Solution

VECTOR ALGEBRA LESSON:-10(M.M:-6)

Class 12 - Mathematics
Section A
1.
(c) 1
Explanation: Let a = p(2î − ĵ + 2k̂)
Given that, the length of a is 3 units,
i.e., | a | = 3
⇒ | p(2î − ĵ + 2k̂) | = 3

y
2
⇒
√4p̂ + p 2 + 4p 2 = 3 ⇒ 9p2 = 9

nb
⇒ p2 = 1 ⇒ P = ±1
2. (a) -2

| |
3 −1 2

ya
Explanation: If three vectors are coplanar 2 1 3 =0
1 λ −1
3(1 × (-1) - 3λ) -(-1)(-2 - 3) + 2(2λ - 1) = 0
Da s G
-3 - 9λ - 2 - 3 + 4λ - 2 = 0
-5λ = 10
10
λ= −5
c
λ = -2
ir
3.
ati
ss
(c) α
Explanation: Let α = xî + yĵ + zk̂
em

Then (α ⋅ î)î + (α ⋅ ĵ)ĵ + (α ⋅ k̂)k̂

= {(xî + yĵ + zk̂) ⋅ î}î + {(xî + yĵ + zk̂) ⋅ ĵ}ĵ + {(xî + yĵ + zk̂) ⋅ k̂}k̂
= (x)î + (y)ĵ + (z)k̂ = α
4.
ath

→ →
(d) 3 a + 5 b
→
Explanation: Let position vector of point R be r . As point R divides externally the line segment PQ in the ratio 1:2 .therefore
,
M

( ) − 2 ( 2a + b ) ( − 3a − 5b )
→ → → → → →
1 a − 3b
→
r = 1−2
= −1
→ → →
r = 3a + 5b
→ → → → → →
3a + 5b + a − 3b 4a + 2b →
Also , mid point of the line segment RQ is : = = = 2→
a + b ,which is the position vector of point
2 2
[Link] , P is the mid point of line segment RQ.

5. (a) 5
Explanation: It is given that :

(2 x − 3 a ). (2 x + 3 a ) = 91
→ → → →

4 | x |2 − 9 | a | 2
→ →
⇒

= 91 ⇒ 4 | x | 2 − 9.1 = 91
→

⇒ 4 | x | 2 = 100
→
|x | = 5
⇒
→

1 / 26
Assignment
6.
1
(c) (2î + ĵ + k̂)
√6
^
Explanation: P(î − ĵ + 2k̂), Q(2i − k̂) and R(2ĵ + k̂)
→ →
PQ = î + ĵ − 3k
→ →
PR = − i + 3ĵ − k

| |
→ → î ĵ k̂
PQ × PR = 1 1 −3
−1 3 −1
→ →

y
PQ × PR = 8î + 4ĵ + 4k̂
→ →

nb
| PQ × PR | = 4√6
8i + 4jˆ + 4k̂ 1
unit vector = = (2i + ĵ + k̂)
4√ 6 √6

ya
7.
(c) 36
Explanation: We have,
→
Da s G
|→
a | = 2, | b | = 3
→ →
|a × b|2+ |a ⋅ b|2
→ →
∴

→ →
= | a | 2 | b | 2sin 2θ + | a | 2 | b | 2cos 2θ
→ →
c
ir
→
(
a | 2 | b | 2 sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 36
= |→ )
ati
ss
8.

(d) cos − 1
()
5
em

| a | = √14, | b | = √14, a. b = 10,

→ → → → → →
Explanation: a = î − 2ĵ + 3k̂, b = 3î − 2ĵ + k̂ ⇒

→ →
a.b 10
ath

⇒ = cosθ ⇒
14
= cosθ
|a | |b |
→ →

5 5
⇒ cosθ = ⇒ θ = cos − 1
7 7
M

9.
(c) 35 cubic unit
Explanation: Here
→
a = 2î − 3ĵ + 4k̂
→
b = î + 2ĵ − k̂
→
& c = 3î − ĵ − 2k̂
Therefore, Required
Volume = [ → ]
→ →
a b c

| |
2 −3 4
= 1 2 −1
3 −1 −2
= 2(-4 - 1) + 3(-2 + 3) + 4(-1 - 6)
= -10 + 3 - 28

2 / 26
Assignment
 = -35
Since volume cannot be negative
∴ Volume =35 cube units

83
10. (a) − 2
83
Explanation: − 2

11.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: We can multiply any vector by any scalar.
→ →
For example in equation F = m a
mass is a scalar quantity, but acceleration is a vector quantity.
12. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

y
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

nb
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Cross product of two vectors is perpendicular to the plane containing both the vectors.
14. Here,

ya
→ → → → → →
a. (b×c) b. (a×c)
→ → →
+ → → →
(c×a) .b c. (a×b)
[a b c ] [a b c ]
= −
Da s G
[c a b ] [c a b ]
[a b c ] [a b c ]
= −
[c a b ] [c a b ]
=0
c

15. We know that,

ir
ati

→ → →
| a × b | 2 + ( a ⋅ b) 2 = | a | 2 | b | 2
→ → →
ss
→
⇒ 144 = 4 2 | b | 2
→
em

⇒ 144 = 16 | b | 2
→
⇒ |b|2 = 9
→
⇒ |b| = 3
ath

→
16. Given vector a = 2î - 3ĵ + 6k̂
→
⇒ | a | = √4 + 9 + 36 = 7
2iˆ − 3jˆ + 6kˆ
→
a
â = =
M

∴
|a| 7
→
⇒ â = Unit vector in direction of a
2 3 6
= î - ĵ + k̂
7 7 7
17. Given , P =(3,2)
∴ Position vector of point P = 3î + 2ĵ
So,component vector of P is 3î along X-axis & 2ĵ along Y-axis.
18. Projection of vector r along X-axis is given by ;
r ⋅ iˆ
→

→
= r . î
| iˆ |
= (3î − 4ĵ + 12k̂). î = 3
19. The acceleration is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitudes as well as direction.
20. Given vectors are
→ → →
a = î + ĵ, b = ĵ + k̂, c = k̂ + î
Then,
→
→
a+b+→
c = î + ĵ + ĵ + k̂ + k̂ + î = 2(î + ĵ + k̂)

3 / 26
Assignment
 →
√22 + 22 + 22 = √12 = 2√3
→ →
∴ |a + b + c| =

→ → →
2 ( î + ĵ + k̂ ) 1
Therefore, unit vector in the direction of a + b + c = = (î + ĵ + k̂)
2√ 3 √3
21. Let θ be the angle,
( iˆ − jˆ ) ⋅ ( jˆ − k̂ ) 1
∴ cos θ = ˆ ˆ ˆ =−2
| i − j | | j − k̂ |
2π
⇒ θ= 3
→
22. The direction ratios of AB are given by :-
(-1 - 1),(-2 - 2),(1 + 3), i.e., -2, -4, 4
→ →
23. Here, a ⋅ a = 0
( a) 2 = 0
→

y
→
a=0

nb
→ →
and, a ⋅ b = 0
Thus, bˉ is a non zero vector.
Section B

ya
24. We have,
→ → → →
a×b=a×c

⇒
→
a×b−→
a×→
→
c =0
→
Da s G
→ → → →
⇒ a × ( b − c) = 0
→ → → → → → → →
⇒ a = 0 or, b − c = 0 or, a‖( b − c)
c

⇒
→ → →
a = 0 or, b = c or,, a‖( b − c)
→ → → →
ir
ati

→ → → → → → →
a‖( b − c) [ a ≠ 0 and b ≠ c]
ss
⇒ ∵

→
⇒ b−→
c = t→
a for some scalar t
→
em

→ →
⇒ b = c + ta
25. Let:
→
a = 2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂
→
ath

b = 3î − 6ĵ + 2k̂

| |
î ĵ k̂
→ →
∴ a×b = 2 3 6
M

3 −6 2

= (6 + 36)î − (4 − 18)ˆ[j + ( − 12 − 9)k̂

= 42î + 14ĵ − 21k̂
→
√422 + 142 + ( − 21) 2
→
⇒ |a × b| =
→
⇒ |→
a × b| = √422 + 142 + ( − 21) 2
= √2401
= 49
1 → →
Area of the parallelogram = 2
|a × b|
49
= 2
sq. units
26. Given that, (a + b) is orthogonal to (a - b)
then
→ →
(→
a + b) ⋅ (→
a − b) = 0

4 / 26
Assignment
 →
a |2 = | b | 2 = 0
→

√
{ (5) 2 + ( − 1) 2 + (7) 2} 2 − { (1) 2 + ( − 1) 2 + (λ) 2} 2 = 0√
(25 + 1 + 49) − 1 + 1 + λ 2 = 0 ( )
(
75 − 2 + λ 2 = 0 )
75 − 2 − = 0 λ2
− λ 2 = − 73
λ= √73
→
27. Let →
a = 3î + ĵ − 2k̂ and b = î − 3ĵ + 4k̂. Then,

| |
î ĵ k̂

y
→ →
a×b= 3 1 − 2 = (4 − 6)î − (12 + 2)ĵ + ( − 9 − 1)k̂ = − 2î − 14ĵ − 10k̂

nb
1 −3 4
→
⇒ |→
a × b| = √( − 2) 2 + ( − 14) 2 + ( − 10) 2 = √300
1 → → 1
Area of the parallelogram = |a × b| = √300 = 5√3 sq. units.

ya
∴
2 2
28. βˉ 1 = γαˉ
βˉ 1 = γ(3î + 4ĵ + 5k̂)
Da s G
βˉ = βˉ + βˉ 1 2
⇒ 2î + ĵ − 4k̂ = γ(3î + 4ĵ + 5k̂) + βˉ 2
¯
β 2 = (2 − 3γ)î + (1 − 4γ)ĵ − (4 + 5γ)k̂
c

βˉ 2 ⋅ αˉ = 0
ir
ati

[(2 − 3γ)î + (1 − 4γ)ĵ − (4 + 5γ)k̂] ⋅ (3î + 4ĵ + 5k̂) = 0

ss
6 − 9γ + 4 − 16γ − 20 − 25γ = 0
-50γ =10
em

1
γ = -5

| |2 = ( a − b ). ( a − b )
→ → →
29. →
a−b → →
ath

→ → → → → → → →
= a. a − a. b − b. a + b. b
→ →
| |2
→
= | a |2 − 2 a. b + b
→

=4−2×4+9
M

=5

| a − b | = √5
→ →

30. We have, = (-2, 1, 3)

B = (3, 5, -2)
→
∴ OA = − 2 ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 3k̂

→
∴ OB = 3 ı̂ + 5 ȷ̂ − 2k̂

mb ± na
Formula to be used → The point dividing a line joining points a and b in a ratio m:n internally or externally is given by
m+b
[Link],
The position vector of the point dividing the line externally
2 × ( − 2ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 3 k̂ ) − 1 × ( 3ı̂ + 5ȷ̂ − 2 k̂ )
= 2−1
= 8ı̂ + 9ȷ̂ − 7k̂

5 / 26
Assignment
 →
31. Here,it is given a = 3î − ĵ + 4k̂
→
b = − λî + 3ĵ + 3k̂
since these two vectors are perpendicular, their dot product is zero.
→
→ → → π
⇒ a ⋅ b = |→
a | | b | cos θ = | →
a | | b | cos =0
2
→ →
⇒ a ⋅ b = (3ı̂ − ȷ̂ + 4k̂) ⋅ ( − λ + 3ȷ̂ + 3k̂) = 0
→ →
⇒ a ⋅ b = (3 × -λ)+(-1 × 3)+(4 × 3) = 0
→ →
⇒ a ⋅ b = -3λ - 3 + 12 = 0
⇒ 9 = 3λ
9
⇒ λ= 3
=3
λ=3

y
⇒

( ) ( )
→ →
32. L.H.S = →
a−b × →
a+b

nb
→ → → → → → → →
=a×a+a×b−b×a−b×b
→ → → → → → → →
= 0 + a × b + a × b − 0 [as a × b = − b × a]

ya
→
= 2(→
a × b)
33. Here, it is given that A = ı̂ + 2ȷ̂ + 3k̂
B = 2î + 3ĵ + k̂
Da s G
C = 3ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 2k̂
→
∴ AB = (2 ı̂ + 3 ȷ̂ + k̂) − ( ı̂ + 2 ȷ̂ + 3k̂)

= ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 2k̂
c

→
ir
∴ BC = (3 ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 2k̂) − (2 ı̂ + 3 ȷ̂ + k̂)
ati
ss
= ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ + k̂
→
∴ CA = ( î + 2 ĵ + 3k̂) − (3 î + ĵ + 2k̂)
em

= − 2ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k̂
2 2 2
We know that for any vector →
a = a xî + a yĵ + a zk̂ the magnitude | →
a| =
√a x + ay + a z

→
ath

∴ | AB | = √ 1 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 = √6
→
∴ | BC | = √ 1 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 = √6
→
M

∴ | CA | = √ 2 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 = √6
→ → →
∴ | AB | = | BC | = | CA |
The three sides of the triangle are equal in magnitude, so the triangle is equilateral.
Section C
34. According to the question ,
Given vectors are , →
a = î + ĵ + k̂ and
→
b = ĵ − k̂
→
Let c = xî + yĵ + zk̂

| |
î ĵ k̂
→ →
Then , a × c = 1 1 1
x y z

= î(z − y) − ĵ(z − x) + k̂(y − x)

6 / 26
Assignment
 → → →
Given that a × c = b .
→
⇒ î(z − y) + ĵ(x − z) + k̂(y − x) = 0î + 1ĵ + ( − 1)k̂ [ ∵ b = ĵ − k̂]
On comparing the coefficients of i, j, and k. from both sides, we get
z - y = 0,
x - z = 1, and
y - x = -1
x - y = 1 ...(i)
→ →
Also given that , a ⋅ c = 3
⇒ (î + ĵ + k̂) ⋅ (xî + yĵ + zk̂) = 3
⇒ x+y+z=3
⇒ x + 2y = 3 [ ∵ y = z] ...(ii)

On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get

y
3y = 2

nb
2
⇒ y= 3
= z[ ∵ y = z]
2 5
From Eq. (i), x = 1 + y = 1 + 3
= 3
→
5 2 2
c = î + ĵ + 3 k̂

ya
∴
3 3
→ → →
35. Given: a, b, c are non coplanar vectors.
Let the points be A, B, C respectively with the position vectors.
Da s G
→ → →
→
a+b+→ c, 4→
a + 3 b, 10→
a + 7 b − 2→
c
→
Then, AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A
→ →
= 4→
a + 3b − →
a−b−→
c
c
→
ir
= 3→
a + 2b − →
ati

c .....(1)
ss
→
BC = = Position vector of C - Position vector of B
→ →
em

= 10→
a + 7 b − 2→
c − 4→
a − 3b
→ → →
= 6a + 4b − 2 c
→ → →
= 2(3 a + 2 b − c).....(2)
ath

Clearly from (1)&(2);

→ →
BC = 2AB
→ →
So, AB and BC are collinear.
M

Hence,
A, B and C are collinear.
36. Given,
→ →
→
a ⊥ b. Then, | →
a ⋅ b | = 0 ...(i)
→ → →
Now, | a + b | 2 = ( a + b) ⋅ ( a + b)
→ → →

→ → → → → → → →
=a⋅a+a⋅b+b⋅a+b⋅b
→ → → →
= |a|2+ |b|2[
→ → → →
∵ a ⋅ b= 0 and b ⋅ a = a ⋅ b = 0]

|2 = (a − b)
→ → → → → →
Also, | a − b ⋅ ( a − b)

→ → → → → → → →
=a⋅a−a⋅b−b⋅a+b⋅b
→ → → →
= |a|2+ |b|2[
→ → → →
∵ a ⋅ b= 0 and b ⋅ a = a ⋅ b = 0]
→ → → →
a + b |2 = |→
Thus, | → a − b | 2, and therefore, | →
a + b | = |→
a − b|
→ → →
→
∴ a ⊥ b ⇒ |→
a + b | = |→
a − b | .......(1)

7 / 26
Assignment
 → → → →
conversely, suppose that | a + b | = | a − b | Then,
→ → → →
|a + b|2 = |a − b|2
→ → → →
|a + b| = |a − b| ⇒

→ → → →
⇒ (→
a + b) ⋅ (→
a + b) = (→
a − b) ⋅ (→
a − b)
→ → → → → → → →
⇒ a⋅a+a⋅b+b⋅a+b⋅b
→ → → → → → → →
=a⋅a−a⋅b−b⋅a+b⋅b
→ → → →
⇒ 2( a ⋅ b + b ⋅ a) = 0
→ → → → → →
⇒ 4( a ⋅ b) = 0 [ ∵ b ⋅ a = a ⋅ b]
→ →
→ →
⇒ a⋅b=0 ⇒ a ⊥ b
→ → → → → →
Thus, | a + b | = | a − b | ⇒ a ⊥ b......(2)

y
Hence, from (1) & (2);

nb
→ → → → → →
|a + b| = |a − b| ⇔ a ⊥ b
→ →
37. let (6î − 3ĵ − 6k̂) = a + b... (i)
ˉ and vector b is perpendicular to (i + ĵ + k̂)
such that vector a is parallel to (î + ĵ + k)
ˉ

ya
since, vector a is parallel to (î + ĵ + k)
→
→
a = λ(î + ĵ + k)....(ii)
put vector a in equation (i)
Da s G
→
(6î − 3ĵ − 6k̂) = (λ̂ î + λĵ + λk̂) + b
→
b = 6î − λî − 3ĵ − λĵ − 6k̂ − λk̃
→
b = (6 − λ)î + ( − 3 − λ)ĵ + ( − 6 − λ)k̃
c
ir
Since , vector b is perpendicular to the vector (î + ĵ + k̂) then
ati
ss
[(6 − λ)î + ( − 3 − λ)ĵ + ( − 6 − λ)k̃]. (î + ĵ + k̃) = 0
(6 − λ)(1) + ( − 3 − λ)(1) + ( − 6 − λ)(1) = 0
6−λ−3−λ−6−λ=0
em

− 3 − 3λ = 0
−3
λ= 3
λ= −1
ath

put value of λ in (ii)

→ →
a = − 1(î + ĵ + k)
→
a = − î − ĵ − k̂
M

Putting vector a in equation (i)

→
ˉ +b
(6î − 3ĵ − 6k̂) = ( − î − ĵ − k)
→ → →
b = 6î + î − 3ĵ + ĵ − 6 k + k
→
b = 7î − 2ĵ − 5k̂
Thus,
Vector a = − î − ĵ − k̂ and
→
b = 7î − 2ĵ − 5k̂
are required vectors.
38. Given ,
→ →
→
a⋅b=→
a⋅→
c and →
a≠0
→ →
→ → → →
⇒ a ⋅ b − a ⋅ c = 0 and a ≠ 0
→ → → → →
⇒ a ⋅ ( b − c) = 0 and a ≠ 0
→ → → → → → → →
⇒ b − c = 0 or a ⊥ ( b − c) [ ∵ a ≠ 0]

8 / 26
Assignment
 → → → → →
⇒ b = c or, a ⊥ ( b − c) ...(i)
Again given,
→ →
→
a×b=→
a×→
c and →
a≠0
→ → → → → → →
⇒ a × b − a × c = 0 and a ≠ 0
→ → → → → →
⇒ a × ( b − c) = 0 and a ≠ 0
→ → → → → → → →
⇒ b − c = 0 or a‖( b − c) [ ∵ a ≠ 0]
→ → → → →
⇒ b = c or a‖( b − c) ...(ii)
→ →
From (i) and (ii), it follows that b = →
c, because →
a cannot be both parallel and perpendicular to vectors ( b − →
c)
→ →
39. Let the angle between vectors a and b be θ, then

y
→ →
a⋅b
cosθ = → →
..(i)
|a|b|

nb
Now,
→ →
→
a ⋅ b = (2î − ĵ + 2 k). (4î + 4ĵ − 2k̂)
=(2)(4) + (-1)(4) + (2)(-2)

ya
=8-4-4
→ →
∴ a. b = 0
→
| a | = | 2î − ĵ + 2k̂ |
Da s G
= √(2) 2 + ( − 1) 2 + (2) 2
= √4 + 1 + 4
= √9
c

→
|a| = 3
ir
ati
ss
→
| b | = | 4î + 4ĵ − 2k̂ |
= √(4) 2 + (4) 2 + ( − 2) 2
em

= √16 + 16 + 4
= √36
→
|b| = 6
ath

→ → → →
Put, a ⋅ b, | a | and | b | in equation (i)
→ →
a⋅b
cosθ = → →
|a| |b|
M

0
= 3×6
0
= 18
cosθ = 0
→ → π
Angle between a and b is 2
40. Given
→ → →
Position vector of A = a − 2 b + 3 c
→
Position vector of B = 2→
a + 3 b − 4→
c
→ →
Position vector of C = − 7 b + 10 c
Now,
→
AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A
→ → → → → →
= (2 a + 3 b − 4 c) − ( a − 2 b + 3 c)
→ → → → → →
= 2a + 3b − 4 c − a + 2b − 3 c

9 / 26
Assignment
 → →
→ →
AB = a + 5 b − 7 c
→
BC = position vector of C - position vector of B
→ → → → →
= ( − 7 b + 10 c) − (2 a + 3 b − 4 c)
→
→ →
= − 7 b + 10c − 2→ a − 3 b + 4→ c
→ →
→ →
BC = − 2 a − 10 b + 14 c
→ →
From AB and BC, we get
→ →
BC = − 2(AB)
→ →

y
So, AB and BC are antiparallel but B is common point.
Hence, A, B, C are collinear.

nb
41. Position vectors of vertices of ∆ABC are
→
A = 0î − ĵ − 2k̂
→
B = 3î + ĵ + 4k̂

ya
→
C = 5î + 7ĵ + k̃
→ → →
AB = B − A
Da s G
= (3î + ĵ + 4k̂) − (0î − ĵ − 2k̂)
= 3î + ĵ + 4k̂ − 0î + ĵ + 2k̂
→
AB = 3î + 2ĵ + 6k̂
c

→ → →
ir
BC = C − B
ati
ss
= (5î + 7ĵ + k̂) − (3î + ĵ + 4k̂)
= 5î + 7ĵ + kˉ − 3î − ĵ − 4k̂
→
em

→
BC = 2î + 6ĵ − 3 k
→ → →
AC = C − A
= (5î + 7ĵ + k̂) − ( − ĵ − 2k̂)
ath

= 5î + 7ĵ + kˉ + ĵ + 2k̂

→
AC = 5î + 8ĵ + 3k̂
→ →
M

AB ⋅ BC ( 3ı̂ + 2ȷ̂ + 6 k̂ ) ⋅ ( 2ı̂ + 6ȷ̂ − 3 k̂ ) 6 + 12 − 18

cos θ = → → = 7×7
= 49
=0
| AB | | | BC |
π
∴ θ= 2
→ →

cos α =

π
CA ⋅ BC
→ →
| CA | | BC |
=
( − 5ı̂ − 8ȷ̂ − 3 k̂ ) ⋅ ( 2ı̂ + 6ȷ̂ − 3 k̂ )
7√ 2 × 7
=
− 10 − 48 + 9
49√2
= =
| |
−1

√2

∴ α= = 45 ∘
4
ans: 45 ∘ , 90 ∘ , 45 ∘
42. According to the question ,
→
a = î + ĵ + k̂,
→
b = 4î − 2ĵ + 3k̂ and
→
c = î − 2ĵ + k̂
→ →
Now , 2→
a − b + 3→
c

10 / 26
Assignment
 = 2(î + ĵ + k̂) − (4î − 2ĵ + 3k̂) + 3(î − 2ĵ + k̂)
= 2î + 2ĵ + 2k̂ − 4î + 2ĵ − 3k̂ + 3î − 6ĵ + 3k̂
= î − 2ĵ + 2k̂
→
⇒ 2→
a − b + 3→
c = î − 2ĵ + 2k̂
→ → →

→ → →
2 a − b + 3c
Now, a unit vector in the direction of vector is 2 a − b + 3 c = → → →
| 2 a − b + 3c |
iˆ − 2jˆ + 2kˆ
=
√ ( 1 )2 + ( − 2 )2 + ( 2 )2
iˆ − 2jˆ + 2kˆ
=
√9
î − 2ĵ + 2k̂
= 3

y
1 2 2
= 3
î − 3
ĵ + 3 k̂

nb
Vector of magnitude 6 units parallel to the vector is ,

=6 ( 1
3
î −
2
3
ĵ + 3 k̂
2
)

ya
= 2î − 4ĵ + 4k̂
43. Given vectors are
→ →
a = 3î + ĵ + 2k̂ and b = 2î − 2ĵ + 4k̂
Da s G
→
a = 3î + ĵ + 2k̂
→
b = 2î − 2ĵ + 4k̂

√32 + (1) 2 + 22 = √1 + 4 + 9 = √14

→
|a| =
c

→
ir
|b| = √22 + ( − 2) 2 + 42 = √4 + 4 + 16 = √24
ati
ss
We know that,
→ → → →
a ⋅ b = | a | | b | cosθ. , Where θ is the angle between vectors a & b.
em

⇒ (3ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 2k̂). (2ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ + 4k̂) = √14√24cosθ

⇒ (6 - 2 + 8) = √336 cosθ
12
cos θ =
ath

⇒
√336
144
⇒ cos θ =
√ 336

√
M

⇒ θ = cos-1 7

Section D
44. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A building is to be constructed in the form of a triangular pyramid, ABCD as shown in the figure.

Let its angular points are A(0, 1, 2), B(3, 0, 1), C(4, 3, 6) and D(2, 3, 2) and G be the point of intersection of the medians of △
BCD.
(i) Clearly, G be the centroid of △BCD, therefore coordinates of G are

( 3+4+2 0+3+3 1+6+2

3
, 3
, 3 ) = (3, 2, 3)

11 / 26
Assignment
 (ii) Since, A ≡ (0, 1, 2) and G = (3, 2, 3)
→
∴ AG = (3 - 0) î + (2 - 1) ĵ + (3 - 2)k̂ = 3 î + ĵ + k̂

→
2
⇒ | AG | = 32 + 12 + 12 = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11
→
⇒ | AG | =
√11
(iii) 1 → →
Clearly, area of △ABC = 2
| AB × AC |

| |
→ → î ĵ k̂
Here, AB × AC = 3 − 0 0−1 1−2
4−0 3−1 6−2

y
| |
î ĵ k̂

nb
= 3 −1 −1
4 2 4

= î(-4 + 2) - ĵ(12 + 4) + k̂(6 + 4) = -2î - 16ĵ + 10k̂

→ →

ya
∴ | AB × AC | = ( − 2) 2 + ( − 16) 2 + 10 2
√
= √4 + 256 + 100 = √360 = 6√10
Da s G 1
Hence, area of △ABC = 2
× 6√10 = 3√10 sq. units
(iv)The length of the perpendicular from the vertex D on the opposite face
→ → →
= |Projection of AD on AB × AC|
c
ir
| ( 2iˆ + 2jˆ ) ⋅ ( − 2iˆ − 16jˆ + 10kˆ )

|
ati

=
ss
√ ( − 2 ) 2 + ( − 16 ) 2 + 102

| | − 4 − 32 36 6
em

= = = units
√360 6√10 √10
45. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A barge is pulled into harbour by two tug boats as shown in the figure.
ath
M

(i) 4î + 10ĵ Here, (4, 10) are the coordinates of A.

∴ P.V. of A = 4î + 10ĵ
(ii) Here, (9, 7) are the coordinates of B.
∴ P.V. of B = 9 î + 7 ĵ

(iii)Here, P.V. of A = 4î + 10ĵ and P.V. of

C = 4î + 2ĵ
→
∴ AC = (4 - 4) î + (2 - 10) ĵ = -8 ĵ

12 / 26
Assignment
 (iv) → →
We have, A = 4î + 3ĵ; and B = 3î + 4ĵ
→
|A| = √42 + 32 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5
→
and | B | = √32 + 42 = √9 + 16 = √25 = 5
→ →
Thus, | A | + | B | = 5 + 5 = 10
Section E
46. A (1, 1, 2) B(2, 3, 5) C (1, 5, 5)
→
OA = î + ĵ + 2k̂
→
OB = 2î + 3ĵ + 5k̂
→

y
OC = î + 5ĵ + 5k̂
→ → →

nb
AB = OB − OA = î + 2ĵ + 3k̂
→ → →
AC = OC − OA = 4ĵ + 3k̂

| |
î ĵ k̂

ya
→ →
AB × AC = 1 2 3
0 4 3
Da s G
= − 6î − 3ĵ + 4k̂

| |
1 → →
Area of ΔABC = 2
AB × AC
c

=
1
2 √(− 6) 2 + (− 3) 2 + 42
ir
ati

1
ss
= 2 √61 sq. unit
47. According to the question vectors are
em

→
a = î + 4ĵ + 2k̂,
→
b = 3î − 2ĵ + 7k̂
→
c = 2î − ĵ + 4k̂
ath

→
Suppose, p = xî + yĵ + zk̂
→ → →
We have, p is perpendicular to both a and b.
→ →
p⋅a=0
M

⇒ (xî + yĵ + zk̂) ⋅ (î + 4ĵ + 2k̂) = 0

⇒ x + 4y + 2z = 0 ...(i)
→ →
and p. b = 0
⇒ (xî + yĵ + zk̂) ⋅ (3î − 2ĵ + 7k̂) = 0
⇒ 3x − 2y + 7z = 0 ...(ii)
Also, given →
p⋅→
c = 18
⇒
(xî + yĵ + zk̂ ) ⋅ (2î − ĵ + 4k̂) = 0
⇒ 2x − y + 4z = 18 ...(iii)
Multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and subtracting it from Eq. (ii), we get
− 14y + z = 0
Multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and subtracting it from Eq. (iii), we get
− 9y = 18
⇒ y = − 2

On putting y = -2 and z= -28 in Eq. (i), we get

x + 4( − 2) + 2( − 28) = 0

13 / 26
Assignment
 ⇒ x − 8 − 56 = 0
⇒ x = 64
Hence, the required vector is
→
p = xî + yĵ + zk̂
i.e. →
p = 64î − 2ĵ − 28k̂
48. Suppose OX and OY be two mutually perpendicular lines taken as axes and let î and ĵ be unit vectors along OX and OY
respectively.
→ →
Suppose OP and OQ be two vectors such that ∠XOP = A and ∠XOQ = B. Then, ∠POQ = A - B.

y
nb
Draw PL ⊥ OX and QM ⊥ OX. Suppose k̂ be the unit vector along Z-axis

ya
In △OPL, we have
OL = OP cos A, PL = OP sin A
→ → →
Da s G
∴ OB = OL + LB

→
⇒ OP = (OPcosA) î + (OPsinA) ĵ ...(i)

In △OQM, we have
c
OM = OQ cos B, QM = OQ sin B
→ → →
ir
ati

∴ OQ = OM + MQ
ss
→
⇒ OQ = (OQcosB) î + (OQsinB) ĵ ...(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get

em

→ →
OP × OQ = {(OPcosA)î + (OPsinA)ĵ × {(OQcosB)î + (OQsinB)ĵ}
→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = OP ⋅ OQ{(cosA) î + (sinA) ĵ} × {(cosB) î + (sinB) ĵ}
ath

→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = OP ⋅ OQ {cosAsinB( î × ĵ) + sinAcosB( ĵ × î)}

→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = OP ⋅ OQ {cosAsinBk̂ − sinAcosBk̂}
M

→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = OP ⋅ OQ {Cos A sin B - sin A cos B} k̂ ...(iii)

→ → → →
Also, we haveOP × OQ = | OP | | OQ | sin(A − B)( − k̂)
→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = -OP . OQ sin (A - B) k̂ ...(iv)

From (iii) and (iv), we get

- OP . OQ sin (A - B) k̂ = -OP . OQ (sin A cos B - cos A sin B) k̂
⇒ sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B.

→ → → → → →
49. i. we have, c = 3 a + 4 b and 2 c = a − 3 b
→ →
⇒ 2(3→
a + 4 b) = →
a − 3 b [On eliminating →
c]
→ →
→ →
⇒ 6a + 8b = a − 3b
→ →
⇒ 5 a = − 11 b
→
11 → → 5 →
⇒ a= − 5
b and b = − 11
a

14 / 26
Assignment
 → 5 → → → →
Put b = − 11
a in c = 3 a + 4 b, we get

⇒
→
c = 3a + 4 −
→
( ) 5
11
a
→
= 3a −
→
20 →
11
a=
13 →
11
a

→ → →
13 →
This shows that c and a have the same direction and | c | = 11
|a |.

Now, | c | =
→
13
11
→
|a| ⇒
→
|c| > |a|
→
[ ∵
13
11
→
|a| > |a|
→
]
Therefore, →
c and →
a have the same direction and | →
c | > |→
a|
ii. We have,
→ → → →
11 →
c = 3 a + 4 b and a = − 5
b
→
33 → → 13 →

y
∴ c = − 5
b + 4b = − 5
b
→ →

nb
This shows that c and bhave opposite directions.

→
and, | c | = − | | 13 →
5
b =
13
5
→
|b| > |b|
→

[ ∵
13
5
→ →
|b| > |b| ]
| | ya
î ĵ k̂
→ →
50. i. a × b = 3 1 2
2 −2 4
Da s G
= 8î − 8ĵ + 8k̂

|a × b | = √82 + 82 + 82 = √64 + 64 + 64 = 8√3

→ →

→
8iˆ − 8jˆ − 8k̂
→
c
a×b
ir
ii. A unit vector which is perpendicular to both a and b =
→ →
=
8√ 3
|a×b |
→ →
ati
ss
→ →
iii. a. b = (3î + ĵ + 2k̂)(2î − 2ĵ + 4k̂) = 12
|a | = √9 + 1 + 4 = √14
→
em

|b | = √4 + 4 + 16 = √24
→

→ →
a.b
cosθ =
|a | |b |
ath

→ →

12 √3
=
( √14 ) ( √24 ) √7

|a×b |
→
M

sinθ =
|a | |b |
→ →

8√ 3
=
√14√24
2
=
√7
→
51. Suppose that the required vector = r
→
If α, β, γ are angle that r makes with the coordinate axes x, y and z respectively then
l = cosα
= cos45 ∘
1
l=
√2
m = cosβ
= cos60 ∘
1
m= 2

15 / 26
Assignment
 n = cosγ
We know that,
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

( ) ()
1

√2
1
2
+

1
1
2
2
(
+ cos 2r = 1 )
⇒ + + cos 2γ = 1
2 4
1 1
cos 2γ = 1 − 2
− 4
4−2−1
= 4
1
= 4
1

y
cosγ = ± 2
1
cosγ =

nb
2

γ = cos − 1 () 1
2
π

ya
γ= 3
Neglecting since γ is an obtuse angle.
1
cosγ = − 2
Da s G
γ = cos − 1 − ( ) 1
2
π
=π−
c

2π
3
ir
γ=
ati

3
ss
Therefore, n = cosγ

= cos
() 2π
em

= cos π − ( ) π
3
π
ath

= − cos 3
1
n= − 2
Therefore,
M

→ →
vector r = r ({lî + mĵ + nk̂)

= 12
( 1

√2
î +
1
2
ĵ − 2 nk̂
1
)
= 12
( √2i + ĵ − k̂
2 )
= 6(√2i + ĵ − k̂)
→
r = 6(√2i + ĵ − k̂)
52. We have
→
→
BC = a
→ →
CA = b
→
→
AB = c

16 / 26
Assignment
 →
|a| = a
→
|b| = b[ ∴ Length is always positive]
→
c =c
Now,we know that
→ → → →
BC + CA + AB = 0
→ → → →
⇒ a+b+c =0
→ →
→
⇒ a × (→
a+b+→
c) = →
a×0
→ →
→ → → → →
⇒ a×a+a×b+a×c =0
→ → → → → →
⇒ 0+a×b−c×a=0

y
→ → → →
⇒ a×b= c×a
→

nb
→ → →
⇒ | a | | b | sinC = | c | | a | sinB
⇒ absinC = casinB

Dividing both sides by abc, we get

sin C sin B
= ...(i)

ya
⇒
c b
Again,
→ → → →
BC + CA + AB = 0
Da s G
→ →
→
⇒ a+b+→
c =0
→ → → → → →
⇒ b × ( a + b + c) = b × 0
→ → → → → → →
b×a+b×b+b×c =0
c
⇒

→ → → → → →
ir
−a×b+0+b×c =0
ati

⇒
ss
→ → → →
⇒ a×b=b×c
→ →
⇒ |→
a | | b | sinC = | b | | →
c | sinA
em

⇒ ab sin C = bc sin A
Dividing both sides by abc, we get
sin C sin A
⇒
c
= a
...(ii)
ath

From (i) and (ii), we get

sin A sin B sin C
a
= b
= c
a b c
⇒ = =
M

sin A sin B sin C

||
→
53. | a | = 1, b = 1, | c | = 1
→ →

→ → →
a + b + c = 0 (Given)

( )
→
→
a. →
a+b+→
c =0
→ → → → → →
a. a + a. b + a. c = 0
→
|a |2 + a. b + a. c = 0
→ → → →

→ → → →
1 + a. b + a. c = 0
→ → → →
a. b + a. c = − 1 ...(i)
Similarly,
→ →
b. →
a + b. →
c = − 1 ...(ii)
again
→ → → →
c. a + c. b = − 1 ...(iii)

17 / 26
Assignment
 adding (i), (ii) and (iii)

( → →
) [ ]
→ → → → → → → →
2 a. b + b. c + c. a = − 3 ∵ a. b = b. a

→ → → → → →
3
a. b + b. c + c. a = − 2
→ → → → → → → → → →
→
54. a + b = ( i + j + k) + ( i + 2 j + 3 k) = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k
→ → → → → → → → →
→
a − b = ( i + j + k) − ( i + 2 j + 3 k = − j − 2 k
→ → → →
A vector which is perpendicular to both ( a + b) are ( a − b) is given by

| |
î ĵ k̂
→ →
→ →
( a + b) × ( a − b) = 2 3 4
0 −1 −2

y
= − 2î + 4ĵ − 2k̂

nb
→
Let c = − 2î + 4ĵ − 2k̂
| c | = √4 + 16 + 4
→

= √24

ya
= 2√ 6
Required unit vector is
→
c 1 2 1
= − î + ĵ − k̂
Da s G
|c | √6 √6 √6
→

→ →
55. According to the question, a = î + ĵ + k̂, b = 2î + 4ĵ − 5k̂
→
and c = λî + 2ĵ + 3k̂.
c

Now, b + →
→
c = 2î + 4ĵ − 5k̂ + λî + 2ĵ + 3k̂
ir
ati

= (2 + λ)î + 6ĵ − 2k̂

ss
→
√(2 + λ) 2 + (6) 2 + ( − 2) 2
→
∴ |b + c| =

√4 + λ 2 + 4λ + 36 + 4
em

= √λ 2 + 4λ + 44
→
→
The unit vector along b + c
ath

→
( 2 + λ ) iˆ + 6jˆ − 2k̂
→
b+c
= = ...(i)
√λ 2 + 4λ + 44
→ →
|b+c|
→ →
According to the question, the scalar product of (î + ĵ + k̂)with unit vector b + c is 1.
M

→ →
b+c
∴ (î + ĵ + k̂) ⋅ → →
=1
|b+c|
( 2 + λ ) î + 6ĵ − 2k̂
⇒ (î + ĵ + k̂) ⋅ =1
√λ 2 + 4λ + 44
1(2+λ) +1(6) +1( −2)
⇒ =1
√λ 2 + 4λ + 44
(2+λ) +6−2
⇒ =1
√λ 2 + 4λ + 44
⇒ λ+6= √λ 2 + 4λ + 44
⇒ (λ + 6) 2 = λ 2 + 4λ + 44
[squaring both sides]
⇒ λ 2 + 36 + 12λ = λ 2 + 4λ + 44
⇒ 8λ = 8
⇒ λ=1
The value of λ is 1.

18 / 26
Assignment
 → →
Substituting the value of λ in Eq. (i), we get unit vector along b + c
ˆ ˆ
( 2 + 1 ) i + 6j − 2k̂
=
√ ( 1 ) 2 + 4 ( 1 ) + 44
3iˆ + 6jˆ − 2kˆ
=
√1 + 4 + 44
3î + 6ĵ − 2k̂ 3 6 2
= = 7
î + 7
ĵ − 7 k̂
√49
→
56. Here, |→r | = 14, →
a = 2k, b = 3k and →
c = − 6k
∴ Direction cosines l, m and n are
→
a 2k k
l= = 14
= 7
|r |
→

y
→
b 3k
m= =
|r| → 14

nb
→
c − 6k − 3k
And n = = 14
= 7
|r |
→

Also, we know that

ya
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
k2 9k 2 9k 2
⇒
49
+
196 49
+ =1
4k 2 + 9k 2 + 36k 2
⇒ =1
Da s G
196
196
⇒ k2 = 49
=4
k= ±2
2 3 −6
c

So, the direction cosines (l, m, n) are 7 ,

ir
7
and 7
ati

→
[since, r makes an acute angle with X-axis]
ss
Now, r = r̂. | r |
→ →

→
( ) |r |
→
em

⇒ r = lî + mĵ + nk̂

=
( 2
7
î +
3
7
6
ĵ − 7 k̂ .14
)
ath

= 4î + 6ĵ − 12k̂

→ → →
57. a = î + 4ĵ + 2k̂, b = 3î − 2ĵ + 7k̂ and c = 2î − ĵ + 4k̂
→
Let d = xî + yĵ + zk̂
M

→ → → →
ATQ, d. →
a = 0, d. b = 0 and →
c. d = 15, then,
x + 4y + 2z = 0 ...(1)
3x - 2y + 7z = 0 ...(2)
2x - y + 4z = 15 ...(3)
On solving equation (1) and (2)

x y z
28 + 4
= 6−7
= − 2 − 12
=k
x = 32k, y = -k, z = -14k
Put x, y, z in equation (3)
2(32k) - (-k) + 4(-14k) = 15
64k + k - 56k = 15
9k = 15

19 / 26
Assignment
 15
k= 9
5
k=
3
5 160
x = 32 × 3
= 3
5
y= − 3
5 70
z = − 14 × 3
= − 3
→ 160 5 70
d= 3
î − 3
ĵ − 3
k̂
58. Suppose that G be the centroid of triangle ABC. First we will show that the circumcentre O, orthocentre O' and centroid G are
collinear and O'G = 2OG
Suppose AL and BM be perpendiculars on the sides BC and CA respectively. Suppose ADAD be the median and OD be the

y
perpendicular from O on side BC. If R is the circum radius of circumcircle of △ABC, then we get OB = OC = R.

nb
ya
Da s G
In △OBD, we have
c

OD = R cos A .... (i)

ir
In △ABM, we have
ati
ss
AM = AB cosA = c cosA .... (ii)
In ΔAO ′M, we have
AO' = Am sec ∠O ′AM
em

⇒ AO' = c cos A sec (90o - C) [Using (ii)]

⇒ AO' = c cos A cosec C

AO ′ =
c
cosA = 2RcosA
[ a
=
b
=
C
= 2R
]
ath

⇒ ∵
sin C sin A sin B sin C

△ AO' = 2 OD .... (iii) [Using (i)]

Triangle AGO' and OGD are similar
OG GD OD 1
M

∴ = = = [Using (iii)
O ′G GA AO ′ 2
⇒ 2 ⋅ OG = O ′G .... (iv)
We have,
→ → → →′ → → →
AO + O B + O C = 2AO + (O A + O B + O ′C)
′ ′ ′ ′ ′

→ → → → →
⇒ AO
′ + O ′B + O ′C = 2AO ′ + 2O ′O [using (iii)]

( )
→ → → →
→
⇒ AO ′ + O ′B + O ′C = 2 AO ′ + O ′ O [using (iii)]

→ → → → →
⇒ AO ′ + O ′B + O ′C = 2AO = AP [ ∵ AO is the circum-radius of △ABC]
59. A (1, -2, -8), B (5, 0, -2), C (11, 3, 7)
→
OA = 1î − 2ĵ − 8k̂
→
OB = 5î − 0ĵ − 2k̂

20 / 26
Assignment
 →
OC = 11î + 3ĵ + 7k̂
→ → →
AB = OB − OA
= 4î + 2ĵ + 6k̂
→ → →
BC = OC − OB

(
= 6î + 3ĵ + 9k̂ )
= 3 (2î + ĵ + 3k̂ )
3
= (4î + 2ĵ + 6k̂ )
2
→ 3 →
BC = AB

y
2
→ →
Thus BC | | ABand one point B is common therefore A, B, C are collinear and B divides AC in 2:3.

nb
→ →
→
60. According to the question, OP= Position vector of P = 2 a + b
→ →
→
and OQ= Position vector of Q = a − 3 b

ya
→
Suppose OR be the position vector of point R, which divides PQ in the ratio 1 : 2 externally
Da s G
→ → → →
1 ( a − 3b ) − 2 ( 2a + b )
→

OR =
c
∴

[using external section formula]

1−2
ir
ati
ss
→ → → →
a − 3b − 4a − 2b
= −1
→ →
− 3a − 5b →
em

= −1
= 3→
a + 5b
→ →
→
∴ OR = 3 a + 5 b
We have to show that P is the mid-point of RQ,
ath

→ →
→ OR + OQ
i.e. OP = 2
→ →
→ →
→ →
OR = 3 a + 5 b, OQ = a − 3 b
M

→ → →
→ →
→
OR + OQ ( 3a + 5b ) + ( a − 3b )
∴
2
= 2
→ →
4a + 2b
= 2
→ →
2 ( 2a + b )
= 2
→ →
= 2a + b
→ → →
→
= OP [ ∵ OP = 2 a + b]
P is the mid-point of line segment RQ.
→ → →
61. According to the question, | a | = | b | = | c | = λ(say) ...(i)
→ → → → → →
and a ⋅ b = 0, b. c = 0and a. c = 0 ...(ii)
→ → → →
Now, | → c |2 = |→
a+b+→ a |2 + |b |2 + |→
c | 2+ 2(→
a⋅b+b⋅→
c +→
c ⋅→
a)
= λ 2 + λ 2 + λ 2 + 2(0 + 0 + 0) = 3λ 2

21 / 26
Assignment
 → → →
⇒ |a + b + c| = √3λ
[length cannot be negative]
→ → →
Let ( a + b + c)is inclined at angles θ 1, θ 2
→ → →
and θ 3 respectively with vector a, b and c,
→ → → → → → → →
( a + b + c) ⋅ a = | a + b + c | | a | cos θ 1
→ → → →
[ ∵ a ⋅ b = | a‖ b | cosθ]
→
|a|2+ a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c =
→ → → →
⇒ √3λ × λcosθ 1
⇒ λ2 + 0 + 0 = √3λ 2cosθ 1
[from Equations (i) and (ii)]
1

y
∴ cosθ 1 =
√3

nb
| |
→ → → → → → → →
( a + b + c) ⋅ b = a + b + c‖ b cosθ 2
→ → →
a ⋅ b + |b|2+ c ⋅ b =
→ →
⇒ √3λ ⋅ λcosθ 2
θ+λ+θ= √3λ 2cosθ 2

ya
⇒

[from Equation. (i) and (ii)]

1
⇒ cosθ 2 =
√3
Da s G
| | |
→ →
Similarly, (a + b + →
c) ⋅ →
c = →
a+b+→
c‖→
c cosθ 3
1
⇒ cosθ 1 =
√3
c

Thus, cosθ 1 = cosθ 2 = cosθ 3 =

1
ir
√3
ati
ss
→ →
→ → → →
∴ (a + b + c)is equally inclined with the vectors a, b and c.
→ → →
em

62. Suppose OABC be a tetrahedron. Taking O as the origin, let the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C be a, b and c
respectively. Let G, G1, G2, G3 be the centroids of the faces ABC, OAB, OBC and OCA respectively. Then,we have
→ → →
a+b+c
Position vector of G =
3
ath

→ →
a+b
Position vector of G1 = 3
→ →
b+c
Position vector of G2 = 3
M

→ →
c+a
Position vector of G3 = 3

Now,we have

( )
→ → →
a+b+c →
3 3 +1⋅0 →
→ →
a+b+c
P.V. of a point dividing OG in the ratio 3:1 = 3+1
= 4

22 / 26
Assignment
 ( )
→ →
b+c
→
1. a
3 3 →
→ →
a+b+c
P.V. of a point dividing AG2 in the ratio 3:1 = 3+1
= 4

( )
→ →
c+a →
3 3 +1⋅b →
→
→
a+b+c
P.V. of a point dividing BG3 in the ratio 3:1 = 3+1
= 4

( )
→ →
a+b →
3 3 +1⋅c →
→ →
a+b+c
P.V. of a point dividing CG1 in the ratio 3:1 = 3+1
= 4
→ → →
a+b+c
Therefore, the point having position vector 4
is common to OG, AG2, BG3 and CG1. Therefore, the line joining the vertices
of a tetrahedrun of the centroids of opposite faces are concurrent.

[ ]
→ → → →

y
63. Let β = λ α ∵ β1 ∥ to α

nb
→
β 1 = λ(3î − ĵ)
= 3λî − λĵ
→ → →
β2 = β − β1

ya
= (2î + ĵ − 3k̂) − (3λî − λĵ)
= (2 − 3λ)i + (1 + λ)ĵ − 3k̂

[ ]
→ → → →
α. β 2 = 0 ∵ β 2⊥ α
Da s G
3(2 − 3λ) − (1 + λ) = 0
1
λ= 2
→ 3 1
c

β1 =
2
î −
2
ĵ
ir
ati

→ 1 3
β2 = î + ĵ − 3k̂
ss
2 2
→ → → →
64. According to the question, a × b = c × d ...(i)
em

→ → → →
and a × c = b × d ...(ii)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i),
→ → → →
(→
a × b) − (→
a×→
c) = (→
c × d) − ( b × d)
ath

→ → → → → → → → →
⇒ ( a × b) − ( a × c) + ( b × d) − ( c × d) = 0
→ → → → → → →
⇒ a × ( b − c) + ( b − c) × d = 0
→ → → → → → →
⇒ a × ( b − c) − d × ( b − c) = 0
M

→ → → →
[ ∵ a × b = − b × a]
→ → →
∴ (→
a − d) × ( b − →
c) = 0
→ → → →
[ ∵ a ≠ d and b ≠ c, given]
→ → → → → → → →
The cross-product of vectors a − d and b − c is a zero vector, so a − d is parallel b − c.
65. We have,
→ → → →
→ →
BC = a, CA = b and AB = c.
→ → →
→
→ →
Then, | BC | = | a | = a, | CA | = | b | = b and | AB | = | c | = c
Using triangle law of addition of vectors, we get
→ → →
BC + CA = BA
→ → →
⇒ a+b= −c
→ → → →
⇒ a+b+c =0

23 / 26
Assignment
 Now, by area of triangle
1 → →
△ = | BC × BA |
2
1 → →
1 → →
⇒ △ = 2
|b × − c| = 2
|b × c|
→ →
⇒ 2△ = | b × c |
→
⇒ 4△ 2 = | b × →
c|2
→
16△ 2 = 4 | b × c | 2
→
⇒

⇒
{ → →
16△ 2 = 4 − ( b ⋅ c) 2 + | b | 2 | c | 2 [Using Lagrange's identity]
→ →
}
→ →
⇒ 16△ 2 = 4 | b | 2 | →
c | 2 − 4( b ⋅ →
c) 2
→ →
16△ 2 = 4 | b | 2 | c | 2 − { − 2( b ⋅ c)} 2
→ →

y
⇒

→
{ →
16△ 2 = 4 | b | 2 | c | 2− | b | 2 + | c | 2 − | b + c | 2
→ → → →
} 2

nb
⇒

| c | −{| b | }[
→ → 2 → → →
16△ 2 = 4 | b | 2 2 2
+ |c|2− | − a|2
→ → → → → → →
⇒ ∵ a+b+c =0 ⇒ b + c = − a]

| c | −{| b | }
→ → 2
16△ 2 = 4 | b | 2 2 2 + |c|2− |a|2
→ → →
⇒

ya
⇒ 16△ 2 (2bc)2 - {b2 + c2 - a2} {a2 - (b - c)2} = (2bc + b2 + c2 - a2) (2bc - b2 - c2 + a2)
⇒ 16△ 2 {(b + c)2 - a2} {a2 - (b - c)2} = (b + c + a) (b + c - a) (a + b - c) (a - b + c)
⇒
2
△ = s(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)
Da s G
⇒ △ = √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
c
ir
ati
ss
em

66. We have,
→
1
a= 7
(2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂)
→ 1
ath

b= 7
(3î − 6ĵ + 2k̂)
→
1
c = 7
(6î + 2ĵ − 3k̂)

| |
î ĵ k̂
M

→
a×b=
→

( )( )
1
7
1
7
2
3
3
−6
6
2
1
= 49
(42î + 14ĵ − 21k̂)
1
= [7(6î + 2ĵ − 3k̂)]
49
1
= 7
(6î + 2ĵ − 3k̂)
→
= c

| |
î ĵ k̂
→
b×c =
→
( )( )
1
7
1
7
3
6
−6
2
2
−3
1
= 49
(14î + 21ĵ + 42k̂)
1
= 49
[7(2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂)]

24 / 26
Assignment
 1
= 7
(2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂)
→
=a

| |
î ĵ k
→
c×a=
→
( )( )
1
7
1
7
6
2
2
3
−3
6
1
= 49
(21î − 42ĵ + 14k̂)
1
= [7(3î − 6ĵ + 2k̂)]
49
1
= 7
(3î − 6ĵ + 2k̂)
→

y
=b
→
1
|a| = √4 + 9 + 36

nb
7
7
= 7
=1
→ 1

ya
|b| = 7 √9 + 36 + 4
7
= 7
=1
Da s G
→
1
|c| = 7 √36 + 4 + 9
7
= 7
c
=1
ir
→ → →
ati

Therefore, a, b and c form a right handed orthogonal system of units vectors.

ss
→
67. a = 2î + 4ĵ − 5k̂
→
b = λî + 2ĵ + 3k̂
em

→
→
a + b = (2 + λ)î + 6ĵ − 2k̂
Unit vector along
→ →

→ → a+b
ath

a+b=
|a+b |
→ →

( 2 + λ ) iˆ + 6jˆ − 2k̂
=
√(2+λ) 2+ (6) 2+ ( −2) 2
M

( 2 + λ ) iˆ + 6jˆ − 2kˆ
=
√ ( 2 + λ ) 2 + 40
( )
→ → →
According to question, c. a + b = 1

( î + ĵ + k̂ .

(2+λ) +6−2
) ( ( 2 + λ ) iˆ + 6jˆ − 2kˆ
( 2 + λ ) 2 + 40 ) =1

=1
√ ( 2 + λ ) 2 + 40
2+λ+4= √(2 + λ) 2 + 40
Squaring on both sides,
λ 2 + 36 + 12λ = (2 + λ) 2 + 40
λ=1
→ →
68. Suppose (OP and OQ ) be two vectors such that ∠XOP = A and ∠XOQ = B. Then, ∠QOP = A + B Draw PL ⊥ OX and QM ⊥

OX.

25 / 26
Assignment
 In △OPL, we have
OL = OP cos A and PL = OP sin A
→ → →
∴ OP = OL + LP

y
⇒ OP = (OPcosA) î + (OPsinA) ĵ ...(i)

In △OQM, we have

nb
OM = OQ cos B, MQ = OQ sin B
→ → →
∴ OQ = OM + MQ

ya
⇒ OQ = (OQcosB) î − (OQsinB) ĵ ...(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get

→ →
OP × OQ = {(OPcosA)î + (OPsinA)ĵ} × {(OQcosB)î − (OQsinB)ĵ}
Da s G
→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = OP ⋅ OQ{(cosA)î + (sinA)ĵ} × {(cosB)î − (sinB)ĵ}
→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = OP ⋅ OQ{ − cosAsinB(î × ĵ) + sinAcosB(ĵ × î)}
→ →
c

⇒
ir
OP × OQ = OP ⋅ OQ{ − (cosAsinB)k̂ − (sinAcosB)k̂}
ati

→ →
ss
⇒ OP × OQ = -OP . OQ {cos A sin B + sin A cos B} k̂ ...(iii)

→ → → →
Also, we haveOP × OQ = | OP | | OQ | sin(A + B)( − k̂)
em

→ →
⇒ OP × OQ = -OP . OQ sin (A + B)k̂ ...(iv)

From (iii) and (iv), we get

- OP . OQ sin (A + B) k̂ = - OP . OQ (cos A sin B + sin A cos B) k̂
ath

⇒ sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.

69. i. Given vectors are parallel
→ → → → → →
if (2 i − 4 j + k) × (4 i − 8 j + λ k) = 0
M

| |
î ĵ k̂
i.e if 2 −4 1 =0
4 −8 λ
→ → → →
i ( − 4λ + 8) − j (2λ − 4) + k( − 16 + 16) = 0
⇒ − 4λ + 8 = 0

⇒ λ = 2

ii. For ⊥

(4î − 8ĵ + λk̂ ). (2î − 4ĵ + k̂ ) = 0

8 + 32 + λ = 0
λ = − 40

26 / 26
Assignment