Single Phase AC
Definition of Alternating Quantity
An alternating quantity changes continuously
in magnitude and alternates in direction at
regular intervals of time.
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Single Phase AC: Important Terms
Important terms associated with an alternating quantity are defined below.
1. Amplitude
It is the maximum value attained by an alternating quantity. Also called as maximum
or peak value
2. Time Period (T)
It is the Time Taken in seconds to complete one cycle of an alternating quantity
3. Instantaneous Value
It is the value of the quantity at any instant
4. Frequency (f)
It is the number of cycles that occur in one second. The unit for frequency is Hz or
cycles/sec.
The relationship between frequency and time period can be derived as follows.
Time taken to complete f cycles = 1 second
Time taken to complete 1 cycle = 1/f second
T = 1/f
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Single Phase
Single AC: Resonance
Phase AC
Advantages of AC system over DC system
1. AC voltages can be efficiently stepped up/down
using transformer
2. AC motors are cheaper and simpler in
construction than DC motors
3. Switchgear for AC system is simpler than DC
system
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Single Phase AC: Generation
It can be generated
by Linking a coil
with varying flux.
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Single Phase AC: Generation
Consider a rectangular coil of N turns placed in a
Uniform Magnetic figure as shown in figure:
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Single Phase AC: Generation
When the coil is in the vertical position, the flux linking the coil
is zero because the plane of the coil is parallel to the direction of
the magnetic field. Hence at this position, the emf induced in the
coil is zero. When the coil moves by some angle in the
anticlockwise direction, there is a rate of change of flux linking
the coil and hence an emf is induced in the coil. When the coil
reaches the horizontal position, the flux linking the coil is
maximum, and hence the emf induced is also maximum. When
the coil further moves in the anticlockwise direction, the emf
induced in the coil reduces. Next when the coil comes to the
vertical position, the emf induced becomes zero. After that the
same cycle repeats and the emf is induced in the opposite
direction. When the coil completes one complete revolution, one
cycle of AC voltage is generated.
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Single Phase AC: Generation
The generation of sinusoidal AC voltage can also be
explained using mathematical equations.
Consider a rectangular coil of N turns placed in a
uniform magnetic field in the position shown in the
figure.
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Single Phase AC: Generation
The component of flux acting along the
plane of the coil does not induce any flux
in the coil. Only the component acting
perpendicular to the plane of the coil ie
maxcos t induces an emf in the coil.
Hence the emf induced in the coil
is a sinusoidal emf. This will
induce a sinusoidal current in the
circuit given by
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Single Phase AC: Solved Problem
Solved Problem 1
An alternating current i is given by i = 141.4 sin 314t Find
i) The maximum value
ii) Frequency
iii) Time Period
iv) The instantaneous value when t=3ms, i = 141.4 sin 314t
Ans: i = I m sin
Maximum value Im=141.4 V
T=1/f = 0.02 sec
i=141.4 sin(314x0.003) = 114.35A
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Single Phase AC: Average Value
The arithmetic average of all the values of an alternating
quantity over one cycle is called its average value
for sinusoidal wave
.637
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Single Phase AC: Average Value
For Symmetrical waveforms, the average value calculated over one
cycle becomes equal to zero because the positive area cancels the
negative area. Hence for symmetrical waveforms, the average value
is calculated for half cycle.
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Single Phase AC: Average Value
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Single Phase AC: Average Value
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Single Phase AC: Average Value
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Single Phase AC: RMS Value
RMS or Effective Value
The effective or RMS value of an alternating quantity is that steady
current (dc) which when flowing through a given resistance for a
given time produces the same amount of heat produced by the
alternating current flowing through the same resistance for the same
time.
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Single Phase AC: RMS Value
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Single Phase AC: RMS Value
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Single Phase AC: Form Factor
The Ratio of RMS Value to the average value
of the alternating quantity is Form Factor.
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Single Phase AC: Form Factor
Form Factor of Sinusoid
Form Factor of Sinusoid
Form Factor of Sinusoid
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Single Phase AC: Peak Factor
The ratio of Maximum value to the RMS
value of the alternating quantity is Peak
Factor.
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Single Phase AC: Peak Factor
PeakFactor of Sinusoid
PeakFactor of Sinusoid
PeakFactor of Sinusoid
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Single Phase AC : In Phase
The Waveforms
Two waveforms are said
to be in phase, when the
phase difference
between them is zero.
That is the zero points of
both the waveforms are
same.
The Equations
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Single Phase AC : Lagging or Leading
In the figure shown,
the zero point of the
current waveform is
after the zero point of
the voltage waveform.
Hence
the current is lagging
behind the voltage.
Alternatively
Voltage wave is leading
the current wave.
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AC circuit with a pure resistance
Consider an AC circuit with a pure resistance
R as shown in the figure. The alternating
voltage v is given by
From equation (1) and (2) we conclude
that in a pure resistive circuit, the
voltage and current are in phase. Hence
the voltage and current waveforms and
phasors can be drawn as below.
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AC circuit with a pure resistance
Instantaneous power
The instantaneous power in the above circuit can be derived as
follows
The instantaneous power consists of two terms. The first term is
called as the constant power term and the second term is called as
the fluctuating power term. @ipmishra
AC circuit with a pure resistance
Average power
From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows
As seen above the average power is the product of
the rms voltage and the rms current.
The voltage, current and power waveforms of a purely
resistive circuit is as shown in the figure.
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AC circuit with a pure resistance
Problem 2: An ac circuit consists of a pure resistance
of 10 and is connected to an ac supply of 230 V, 50
Hz. Calculate the (i) current (ii) power consumed
and (iii) equations for voltage and current.
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Single Phase AC: Resonance
Resonance is special circuit condition in Electrical
Engineering when the response is maximum.
For the resonance the circuit need to have inductor and
capacitor. There may be circuit (Coil) resistance R also
Series Resonance Circuit
Also known as Voltage amplifier
Also known as Acceptor Circuit
Parallel Resonance Circuit
Also known as Current amplifier
Also known as Rejecter Circuit
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Single Phase AC : Resonance
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Single Phase AC: Resonance
Self Revision topics
For Series RLC Circuit:(Already Explained in Class)
Impedance at resonance
Half Power current in terms of Resonance current
Band width
Edge or Corner frequencies
Derivation of expression for finding out edge
frequencies.
Quality factor of a coil.
Graphical Representation of Resonance
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