a repetition of sound produced by the reflection
of sound waves from a reflecting surface.
Conditions required for occurrence of an echo are :

The minimum distance between the source of sound and the

reflecting surface is around 17 m.
There is a high wall or a hill or a high-rise building, which can act
as a reflecting surface.
The sound is loud enough so that it reaches the receiver after
reflection.
Question 6.
What is SONAR? How is it used to determine the depth of an ocean ?
Answer:
Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR) is an instrument that uses the
concept of echo (or reflection of sound) to measure the depth of
oceans. This instrument produces and transmits high frequency
(ultrasonic) waves towards the seabed, from any point, say A on a
ship/boat. After striking the seabed, these waves are reflected upward
and received at another point, say B. The time elapsed between
transmitting and receiving back these waves is recorded. Using the
speed of sound in sea water as 1560 m/s at 20 °C, and the elapsed
time, the depth of the seabed can easily be calculated.

Question 7.
List the factors on which the speed of sound depend ?
Answer:
The speed of sound in a medium depends mainly upon the elasticity
and the density of the medium. The speed of sound increases as the
density of the medium increases. Since the density of solids is the
maximum, followed by liquids and gases, sound travels fastest through
solids, little slower through liquids and slowest through gases or air.
The speed of sound also depends upon the pressure and speed of the
fluid medium, temperature and humidity.

F. Solve the following numerical problems.

Question 1.
What is the time period of a wave with a frequency of 250 Hz?
Answer:
Given, Frequency = 250 Hz
T = 1f = 1250= 0.004 second

Question 2.
What is the frequency of a wave whose time period is 0. 015 seconds ?
Answer:
Time period = 0.015 seconds
Frequency = ?
We know that,

= 66.66 Hz

Question 3.
Calculate the minimum distance required for an echo to be heard.
Answer:
We know that, speed of the sound in air is 344 m/s
and minimum time required to hear an echo = 110 s = 0.1 s
We know,
distance = speed x time = 344 x 0.1 = 34.4 m
As the sound travels twice between the source and the reflecting
surface before an echo is heard, the minimum distance required to
hear an echo is 34.42 m = 17.2 m

Question 4.
A boy fires a gun and hears the echo 2 seconds later. If he is 350 m
away from a wall, calculate the velocity of sound in air.
Answer:
Distance travelled by sound = 350 x 2 = 700 m.
Time taken = 2 s

Question 5.
A girl claps and hears the echo after reflection from a cliff which is 660
m away from her. If the velocity of sound is 330 m/s, calculate the time
taken for hearing the echo.
Answer:
Distance travelled by sound = 660 x 2 = 1320 m
Speed of sound = 330 m/s

G. Look at the figure given below and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Identify the regions A and B.
Answer:
Region A shows compression while Region B shows rarefaction.

Question 2.
Write the difference between the regions A and B.
Answer:
When a vibrating body moves outwards, it increases pressure on the
molecules of the medium surrounding it, for example, air and causes
them to come close to each other. This is known as compression. When
the vibrating body moves inwards, the pressure on the molecules gets
reduced. So, the gaps between the molecules increase causing them to
spread out. This is known as rarefaction.

Question 3.
Which type of wave motion is represented in this figure?
Answer:
Longitudinal wave motion is represented in the given figure.

H. Look at these figures and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
In which case the loudness of the sound is greater and why?
Answer:
The sound wave shown in Figure 1 is louder as it has higher amplitude.

Question 2.
Name the factor based on which you drew the above conclusion.
Answer:
The factor on which we drew the above conclusion is the amplitude.
Loudness of a sound depends on its amplitude. Higher the amplitude,
louder is the sound.

Question 3.
Write some other factors on which the loudness of a sound depends.
Answer:
Some other factors on which the loudness of a sound depends are the
atmospheric temperature, pressure, velocity of the wind and the
amount of moisture present in the air.

Think And Answer

Question 1.
Why cannot two friends talk to each other if they are on the moon?
Answer:
Sound requires a medium for propagation. As there is vacuum on the
moon, two friends cannot hear each other there.

Question 2.
Why sound travels faster on a hot summer day than on a cold winter
day?
Answer:
As speed of the sound is directly proportional to the temperature of the
medium through which it propagates, therefore sound travels faster on
a hot summer day than on a cold winter day.

Question 3.
A person presses his ears against the railway track to find whether a
train is approaching or not. Why?
Answer:
The speed of sound increases as the density of the medium increases.
Since the density of solids is the maximum, followed by liquids and
gases, sound travels fastest through solids, little slower through liquids
and slowest through gases or air. This is the reason why a person
presses his ears against the railway track to find whether a train is
approaching or not.