ABSTRACT

The operation of power system is quite complicated right from transmission to distribution to the
end users. In between the operation of it, many ill conditions arouse interfering with the process.
The power system goes through lots of events out, which may cause disturbances to its
operation. One such of issues is of low frequency oscillations typically range from 0.1 Hz to 2
Hz. These low frequency oscillation are further be classified as Local and inter-area mode with
the frequency ranging from 0.7 to 2 Hz and 0.1 to 0.8 Hz respectively. To damp out these
oscillations high gain voltage regulators are employed. But these alone are not sufficient. Hence,
for the efficient performance and response controller is designed based on the devices of FACTs
(Flexible AC Transmission) family. These devices possess good operation characteristics. In the
present context Static Series Synchronous Compensator is being employed.
To realize and observe the performance of SSSC based damping controller a Single machine
infinite bus system is developed based on Phillips-Haffron model. The given controller is
employed in the model in the platform provided by MATLAB/Simulink. Then, its analysis was
carried out. Further, the performance of the SSSC based controller is improved with the uses of
newly developed Teacher Learner Based Optimization (TLBO) technique. The system developed
was analyzed with two different cases of change in mechanical torque input and reference
voltage setting with different parameters values. The observations have been tabulated for speed
deviation, power angle deviation and electrical power deviation respectively in each case with
different steps of variations. Finally, the results for these conditions are compared with SMIB
system without SSSC and it was verified that it performance in stabilizing the system has
bettered with the inclusion of TLBO based SSSC controller.

Chapter-1
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are the static devices for AC transmission to
enhance treatment and network transmission performance.

As per the IEEE it is, “an electronic control system on the basis and other static devices which
allows control of one or more parameters of the alternative transmission system to improve
controllability and improve the ability of transmission.”

FACTS will increase the reliability of the AC networks as well as reduce the costs of the power
supply along with the quality and transmission of power. In recent years, the current assessment
of the thyristor developed into higher ratings makes the power electronics capable of applying
applications with high power dozens, hundreds and thousands of MW.

FACTS have several advantages such as: transfer capacity improvement, c 0ntr0l of energy flow,
stabi1ity w.r.t. transient, damping in osci1lated p0wer, stability and c0ntr0l of voltage. Depending
on the type and equipment selected and the specific voltage level and the conditions of the local
network, the transmission capacity improvement of up to 40-50% can be achieved by the FACTS
installation. FACTS controllers are not subject to wear and require less maintenance.

Power electronics devices have been evolved over the past years with which have come so many
developments and able technologies for processing huge energy. As a result, it has also found its
place in the various operations of the power system.

Power flow studies show the operating state of the stationary state of the supply network, the
flow of active and reactive power, voltage values and phase angles in all network nodes. If the
study shows the energy dissipation voltage levels beyond tolerable limit, or it is about the power
line capacity, the necessary control measures are taken to regulate. The FACTS technology is
simple to apply to the collectors to regulate and control variables such as impedance, current,
voltage, and phase angle. Series Compensators, Shunt Compensators, Compensators Series
Shunt Series and Series Compensators: FACTS controllers can be divided into four (4) groups.

Table 1.1: Different types of FACTs device according to application

P, Q Series UPFC A

P Series TCSC, Phase Angle Controller B

Q Series STATCOM, SVC C

Power flow studies show the operating state of the stationary state of the supply network, the
flow of active and reactive power, voltage values and phase angles in all network nodes. If the
study shows the energy dissipation voltage levels beyond tolerable limits, or it is about the power
line capacity, the necessary control measures are taken to regulate. The FACTS technology is
simple to apply to the collectors to regulate and control variables such as impedance, current,
voltage, and phase angle. Series Compensators, Shunt Compensators, Compensators Series
Shunt Series and Series Compensators: FACTS controllers can be divided into four (4) groups
[44].

The main problem lies here for the incorporation of these mentioned new technologies is
complications, costs and trustworthiness from the TSO's point of view. FACTS further
penetration depends on the ability of technology providers to overcome these obstacles, through
greater standardization, interoperability, and scale effects.

Few applications of these Devices are mentioned below,

 Transmission capacity enhancement

 v0ltage regulation

 Balancing of reactive power

 Stabi1ity improvement

 Power status enhancement

 Power conditi0ning

 Fluctuation mitigation
 Hybridization of renewable and distributed generation and storages.

The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is one such which is based on a fixed-voltage
converter system that generates an adjustable AC voltage with the 1ine current (in quadrature).
Likewise, the SSSC emu1ates either as inductive or capacitive reactance and c0ntr0l the energy
management in transmission lines accordingly [41].

1.2 Proposed Approach

1.2.1 Structure of SSSC controller

Fig. 1.1 shows SSSC controller based on lead lag structure for knowing the injected voltage Vq.

Fig. 1.1:
Structure of SSSC Controller

There are several merits of using lead lag controller delay such as high trustworthiness,
straightforward structure, simple dynamic modeling and minimal development effort. The input
signal to control the speed of the dry weight of the output gap and the signal V q voltage regulator
is injected. K is a gain block, the phase compensation unit and the wash block signal. Washing
the signal block is essentially a high-pass filter, which is a time constant T W. TW value must be
high enough so that the corresponding signals are unchanged with real power oscillations. So it is
the control of the constant transformation of royal power. T W value may be in the range of 1 to
20 Sec. This study is supposed 10 sec [8].

The phase compensation block’s time constants are T 1, T2, T3 and T4. The phase compensation
block carries the phase delay between the output signal and the input signal to compensate for
phase advance required characteristics.
1.2.2 Problem Formulation

The transfer function employed for the lead lag based SSSC controller is,

U SSSC=K .
( s .T w
)(
T 1 . s+1
1+T W . s T 2 . s+1 )( )
T 3 . s +1
T 4 . s +1
y (1.1)

Where USSSC = Input signal from SSSC controller

y = Output signal to SSSC controller

TW, T2 and T4 are normally given. Here, it is TW = 10, T2 = 0.3 & T4=0.3. K and T1& T3 (time
constants) are unknown. For removing oscillations V q is modified. The value of Vq during
dynamic condition is

V q =V ref +∆ V q (1.2)