1

HEAT

SYNOPSIS
form of All
at
Hest : Heat is a energy, which causes a sensation of hotness and coldness.
f energy can be changed to heat energy.
forms of For example, rubbing the hands

together
produheat ener
Heat energy alway
flows from the body at higher temperature to the body that has
lower temperature.

Hot Cold
body body

: Thermal energy: Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy ofthe particles that make
up the substance. It depends on the temperature of the substance as well as to its state.
For example, equal masses of liquid water and steam at the same temperature, the
steam has more thermal energy than the liquid water. Because the steam stores energy
sed to separate the particles of liquid water to change it to steam.

: Hot: It indicates the relative thermal energy ofa body is higher than the other.
Cold: It indicates the relative thermal energy ofa body is lower than the other.
Heat and temperature Heat causes change in the temperature of body. Thus tempe
rature is a physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness or coldness. Tempea
ture is a measure of thermal equilibrium.
When a substance is heated, the following effects take place
KIse in temperature, 2) Expansion, 3) Change of state
nermal equilibrium: When heat is transferred from an object to another it is the
nemal energy which is transferred from the object having higher temperature to the
ect having lower temperature until both objects are at the same temperature since
E 1S no further flow of heat, we say that the two objects have reached "Thermal
cquilibrium".
uEs
ofheat: joules (S.I. units), Calorie (C.G.S units
1 calorie = 4.2 joules
 CEEP Physical Sclene
2
he teme
required to raise the
8. Onecalorie: It is defined as the
amount ofheat Lemper alure of
gram of water by 1°C.
1K cal 1000 cal 4200 J =

is measurcd by
by using a deviç.
9 Measurement of temperature: Temperature
thermometer.
thermometer named themmoscon
by him as
Galileo was the first to construct a pe.
scales ne.
mainly 3 kinds thermometric.
of of tempen
. Thermometer scales: There are

ture.
temperature sScale assigning 0Po
1) Anders celsius developed the centigrade 1o he
0te
water and 100°C to the boiling point of pure water
Ireezing point of pure defines the freezing pont of water as 32°F and thee h
2) The Fahrenheit scale boling
point as 212°F.
developed by Lord Kelvin, the standard un
3) The absolute temperature scale
Freezing point of water 273K and the of
is
measuringtemperature is Kelvin.
point as 373K.
eboling
or 37°C on Kelvin scale it is 310K
11. Normal healthy human temperature is 98.6°F

12. Relation between three temperature scales k 2 S

CF-32K-273 C

Ex: 1) 40°C _ P

32
F 12 +32 =104°F
2) 40°C K

40K-25 (or) 40=K-273

K=273+40 313K
13. Absolute temperature is a simple indicator of all the kinetic energy of the particles
present in the body.
[Link]
14. If the temperature is high, the particles are moving quickly on average, ie., K. ,

higher and viceversa.

15. The heat gained or lost by a body depends on:
a) the mass of the body
b) the rise or fall in the temperature of the body
c) the nature of the body
Ex: If equal quantities of water and oil in two different beakers are heated unifou
oil takes less time to reach a higher temperature than water.
Heat 3
Specilich e a t cat : It is simply response of a
clay road, cement road, body towards heat energy
is
on a nergy. Suppose a boy
boy are d sand, shoes ona a hot day.
day.
:ferent
fferent ieclings of
feclings ol the
the boy are
aEreen
due to
green grass without shoes
grass without
on he
walkedo n . specific resistances of the
the materials
that

Ex: Co Consider oil and water in two different bowls. Heat up them for same time wwith
amounts of
of heat. Increase in the temperature of oil is higher than that of water.
qual
c because of specific resistance.
We use water to boil rice, eggs or potatoes but we don't use oil or other liquic
specific heat of water is
cause high.
finition of Specific heat: Amount of heat required to increase 1°C of temperatuure
. ram of mass at normal pressure is called
theamount of heat
red to 1 gram of substance to increase 1°Cspecific factheat.
r e q u i r e d
is equal to theInamount of heat released
1 gram of substance loss 1°C
when

c: If
Ex:
temperature.
If a substance receives 100 Calories to improve its temperature 5°C to 6°C, in
nun it losts
turn it
losts 100
00 Calories. When the substance drops its temperature from 6°C to 5°C.
Specific heat is denoted with (S).

Tlnits for specific heat in CGS system> Cal. g ° c

The amount of heat absorbed (or) lost by a body is (i) directly proportional to its
increase in absolute temperature.

i.e,Qc AT.... (1)

i) directly proportional to its mass
i.e.,Qcm.... (2)
from eq (1) and (2), we have Q m A7
Q=m. s. A T .... (3)
where S is the proportional constant, called the specific heat.
S = 9

m. AT
Units: Cal gm°C* [[Link]]1
Joule. Kg K [S.I. units]
1 cal/gm-°C=4-2 x 10' J/Kg- K =1 K cal/Kg - K.

8. Specific heat of a substance depends on its nature. If specific heat is high, the rate of
rise or fall in temperature is low for same quantity of heat supplied.
different substances?
Why is the specific heat different for
Let us find out.
We know that the temperature of a body is directly proportional to the average kinetic
have
Cnergyof of the body. The molecules of the system (body [Link])
particles
different forms of energies such as linear kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy,
molecules. The total energy of the
iDrational energy and potential energy between
When we supply heat energy to the
system is called internal energy of the system.
will be shared by the molecules among the various
STem the heat energy given to it
forms of energy.
 Physical Sciene,
substance to
substance. rise
The ris
Lemperat ure ishihiph
sharing will vary from share of heat energy is utilised for
This
SuDstance, if the
maximum
the system also varies
of
increasiwith,ng its line
incresI

Kinetic energy. This

is why
sharing ofheat
the specific heat is
energy
different for different
substances.
termperate
nat
Specific heat
Substance In J/kg-K
In calg°C
130
Lead 0.031
139
Mercury 0.033
0.092 380
Brass
0.093 391
Zinc
399
Copper 0.095
483
Iron 0.115
504
Glass (flint) 0.12
0.21 882
Aluminum
Kerosene oil 0.50 2100
Ice 0.50 2100
Water 1 4180
0.95 3900
Sea water
19. Applications of specific heat
1) Oceans behave like heat "store houses" for the earth. They can absorb amounte t
ants of
heat at the equator without appreciable rise in temperature due to high specis
heat of water.
2) Water melon has more coolness for a longer time than any other fruit because i
contains a large percentage of water, has greater specific heat.
20. Method of mixtures If two liquids having masses m, and m, at a temperature oft

and , are added then the find temperature of the mixture, T=m'tm,,
m+m
21. Specific heat of a given liquid
Specific heat of asolid can be found by using S=¢+(2m)S, (-7)
(my-m)(T,-7)
where m= mass of calorimeter
m = mass of calorimeter with water

m, = mass of calorimeter with water & solid

T Temperature of water in calorie meter

T=100°C
T Temperature of water + Solid in calorimeter
 5

The molccules of a liquid at its called

tion. [Link] at
eaporalion. different temperaturesurfacc ly off. This proces
at different prcssurCs.
Sinply"7he
change of state irom liquid to
gas that occurs at the sur
f n

ds, the process of escaping of

o l h e rw o r d s

led cvaporation. molecules from the surfacc of a liquid a any

ratutre at which the liquid evaporates is

place any taken depend the mospheric pressure.
at on
1an be temperature because the change of atmospheric pres-
time of
AL t h e poration taking place, Kinetic
molccules
use the molecules;gain this energy of all molecules decrease
(becaus

of the
energy from other molecules to leave surface).
S o t h e

perature
t e m p e r a t u ;

liquid decreases because

anoration is a cooling process. decrease in their kinetic energy.
H e n c e

ation and Boiling: In

both processes, liquid molecules go to gas state by
their surfaces. But
thing is Boiling takes
ure only. Whereas evaporation takes at any ofplace
and
theseattwo.
a
particular temperature
So boiling a
point is fixed
fiquid but not evaporating point to a liquid.
Lam sation : Condensation is a reverse
Cond process to evaporation. Evaporation is
from liguid
to gas but condensation is
from gas to liquid.
cess. Dew is an example for condensation. Condensation is a warming
Tn the process of condensation, the total internal
energy of the system increases.
Water droplets on cool drink bottle or mango taken out
from the fridze is an exam-
ple for condensation.
When there is a temperature gap in a system and its
fers from higher temperature to lower surroundings then heat trans-
temperature.
forms as droplets. This phenomina is called
So vapour (water) in the air
In the case a
condensation.
cool drink bottle taken out from
fridze the temperature of the bottle is
low and temperature outside the bottle is
roundings to water bottle.
high then heat energy transfer from sur-
Then the water vapour present in the air at the
tion on the walls of bottle. surroundings turn to droplet forma-
We feel warm after
finishing bath under the shower. This is a
good example for
condensation.
Here no. of molecules
(vapour) per unit volume
present inside the bath room are
higher than outside the bath room. Hence
to dry ourselves. droplets form on our body when we try
*Dwaporation -Condensation: After sweating we feel cool.
atglands Bccause, the water in our
evaporate and decreases temperature of our
body hence we feel cool. So
is is an example for
Sweating
ung in a evaporation.
stout person is more than a lean one, because
evapor
raion. And this sweating is nothing but
evaporation depends on the
following.
Surface area of the liquid or (vessel).
Temperature
Nater vap of surroundings and the body.
apours
ae area of a stout
already in the surroundings.
man is more than a lean one hence swcating too.
 CEEP Physical Se
6
vapour
present
in air
air.
called humidity.
is
called
Him
of water in

26. Humidity:
The
humid
amount

is the
presence
ol vapour
is high,
molccules

there humidity
is also I
.
Sorms beca
Then sHe
atmospheric evaporation
Where
the evaporation.
from the
surtace
of the sea a
And reaches he
ing is also high. shores water
evaporates
humidily is
more than.
other arcas,
Ex: At the sea coastal lines
sea
shores and
as vapour.
So at
more.
When we sit in beaches is
we clearly notice some gummy material or
xist.
humidity
humid in air mean evSkin
rivers, lakes
where oceans,
the places
Hyderabad. Sweating i.
is in more

is humid. Humidity is lower than

at vizag
Though temperature
season is due to.
than Hyderabad.
Water droplets on
formation
our
window

is due to
glasses in the winter
when water vapour is in
condensation,
sahu.
COndensstatie,
saturated
Droplets
air. due to condensation in
Dew forms
Dew means water droplets. winter niphto
dew areas in
other bodies In
be observed grass and
on
This can is very low the condensation
In the early mornings if the temperature
but an dust particles present sent the
on the surfaces
only in
water drops) takes not
thick mist.
and form a
These droplets float in air
means thick mist
in air.
Fog
in air.
Mist means floating water droplets
the time of fogging. So we use yellow light for drist.
dniving.
Visibility problems arises at
lower temperature than dew only.
When the temperature ine
Fogging forms a
increass,
the fog decrease.
Dew is droplet formation on objects (surfaces) only fog is droplet formation ondug
d
particles in air too. When we supply energy continuously to a body then the intem

energy increases. Increase in internal energy lead to increase in linea.

Kinetic energy of the particles resulting the temperature of the body increases.
Still we continue the supply of energy then vibrational, rotational energies oft
particles also increase. Then increase in body temperature stops. But change in stae
of the body (solid to liquid, liquid to gas) starts. So we can conclude.
After attaining, a certain temperature the change in state of the substance starts.
We must remember one thing-during this change of state temperature of the substana
remains fixed.
When we supply some heat
energy to a solid state material, then its temperaure
raises after attaining a certain value (this depends on the substance) the matena
change to liquid state. After completion of this change to liquid the temperatun
again raises.
Melting point: At which temperature of a solid materials arts
state is called melting
changing to lgu
point that given material. (or) the
of
materials in solid state to liquid state at process of changu
constant temperature is called mcu
And this constant temperature is the
Freezing point: Liquids convert to melting point.
solids by loosing some heat that means by de
creasing its temperature.
 the temperature at which a liquid
Tihus convert into solid isi its freczing point.
point and freezing point are
given in our
pressure dependent.
Thev
lucs textbooks are taken at 1
atm pressure.
L p t e nh
ofvapourizatic (L): Amount of
t eator

'm'
completely to gas heat required
requ (Q) to change a liquidof

Formula
forlL
for Units for 'L,
=2,

m
in CGS
=Cal/gm
Units for L, in MKS
Joul/kg =

LAlent, of vapourization of water is

540 cal/gram that means to convert igm of
540 cal heat energy
vapour Fusion
heat is required.
of Fusion (L): The amount
ofheat
Lstent
state.
of heat required (Q) toto change
chan, a solid of
maSs
(m) to liquid
Formulafor Units
m
for L,in CGS= Cal/gm
Units for L in MKS =
Joul/kg
nt heat of fusion of ice is 80 Cal/gm, that means 80 Calories of heat energy 15
Latent
tired to convert I gram of ice to water at 1 atm pressure. Calculate the amount or
require

heatrequirea to convert 5 grams ice to water.

1 gram ice 80 Cal required
=

For
Thenfor 5 grams= 80 x =400 Calories required.

L 5 4 0 callgm = 3:26 x 10 J/Kg

L 8 0callgm = 2.26 x 10 J/Kg

Imp: Water expands on freezing. Thats why we should not keep glass bottles with
water in Fridze.
The temperature of ice does not change while it is melting.
675 grams of ice can be turned to water with the heat ofl gram water turns to vapour.
Ex: Calculate the mass ofthe ice can be converted to water with the heat required to
convert 20 grams of water to vapour.
Sol: The amount of required to convert 1 gram of water to vapour is 540 Cal.
So for 20 grams of water required to convert into vapour is 540 x 20.
The amount of heat required to convert l gram of ice to water is 80 Cal.
the mass of ice that can be converted to water with 540 x 20 Calis

540 20 135 gm
80
(or)
Simply 6.75 x 20 = 135 gm.
The density of ice is less than that of water. Because on freezing water the volume
increases, hence volume of ice is more than that of water for a unit mass.

Hence d
waler
8
LP Physical Sclen
sOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Convert 20°C into Kelvin

Sol : 20°C =20 + 273 = 293 K.
of water from 25°C to 759
2. What is the heat encrgy required to rise 20kg C
Sol: m 20 kg 20, 000 gm
25°C, t, =75°C
20,000 x 50= 10,00,000 cal
=

Q= msaT=20,000x1 x (75-25)
3. Calculate the amount of heat given if 50g
of ice at 0°C is converted
1s converted to stea
steam at Ite
Latent heat of vapourisation 540 cal. per gm|.
S0g 100°C
Sol:0°C 0°C 100°C
ice water water steam

mlie=50 x 80 =4000 Cal

msAT=50 x 1 x(100-0)=5000 Cal

540 27000 Cal

mbsieonm 50 x =

Totalamount ofheatgiven = Q1 +Q +03

= 4000+5000+27000= 36,000 Cal.
What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 50g of water at 20°C temnem
4.
and 50g of water at 40°C.
Sol: m = 50g, m, = 50g

T=20°C, T,=40°C
m,11 +ma 1_50 x20 +50 x40
Temperature of mixture 50+50
m +m
1000+2000-300
100
30°C
10030°C

5. How much energy is released or absorbed when 1 gm of steam at 100°C tums to ice a
0°C.
Sol: m = 1 gm, Lvapou 540 Cal/gm, Liuion =80Cal

waler1 Cal/gm -°C

Q=mLvapou t ms AT + mLiuion1 x 540+1 x 1x 100+ 1 x 80
= 540 + 100 +80 720 Cal.

How much energy is transferred when 1 gm of boiling water at 100°C condenses

6.
water at 100°C.
Sol:m = 1 gm, Lapour = 540 Cal/gm
0 mbygpou = 1 x 540 = 540 Cal = 540 x 4.2J= 2250J.

you
7. If you drink 200 ml of water at 20°C. What is the heat gained by water rou
body. [Body temperature is 37°C)
at 9
: m =2 0 0 g

S=1Cal/gm°C

37°C
I -20°C, 7,
=

m SAT 200 x 1 x (37-20) 200 x 17 =3400 Cals.

mSA
=

Calculate the amount of heat required to convert 1 gm

Calculate
of ice at 0°C into steam at
100°C.
JHeatrequired to melt I gm
of ice at 0°C =
mL= 1 x 80 80
Cal.
Heatrequired to increase temperature of 1gm of water from 100°C 7D E
0PCto 100°C ms At= 1x 1x 100 Cal =100 Cal
=

Heat required to convert 1gm of water at 100°C into steam=

=1 x 540=540 Cal. emp time

Total Heat =80+ 100 +540 =720 Cal.