BIOLOGY 6.

6. Name the part of maize seed that elongates to bring about hypogeal (a) Describe the procedure that may have been used to determine the mean  inhibitors/inadequate germination enzymes/inadequate light
germination. body length of the fish. (4mks) wavelength;
Growth and development Epicotyl (b)What are the likely reasons for the di erence in mean body length of the fish 14. Name the hormone that sustain the larval stage in insects and the
7. State two advantages of complete metamorphosis to the life cycle of an living in lakes A and D (2mks) structure that produces it.
1. State three aspects of growth that can be estimated in living organisms. (3 insect. (c) Explain why primary producers have a higher biomass than primary Hormone.
marks)  adult and larvae exploits di erent food niches thus do not compete consumers. (2mks) Juvenile; (1mark)
Height; Weight; Volume; Length; Surface area; for food; pupa can (a) Fish were caught, age determined; 2 years old retained; length Structure.
2. What is the role of the following to a germinating seed? measured and recorded. This was done repeatedly until a large number
 survive adverse conditions since its dormant /encysted / non corpus allatum; (1mark)
(a )Endosperm
feeding stage; were measured; the total length divided by number of fish; (4mks) 15. Placenta is at the center of the ovary with ovules on it and the dividing
- Activate the (germination) enzymes;
8. Distinguish between primary and secondary growth in plants (b) Lake A has hard water with more calcium than Lake D necessary for walls
- Hydrolyse the stored food;
- It’s a transport agent for hydrolysed food; Primary growth is the increase in length /height of a plant due to cell bone formation; of the carpel disappear. (1mark)
- It’s a solvent for hydrolysed food; division and elongation of Apical meristem while secondary growth is the Fish in A grow faster and greater bone length than fish in Lake D;Lake A has Free central
- It softens the seed coat/testa; increase in width / girth of a plant stem and root due to cell division and more food which fish eat than lake D;Max – 2mks
(b) Water elongation of vascular and cork cambium ; ; (2 mks) (c) Receives light energy directly from the sun; and energy is lost from one
- Activate the (germination) enzymes; 9. Viability of a seed is a necessary internal condition for germination. trophic level to the Next;
- Hydrolyse the stored food; State two factors that may lead to low viability. 11. State two environmental conditions that can cause seed dormancy
- It’s a transport agent for hydrolysed food; Seeds stored for too long due to depletion of food reserves; Destruction of • Absence of water
- It’s a solvent for hydrolysed food; embryo by pests • Unsuitable temperature
- It softens the seed coat/testa; • Lack of oxygen
10. A biologists carried out a study to investigate the growth of a certain
3. Name any two meristematic tissue/growing parts of a seedling
species of herbivorous fish and the factors influencing plant and animal • Lack of light
- Root tip;
life in four lakes A,B,C and D. The lakes were located in the same 12. State two ways of breaking seed dormancy
- Shoot tip;
- Cambium; geographical area. Two of the lakes A and B were found to contain hard • Scarification
4. State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of insects water due to the presence of high content of calcium salts. The mean • Increase in concentration of hormones e.g. cytokinins, gibberellins
- Di erent stages feed on di erent types of food; body length of 2 year old fish, amount of plant use and invertebrates to stimulate germination
- The adult and larvae exploit di erent (food) niches biomass in each lake were determined. The data was shown in the table • Favorable environmental factors
- Do not compete for food; below; 13. Give one role of water in germination
- Pupa can survive adverse conditions /pupa is a non-feeding (a) Define seed dormancy. (1mark)
- Stage/pupa enables organisms to undergo through adverse conditions; A condition /period of rest during which a viable seed performs its
- Dispersal phase prevents overcrowding; physiological process slowly and utilizes little food /cannot germinate even
5. Why is a change in dry mass of an organism the best indicator of growth? if all the environmental conditions /factors for germination are provided;
(2mks) (b) State two causes of seed dormancy. (2marks)
Dry mass gives the actual amount of living matter in an organism; while fresh  Immature embryo/impermeable testa/unfavourable
mass is dependent temperature/growth
Of the amount of water present in an organism;
 iii) Describe how wind transports its materials through the following processes: c) Explain four economic importance of weathering to physical and human (c) (i) Distinguish between aridity and desertification
GEOGRAPHY
I) Saltation environments
11. a) Name two types of tides (ii) Explain any three physical causes of aridity and desertification
External land forming processes II) Suspension
1. (a) Name two rivers in Kenya West of the Rift Valley that cause frequent (b) Give three ways in which the shape of the landmasses may influence 16. (a) (i) What is chemical weathering?
flooding III) Surface creep movement of ocean waters
(b)State three factors that lead to frequent flooding in the Lake region of (c) State four sources of underground of water (ii) Name any three surface features that result from carbonation.
Kenya (b) Describe how the following features are formed (b) The diagram below shows a feature resulting from weathering. Use it to answer the
i) Zeugens (d) State five ways in which springs occur questions that follow:-
2. (a) i) Other than seif dunes, name two other types of sand dunes ii) Oasis
(e) Account for four ways in which desert vegetation adopt to the climate
ii) Give five characteristics of seif dunes 7. a) State two ways in which glacier moves of their environment
iii) State four factors that facilitate the formation of the sand dunes (b) State three di erences between a young river valley and a glaciated 12. (a) Hamada and Erg
valley (b) Explain three processes of wind erosion
(b) Describe how a desert rock pedestal is formed 8. The diagram below represents the action of waves on the coastline. Use it to (c) With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe the formation of:
answer i) A Barchan (ii) Rock pedestal (iii)oasis
(c) Explain four positive e ects of desert features to human activities ( i) What is the name of the fea ture?
questions (a) and (b)
(d) Name three features resulting from water deposition in desert (ii) Describe how the feature is formed.
3. a) i)Give three reasons why there are no ice sheets in Kenya
13. State three reasons why wind erosion is predominant in desert areas 17. (a) Di erentiate between a river system and a river regime.
ii) Explain three factors that influence the movement of ice from the place of Y
(b) Describe three processes by which wind erodes.
accumulation S HORE LINE (b) The diagram below shows a drainage pattern. Use it to answer the
b) Describe the process through which the following features are formed. (c) With aid of well labeled diagrams, describe the formation of the following questions that follow:-
i)an arête Wave direct
X desert features;
ii) A crag and tail (i) Rock pedestal. (ii) Zeugen.
c) Explain four positive e ects of glaciation in lowland areas
a) Name the features marked X and Y.
(d) State four ways in which desert land forms influence man’s activities.
4. a)i) Give the dates in a year during which the number of hours of darkness is
b) List three ways in which waves erode the coastline.
equal in both the north and the south poles 14. (a) Di erentiate between oceans and seas.
ii) Why do the lengths of days and nights vary from one part of the earth to another? (b) Explain three sources of salinity in the oceans .
9. Name two sources of underground water.
b) State two e ects of the rotation of the earth on its axis c) State three features on the ocean floor.
10. a)i) What is chemical weathering
5. a)What is a lake ? 15. (a)(i) What is the di erence between a sea and an ocean?
ii) State five factors that a ect the rate of chemical weathering in equatorial (ii) Explain any three ways in which islands are formed.
(b) State three ways through which lakes are formed (b) (i) Describe how Lake Victoria was formed.
regions (i) Name the drainage pattern.
b) Explain the following chemical weathering process (ii) Explain any three ways in which Lake Victoria has influenced the climate of
6. a) i) What is desertification i) Carbonation surrounding areas Name the parts labelled P and Q
ii) Di erentiate between wind deflation and wind abrasion ii) Hydrolysis (a) Name any two features deposited by glacier in lowland areas.
b) Describe how a roche moutonee is formed. (ii) Name any three fresh water lakes in Kenya which are within the rift (c) Explain four ways in which desert land forms are of significance to
18. (a) The diagram below shows zones of underground water. Use it to answer the valley human activities
questions (d) Explain any four economic significance of lakes to Human 27. (a) (i)Name two ways in which ice moves
that follow:- activities
21. (a) Name three types of tides (ii) State two factors which facilitate the movement of ice
(b) Identify two erosional features in glaciated lowlands
V
Permanent water(b)
table Di erentiate between oceans and seas
U 22. (a) (i) Di erentiate between aridity and desertification (c) Describe how the following features are formed:
W (ii) Describe three ways through which wind erodes the desert areas (i) Outwash plain
(b) Using well labelled diagrams describe how the following desert features are
formed: (ii) Moraine-dammed lake
(i) Name the parts labelled :-
(i) Rock pedestals
(ii) State four causes of river rejuvenation
(d) Explain four ways in which a glaciated landscape is of significance to
31. a i) Di erentiate between denudation and mass wasting.
(ii) Yardangs human activities
ii) Explain two reasons why chemical weathering is dominant in humid
(i) Name the parts labelled
U andV. 28. (a) Di erentiate between mechanical and chemical weathering
tropics.
(ii) Name the surface water feature likely to form at the part labelled W. (b) State three factors which influence weathering
(c) State five uses of desert features b) Explain three factors that influence mass wasting.
(b) Explain how the nature of underground rocks influences the existence 29. a) Di erentiate between a spring and well.
of underground water
c) With aid of a diagram, explain the process of solfluxion.
19. (a) (i) State two ways in which wind erodes the surface of the earth b) With aid of a well labeled diagram, show the three Zones of ground
23. (a) State four factors which may cause a waterfall to form water.
d) i) State four negative e ects of mass wasting.
(ii) Explain three ways thorough which wind transports its load c) List four candidates necessary for the formation of an artesian well.
(b) (i) Describe how river braids are formed Name the: i)Type of mass movement shown
(b) Using well labeled diagrams, describe how the following desert d) Explain three ways in which ground water is of significant to human
features re formed:- (ii) Name three features resulting form river rejuvenation activities.
(i) Zeugen e) i) Define the term Karet scenery
(c) Describe how a river capture occurs ii) Give two conditions for the development of
(ii) Rock pedestal Karet landscape iii) Outline the significance of
(d) Give two reasons as to why Lake Naivasha is a fresh water lake Karet landscape to human activities.
(c)(i) Give the name given to rocky desert in the Sahara 25 . Give three ways through which rocks may be metamorphosed 30. (a) Use the diagram below to answer the following questions
26. (a) (i)State two processes though which the wind erodes the surface.
(ii) Explain three positive e ects of desert features to both human and
physical environment (ii) Explain three ways though which wind transport its load
20. (a) What is a lake? (b) Describe how the following desert features are formed :
(b) (i) Name two types of lakes formed due to vulcanicity (i) Oasis
ii) explaining how lake Victoria has influence the climate of the surrounding
area (c) (i) State four main reasons why lakes within the Rift valley are salty (ii) Zeugen
 iii) Features M and N ii) Explain three significance of resultant feature in limestone areas to (d) Explain how the following farming practices cause soil erosion; (i)
iv) iv) State the factor that influenced the process above human activities Burning.
32 a) State three reasons why wind is a major agent of land sculpture in the desert. (ii) Continuous application of fertilizer on farm lands.
b) Explain any two processes of wind erosion in deserts.
Soil
(iii) Monoculture.
c) With and of well labeled diagram, explain how a deflation hollow is formed. 1. a) Di erentiate soil profile from soil catena
6. (a) (i) Apart from latosols name any two other types of zonal soils
b) Name three types of soil types according to soil structure
c) i) Beside planting of trees state any other three measures that can be used to
(ii) Describe how lateritic soils are formed
d) State four characteristics of a seif dune (iii) State any two characteristics of azonal soils
control desertification.
33. a) State two causes of coastal submergence. (b) (i) Explain any three ways in which rain water can lead to degeneration of
ii) Explain how trees help in the conservation of the soil.
soils.
b) Name three conditions necessary for the growth of coral polyps 2. a) i) What is soil?
ii) Di erentiate between soil catena and soil profile. (ii) Apart from growth of plants, state any three other ways in which soils
34 a) State two ways in which wind transport it’s load are beneficial to people
41. (a) Di erentiate between accordant and discordant drainage systems b)i) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation;
b) Highlight the factors that influence the formation of a desert sand dune 7. (a) (i) Di erentiate between a soil profile and soil catena
35. a) Name three sources of lake water. - Climate
b) State three factors that facilitate formation of deltas (ii) State two processes of soil formation
- Living organisms
(b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation:
b) State three factors that determine the size of a lake. ii) Give three factors that determine the colour of the soil.
42. a) i) What is a desert (i) Climate
36. a) i) What is a river? 3. a) Briefly explain the factors that influence the development of soil catena.
ii) Name three types of desert landscapes (b) (i) Define the term soil profile (ii) Living organisms
ii) Distinguish between a river confluence and a river tributary
b) i) Name two processes of wind erosion responsible for sculpturing desert (ii) Draw a simple diagram of soil catena (iii) Topography
b) Describe how a river erodes its channel by the following processes
landscapes ii) Using well labeled diagrams describe how a zeugen may (c) (i) What is soil degeneration
i) Hydraulic action ii) Abrasion (iii) Give any four soil forming processes
be formed (ii) Explain three ways through which vegetation naturally protects and prevent
(iv) State four causes of soil degeneration
c) i) Name four desert landforms found in deserts associated with the action of soil erosion
37. a) Describe the process of a river capture 4. a)i) Define the term soil (iii) Give two sound farming methods that help conserve soil erosion
water
b)State five characteristics of a flood plain ii) Name three components of soils
ii) What is the significance of desert landforms 8. (a) (i) What is soil Catena?
b)i) Apart from living organisms state four other factors that influence soil
43. (a) (i)Name three processes of wind erosion in desert (ii) State three factors which influence the development of a soil catena
38. a) i) Name four features resulting from water action in deserts formation
(b) Explain five negative e ects of soil erosion
ii) State three factors which contribute to the development of deserts ii) Explain how living organisms influence soil formation
(ii) State three factors which influence the rate of wind transportation
a) i) Distinguish between soil air and soil texture
(c) Describe how podzolization occurs in soils
iii) Name three types of deserts according to the nature of their surfaces
9. (a) Name three components of soil
b) With the help of a well labeled diagram describe the formation of the following ii) Describe the process of podzolisation (b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil :
c) i)Explain three factors which influence wind transportation in deserts
features
iii) State the characteristics of soils in grassland areas (i) Climate
d) ii) How is an oasis formed? (i) Rock pedestal (ii) Oasis
5. (a) Draw a diagrammatic representation of vegetation zones on a slope (ii) Parent material
39. (a) What is the di erence between swash and backwash c) (i)List three external land forming processes which lead to the formation of
common in tropical land (d) (i) Explain three ways in which human activities contribute to soil
lakes degeneration
b) Why is wave cut platform and cli line in Mombasa found above the sea level? (b) (i) What is soil catena?
ii) Explain three ways in which lakes influence the natural environment (ii) Draw a well labeled diagram to show a mature soil profile
40. (a) Define the term river capture (ii) Draw a labeled diagram to show a well developed soil profile.
(iii) State three characteristics of the soils found in the arid regions of 10. a) What is a lake?
d) (i) With the aid of a well labelled diagram, Describe how limestone pillars are b) State three ways through which lakes are formed
b) The diagram below shows a river capture, name the features marked X, Y, Z Kenya.
formed 11. a) Define the term “Soil”
(b) Give three factors that determine the colour of soil.
in Karst scenery b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil
(c) Describe how laterization occurs.
 i) Climate ii) Topography (viii) Discussing Pastoral farming in Kenya (ii) State three characteristics of nomadic pastoralism (d) (i) Explain two problems facing wheat farmers in Kenya
c) i)State two ways in which humus improves the quality of soil ii) State (ix) Comparing and contrasting:
four characteristics of desert soils (a)Dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark 9. a)i) Name three exotic breeds of dairy cattle kept in Kenya ii) Give two reasons why Canada produces more wheat than Kenya
d) Describe how the following types of erosion occur (b) Bee farming in Kenya and Argentina ii) Apart from milk name three other dairy products (2mks)
i) Sheet erosion ii) Gulley erosion (ix) Carrying out field work on agricultural activities in the local (b) i) State three factors which favour the rearing of dairy cattle in Kenya highlands 14. (a) State three physical conditions that favour sugarcane cultivation in
environment ii) Explain four problems facing dairy farmers in Kenya Western Kenya
iii) State two economic uses of soils
1 (a) (i) State the di erence between land reclamation and land rehabilitation. c) i) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and Netherlands (b) Give two reasons why we need to encourage dairy farming in Kenya
12. (a) What is soil conservation?; 15. (a) (i) Apart from Ghana name two other countries that produces cocoa in
(b) State three methods that assist in soil conservation (ii) Other than tree planting, give three other methods employed in rehabilitation ii) Name two dairy plants in Kenya Africa
of land (ii) State three physical conditions that favour large scale cocoa farming in
(a) (i) State three objectives that led to the establishment of Mwea Irrigation 10. (a) Name two dairy breed found in the lowlands of Kenya Ghana
Agriculture
Scheme in Kenya (b) Outline the stages cocoa goes through from harvesting to the time it is ready
1. Define agriculture?
(b) ii) Explain four human problems that face irrigation farming in Kenya.
Ø Agriculture is the art or science of cultivating the ground, including the
(b) State three problems that have hindered the dairy activities in the Kenya for export
highland (c) Explain three problems experienced by cocoa farmers in Ghana
harvesting of crops and the rearing and management of livestock.
2. (a) Describe the stages followed in the reclamation of land from the sea in 11. a) State three physical factors that favour wheat farming in Kenya 16. (a) (i) What is horticulture
2. What is the farming?
Netherlands
Ø Farming is the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals for the production
(b) State four benefits of the delta plan to the Netherlands. (b) Give three problems facing wheat farming in Kenya (ii) Horticulture is more developed in the Netherlands is more developed
of food and materials.
3. (a) (i) Name two districts in Rift valley where maize is grown in plantations. in the Netherlands
3. What does farming system refer? (ii) Describe maize production from planting to harvesting.
Ø It refers the inputs and out puts processes.
12. (a) Name ; than in Kenya. Give four reasons for this
(b) Outline the significance of maize growing in Kenya. (i) Three provinces in Kenya where wheat is grown on commercial scale
4. State any four factors influencing the agriculture? 4. Explain three problems facing maize farmers in Kenya.
 Climatic conditions (iii) Give three reasons why the growing of flowers in green house is
(ii) Three wheat producing provinces in Canada preferred in Kenya
 Soil nature and type 5. (a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya.
 Pests and diseases 17. Give four physical factors favouring wheat –growing in Kenya
(b) Explain three conditions that favour wheat farming in Kenya
 Economic factor (b) Give three reasons why the Kenya highlands are suitable for dairy farming. 18. (a) State two physical conditions favoring dairy farming in the Kenya highlands
5. State the main types of agriculture [farming]?
(c) Explain five factors which enable Canada to produce more wheat than Kenya
6. State any two types of crop farming? 6. (a) Name two horticultural crops grown in Kenya (b) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark under the following headings:-
7. What is the subsistence arable farming?
(d) State three importance of wheat to the economy of Canada (i) Feeding of the animals
The topic entails:- (b) State three reasons why horticulture is more developed in the Netherlands 13. (a) Name three districts in Kenya where wheat is grown on large scale
(i) Definition of Agriculture than in Kenya. (ii) Marketing of the products
(ii) Discussion of factors influencing Agriculture 7. (a) Name two horticultural crops that are produced in Kenya (b) Account for any four physical conditions needed for the growth of wheat
(iii) Explaining types of Agriculture
19. (a) Name two exotic breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya
(iv) Location of major cash crops on the map of Kenya (b) Explain two reasons why horticultural produce is exported by air (c) Describe the cultivation of wheat under the following:-
(v) Discussing the selected crops in respective countries (i) Processing of wheat (b) State three physical conditions that favour beef farming in Argentina
(vi) Identifying and explaining similarities and di erences between 8. (a) (i) What is nomadic pastoralism?
selected crop farming in Kenya and that of other parts of the world.
(ii) Marketing of wheat 20. (a) The figure below shows wheat growing province of Canada
(vii)
 a) Di erentiate between horticulture and market gardening (b) State three problems facing trade in Kenya COMPUTER STUDIES  -Backing up and restoring files
26. (a) State any three roles played by livestock in the economy 1. Explain any TWO causes of system change. (2 marks)  -Monitoring and improving system performance
b) State three factors that favour horticultural industry in Kenya
(b) Identify any two solutions to problems facing pastoralists in the Northern part  -Errors in the system  -Configuring a secure system and maintaining system security.
21. a) Define nomadic pastoralism
of Kenya  -Change in user requirements 6. (ii) The principal of a school is attempting to convince his sta to use CAL and
(b) Give three characteristics of pastoral farming in Kenya
27. (a) List two economic factors that influence Agriculture CAI software .State one benefit and one limitation of using such software.(2
22. a) Give four reasons why there has been a steady increase of milk production  -Expansion /growth of the organization
(b) (i) List two uses of cocoa Marks)
in Kenya in  -Technological changes
ii) State one economic problem experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana  Benefits
the recent past  -Frequent failure of the system
28. (a) Di erentiate between horticulture and market gardening o They use multi media that make learning more interesting and
b) Give similarities between dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark 2. (ii) Explain any THREE causes of system maintenance (2 marks)
(b) Name two main types of flowers grown in Kenya interactive
c) Explain three benefits of dairy farming in Kenya  -High failure rate of the existing system
o Students can learn on their own and at their own pace even in the
23. The table below shows horticultural crop production in Kenya  -Slowness of the system
(c) What problem do farmers in Kenya face in carrying out this activity? absence of a teacher.
Crop Quantity  -Complaints from users
29. (a) State three ways in which drought a ect the agricultural sector in Kenya. o Abstract concepts can often be explained more clearly with the use of
in  -Lack of security a multimedia
tonnes  -High cost of maintenance
(b) State three reasons why the government of Kenya is encouraging bee keeping  Limitations
3. (b) (i) Use of questionnaire is one of the most popular fact finding methods o It reduces face to face interaction with others
flowers 42, 500 in the country?
.State any TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of using this method to o Lessons are set in a predefined order and students can only -- follow
30. (a) List three social factors that influence Agriculture. gather data. (2 marks)
oranges 22, 600 in that order thus hindering creativity.
(b) State two factors that favour mechanization of wheat farming in Canada.
 Advantages 7. (e) State ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of using expert systems in
tomatoes 20, 300 31. (a) State three climatic factors that favour the growing of oil palm in Nigeria.  -Most questionnaires can be answered quickly medicine(2 marks)
(b) State any two products obtained from oil palm.  -Responses can be tabulated and analyzed quickly
carrots 15, 400  Advantages
32. (a) Define the term pollution as used in Geography.  -It is an inexpensive method of fact finding - Experts can use the system to arrive at a faster, more accurate conclusion
(a) (i) Draw a divided rectangle 15cm long to represent horticultural crop (b) Dither their air pollution name three forms of pollution.
 Disadvantages - It can support a doctor who is doubtful of his decision because of lack of
production in (c) State physical conditions required for the growing of tea in Kenya.
 -The number of respondents is usually low experience.
Kenya in the year 2000 using the data above. (d) Explain four problems experienced in small scale to production in  -There is no guarantee that an individual will answer all the questions  Disadvantage
(a) (i) Calculate the range of the above data Kenya.
 -Questionnaires are inflexible. - The system cannot learn from its mistakes
33. (a) Name two exotic beef cattle breeds in Kenya. 4. (ii) Explain the importance of requirement specification phase of system - Lack instinct and common sense which are essential for decision making
ii) What is the percentage of horticultural crop with the lowest tonnage? (b) State three steps taken by the government to improve beef farming in Kenya. development When a new system is being developed analysis takes place. One method of
(c) State three problems facing beef farming in Kenya.  It enables the systems analyst determine the equipments needed for the new researching the current system is interviewing. a. List two other methods of
(c) (i) State two advantages of using divided rectangle to represent geographical (d) (i) Explain three physical conditions that favour beef farming in Argentina. system. researching the current system.
information. ii) Explain two ways in which beef farming contribute to the economy of 5. (c) Explain TWO reasons why a new system is tested before implementation. Explain two drawbacks of using interviews.
ii) State two climatic conditions that favour horticultural crops in Kenya Argentina  -To detect and remove bugs (errors) (a)
 -To ensure the program works properly  Observation
(d) Explain four problems facing horticultural farming in Kenya  -To ensure the program solves the intended problem  Questionnaire
24. (a) Name three main breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya
 (d) (i) State TWO duties performed by a systems administrator  Examination of documents
 -Installing and configuring servers (1st two @ ½ mark=1 mark)
(b) State three benefits of dairy farming in Kenya (b)
 -Installing and configuring application software
25. (a) Name two leading export commodities from Kenya
 -Creating and maintaining user accounts.
 The interviewee may be uneasy with the questioning -.as it is not One of the computer lab use safety and precaution is that of not allowing students to ✓ Accept any sub stage within system analysis e.g requirement specification, The concept of Network resources emphasizes that communications
anonymous eat or drink while in the computer room. Give two reasons why this rule is enforced in a problem definition, information gathering, etc networks are a fundamental resource component of all information
− Time consuming to interview all the users− the interviewers are carried computer laboratory b) identifying shortcomings of a system; (1 mark) systems.
out one at a time  Drinks can spill and cuase short circuits that my damage computers ✓ All stages of system development 2. State the stage in systems development when the activities listed below
− Both the interviewee and the interviewer have to be free at the same  Food particles get into spaces between keys jamming them c) Preparing a system for migration plan. (1 mark)
are performed
time - which can cause  Food may distract learning in the lab ✓ Implementation stage
(a) The system analyst presents a report recommending for a change in
time problems  Risk of food getting contaminated with hazardous materials in the lab such as State four activities that may be carried out when disposing o an old system in an
− May be a language problem-this increases the time explaining all organization. (4 marks)
the system
cleaning liquids
sections ii) State four ways of getting user specifications during system design Problem definition
 Slippery food items may fall on the floor leading to accidents
− May give an answer they think the interviewer is trying to elicit- the 1. Information systems are known to be the driving force for any (b) The system analyst creates a logical design of the system
 Food wrapping make the lab dirty
interviewer could be organization. The success of an organization depends on the design and System design
 Learners touching keyboard with stick food items such as chocolate making
biased/leading questions them sticky and unfreidly to the next users implementation of its information system (c) The project stakeholders invite users to have a feel of the system
− Disillusioned workers may give an answer that jeopardises the project- A new system has been developed and documentation has been produced. There Define any four components of an information system before implementation
they could give a biased are two types of documentation; user and technical. Explain what technical Testing and debugging
People Resources
view/too vocal documentation is used for. (d) The system analyst monitors and evaluates the system performance
People are required for the operation of all information systems. The
− They cannot give the answer they want - as the interview is not Designed to help programmers/systems analysts… System implementation, maintenance and review
anonymous/due to peer pressure
people resource includes end users and IS specialists.
…to improve a system. Hardware Resources 3. Distinguish between the direct and phased changeover strategies
− Costly to the employers -time for the worker being o job …to maintain a system.
The concept of Hardware resources includes all physical devices and In this type of conversion, the old system is completely and immediately
(1st One explained at 2 marks: 1mark for description, 1 mark for reason) …to upgrade a system.
Systems can be implemented in di erent ways; one of these is direct changeover. materials used in information processing. Specially, it includes not only replaced by the new system while in phased conversion only a few
State two reasons why after systems implementation, a system must undergo departments, branch o ices, or plant locations at a time are converted.
(a) Describe three other methods of implementation. constant machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data
(b) For One method described in (i) above, give an advantage when compared with media, that is, all tangible objects on which data is recorded, from sheets 4. Describe the system characteristics listed below
review and maintenance
direct changeover of paper to magnetic disks. Example of hardware in computer-based (a) Systems have a life cycle
State the three functions of an information system. (3Marks)
Parallel running.: Running old and new system concurrently for a while till The Ministry of Education is changing the education system in Kenya from 8-4-4 to information systems are: every system has birth, life and death. Whatever the system, the life cycle
new system stabalises a Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) system by using a few schools to test the Software Resources includes evolution, wear, obsolescence, aging, replacement, repair and
...has a backup of the data new system. finally an end to the existence of the system.
The concept of Software Resources includes all sets of information
Pilot running: Implementing the new system in section/branch of an a) Identify the type of change over system being used here. (1 mark) (b) The interdependency between subsystems
processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not
organization then rolling it out What would be the advantage of using this changeover strategy? (2 marks) subsystems of a system are dependent on one another as they should
to all other sections after is passes all trials successfully
only the sets of operating instructions called programs, which direct and
c) State any three contents of a feasibility study report. (3 marks) control computer hardware, but also the sets of information processing work together to achieve the objective of the organization as well as share
...only a ects one branch if system goes wrong/other branches can learn d) State two ways in which ICT has been used in the horticulture industry. (2
instructions needed by people, called procedures. information during processing by providing output for input in another
from the branch's mistakes marks)
Phased implementation.: replacing old system portion by portion with the Data Resources subsystem
new system until entire Data is more than the raw material of information systems. The concept of 5. State any three reasons that may lead to information system change in an
State a stage in system development life cycle where each of the following
system is replaced data resources has been broadened by managers and information systems organization
activities are
.. ...if system fails still have most of old system to fall back on «sta can be trained carried out: professionals.  High failure rate of the existing system.
gradually a) identifying the technologies that may be used in a proposed system; (1 mark) Network Resources  Slow in processing.
 Complaints from customers.
 Decline in profits. System Analyst [1mk] The new system is introduced in stages until it is fully implemented. Example, Di erent students were asked to state the characteristics of a system. The
 Errors in the system. - Examining and evaluating current systems the introduction on the new responses were as follows:
- Identifying system requirements curriculum in education. i) They are holistic
 High cost of maintenance.
- Liaising with users to track additional requirements and features Explanation of the concept @ 2 marks, relevant school example @ 1 mark ii) They are open or closed systems
 Lack of security.
- Conducts feasibility studies b) Give two implications of a poorly implemented system change over strategy (2 iii) They have a boundary and environment.
State four characteristics of systems [2mks]
Webmaster [1mk] marks) Explain each of the above responses
_- Made up of entities working together for an objective
Designs websites  failure to obtain anticipated benefits (3mks)
- Take in input, does some processing and give output
Updates web content  un expected time slippage  Holistic system: the di erent components of a system are grouped
- Is surrounded by an environment
 cost overruns that vastly exceed budgets together to make a whole
- Usually have a feedback mechanism
 technical shortfalls resulting in performance that is significantly below the  Open or Closed: open system receives input from and gives out to the
- A human being (the decision-maker) is part of a system
estimated level environment and can adopt to changes in the environment.
State two applications of ICT in transport systems. [2mks]
st two correct answer @ 1 mark max 2 marks  Boundary and Environment: it is a space within which the component
Technology + Use
c) Explain any two characteristics of a system (4 marks) operates.
e.g. GPS to track vehicles, tra ic lights software to control road interchanges
i. Subsystems e) Explain the following data collection stages as used in data processing
Name two implementation strategies during the Implementation phase of
 A system does not exist in solitude but maybe a component of a larger (3mks)
software development.
system i) Data preparation
[2mks]
ii. Holistic thinking  It is the process of converting data from source documents to machine
- Phased/Module
 A system should be considered as a whole unit rather than considering its readable format
- Parallel
constituent parts ii) Media conversion
- Direct
iii. Control  This is where the data is converted from one medium to another
- Pilot
 The method by which the a system adopts to the changes in the environment iii) Input validation
Identify the program control structures represented by the following charts
in order to give the expected feedback to perform to the expected level  It is the process taken during data entry to prevent wrong data from being
segments. [3mks]
iv. System entropy processed by subjecting to validity checks
Using examples of a school setup, explain the following changeover strategies
 Systems naturally decay with time due to technological changes, new
(9 marks)
management policies or change in user requirements
i) Straight change over
1st two correct explanation @ 2 marks; Stating @ 1mark, Description @ 1
It is where the old system is discarded immediately a new one is
mark
implemented. E.g. in a school setup, a
A system analyst in Mukumu preferred using phased changeover to implement a
computerized exam analysis system when put in place, the manual one is
new system. State three reasons for this preference
discarded immediately
 To enable the analyst to test the system in phases
ii) Parallel change over
 The operations and results of both systems are compare and evaluated
The old system and the new run together until the users are comfortable with
 Errors can be identified and corrected before the old system is abandoned
the new system. In a school
State three reasons why an organization may change an information system
setup, the fees collection is done manually and electronically by writing the
State the duties of the following ICT personnel (3mks)
bank slip number and the
i) Network administrator [1mk]  New opportunities
amounts as the students arrive in school and recording the same in a
_ In charge of network security e.g. creates user accounts and access  Incase of problems in the current system
computerized system
privileges  New directives
iii) Phased change over
Designs networks e.g. topologies to be used