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Unit - 5

Introduction to Air Conditioning

Dr. Md. Shaukat Ali

Associate Professor
Mech. Engg. Dept., SNIST, Hyderabad

PSYCHROMETRY
Psychrometry:
The study of the properties of air and vapour pertaining to air-
conditioning problems is called psychrometry.

Dry air:
It is the mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and negligible percentage of other
gases. Air contains 78.03% nitrogen, 20.99% oxygen by volume and has a
molecular weight of 28.966 ≈ 29.

Moist air:
It is the mixture of dry air and water vapour.
The amount of water vapour varies according to the temperature of air
and reaches saturation at one point.

Saturated air mixture:

Saturated air mixture is a mixture of dry air and water vapour in which
the partial pressure of the vapour is equal to the saturation pressure of
water at the temperature of the mixture.
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PSYCHROMETRY …
Unsaturated air mixture:
• It is a mixture of dry air and super heated water vapour.
• The partial pressure of vapour being less than the saturation
pressure of water at the temperature of the mixture.

Super saturated air mixture:

• It is a mixture of dry air and water vapour in which the partial
pressure of the water vapour is greater than the saturation
pressure of water at the temperature of the mixture.

Dew point temperature:

• When the unsaturated air is cooled at constant pressure, the
mixture reaches saturation temperature corresponding to the
partial pressure of water vapour.
• This temperature at which condensation of the vapour begins
resulting in formation of liquid droplets or dew when the mixture
is cooled is called dew point temperature.
Dr. Md. Shaukat Ali, SNIST, Hyderabad 3

PSYCHROMETRY …
Dew point temperature:
• Figure shows the normal thermodynamic state 1 of water vapour in moist air.
• The water vapour existing at temperature T of the mixture and partial pressure
pv of the vapour in the mixture is normally in a superheated state. Moist air
containing moisture in such a state is considered as unsaturated air.

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PSYCHROMETRY …
Dew point temperature:
• If a sample of such unsaturated moist air containing superheated water vapour is
cooled (at constant pressure), the mixture will eventually reach the saturation
temperature td of water vapour corresponding to its partial pressure at which
point the first drop of dew will he formed. i.e., the water vapour in the mixture
will start condensing.
• This temperature td is called the dew point temperature (DPT). It is, therefore, the
temperature to which moist air must he cooled at constant pressure before
condensation of moisture takes place.

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PSYCHROMETRY …
Composition of dry part in atmospheric air

Knowing that the value of the universal gas

constant is G=8.3143 kJ/kg mole K. the gas
constants for the two parts of moist air are as y = Mole fraction
follows:
M = Mol. weight
1 → Nitrogen
2 → Oxygen

V1/V = 0.7803
V2/V = 0.2099

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PSYCHROMETRY …
Specific humidity or Humidity ratio:
The ratio of mass of vapour to the mass of dry air is called
absolute humidity. Denoted by ‘ω’.
pvV
mv RvT pv Ra
From definition, ω= = =
ma paV pa Rv
RaT

Ra M v 18.016
We know that, M a Ra = G , M v Rv = G  = = = 0.622
Rv M a 28.966

pv Ra pv M v p
Therefore, ω= = = 0.622 v
pa Rv pa M a pa

From Dalton's law of partial pressure, p = pa + pv

pv pv
Therefore, ω = 0.622 = 0.622
pa p − pv
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PSYCHROMETRY …

Dalton’s law of partial pressures:

The total pressure of the mixture of gases is the sum of the
partial pressures exerted by each gas when it occupies the same
volume of the mixture at the same temperature of the mixture.

Dry bulb temperature:

It is the equilibrium temperature of the mixture indicated by an
ordinary thermometer denoted by Tdb.

Wet bulb temperature:

It is the temperature indicated by a wet bulb thermometer
which has its temperature sensitive element (bulb) covered
with a wick soaked in water. It is denoted by Twb.

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PSYCHROMETRY …

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PSYCHROMETRY …
Degree of saturation or saturation ratio:
It is defined as the ratio of specific humidity of actual air (ω) to the
specific humidity of saturated air (ωs) at the same temperature.
i.e.

pv  ps 
0.662
ω p − pv pv  p − ps  pv  1 − p 
μ= = =  =
ωs 0.662 ps ps  p − pv  ps  1 − pv 
p − ps p  

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PSYCHROMETRY …
Relative humidity:
• Relative Humidity (Ø or RH) is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour mv
in a certain volume of moist air at a given temperature to the mass of water vapour
mvs in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature. Thus, referring to
the figure, if vv and vs are the specific volumes of water vapour in the actual moist
air and saturated air respectively at temperature T and in volume V, we can write -

Also 


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PSYCHROMETRY …
Relative humidity …..

 1 − ps 
 p
We know that μ =φ
p 
 1− v p 
 

μ
or μ=
ps
1 − (1 − μ )
p

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PSYCHROMETRY …
Enthalpy of moist air:
Enthalpy of moist air = enthalpy of dry air + enthalpy of water
vapour associated.
h = hair + ω hvapour = ha + ω hv = Cp tdb + ω hv

But, ha = Cpa tdb = 1.005 tdb

hv = hg + Cps (tdb – tdp) = 2501 + 1.88tdb

Therefore, h = 1.005 tdb + ω(2500 + 1.88tdb) kJ/kg of dry air

Where Cpa = is the specific heat of air = 1.005 kJ/kg⋅K

Cps = Specific heat of water vapour = 1.88kJ/kg/K
tdp = 0
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PSYCHROMETRY …
Partial Pressure of Water Vapour in Air
Carrier equation: When DBT and WBT are given, for calculating
the partial pressure of water vapour in air many equations have
been proposed of which Carrier equation is most widely used.

Where,
pv = partial pressure of water vapour
Pv’ = (pg)wb = saturation pressure of water at wet bulb temperature, t’.
pg = partial pressure of saturated vapour
p = total pressure of moist air
t = dry bulb temperature, ° C

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PSYCHROMETRY …

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PSYCHROMETRY …

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PSYCHROMETRY …

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PSYCHROMETRY …

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PSYCHROMETRY …

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PSYCHROMETRY …

Partial pressure of water vapour

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PSYCHROMETRY …

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PSYCHROMETRY …
Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature
or Adiabatic Saturation Temperature
• For any state of unsaturated moist air, there exists a temperature t* at which the
air becomes adiabatically saturated by the evaporation of water into air, at exactly
the same temperature t*.
• The leaving air is saturated at temperature t*. The specific humidity is
correspondingly increased to t ω*. The enthalpy is increased from a given initial
value h to the value h*.
• The weight of water added per kg of dry air is (ω* - ω) which adds energy to the
moist air of amount equal to ( ω* - ω)hf* , where hf* is the specific enthalpy of the
injected water at t*.

Adiabatic Saturator

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Psychrometric chart
• As the calculations of various properties of moist air are tedious
and time consuming, all the essential data for complete
thermodynamic and psychrometric analysis of air conditioning
processes can be summarized and can be presented in the form
of a chart.

• Such a chart which makes it possible to obtain the necessary

information readily for engineering calculations related to moist
air known as a Psychrometric chart.

• A psychrometric chart is constructed for a given mixture

pressure, using dry bulb temperature and the specific humidity
as co-ordinates.

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Psychrometric chart ...

As the calculations of various properties of moist air are tedious and time
consuming, all the essential data for complete thermodynamic and
psychrometric analysis of air conditioning processes can be summarized
and can be presented in the form of a chart.

Such a chart which makes it possible to obtain the necessary information

readily for engineering calculations related to moist air known as a
Psychrometric chart.

A psychrometric chart is constructed for a given mixture pressure, using

dry bulb temperature and the specific humidity as co-ordinates.

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Psychrometric chart ...

At a given mixture pressure, the vapour pressure pv is a function of
specific humidity only and hence there is only one value of pv for
each value of ω.

Vapour pressure
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Psychrometric chart ...

Saturation curve:
The saturation line represents the states of saturated air at different
temperatures. Wet bulb and dew point temperatures fall on this
curve. Relative humidity on the curve is 100%.
Relative humidity lines:
These are the curves with humidity ranging from maximum 100% to
minimum 0%.
Constant specific volume lines:
These are inclined lines and are equally spaced. The WBT lines are
much flatter than constant enthalpy lines.
DBT lines:
These are vertical lines and are equally spaced. DBT increases as we
move from left to right.
Specific humidity lines:
These are horizontal lines and value of ω increases from bottom
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Psychrometric chart ...

Constant Properties Lines on a Psychrometric Chart

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Psychrometric Processes
Mixing process:
In this process two or more streams are mixed to produce a stream with
desirable state of temperature and relative humidity.

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Psychrometric Processes ...

Mixing process ……
From Mass balance ma 3 = ma1 + ma 2
ma1h1 + ma 2 h2
From Energy balance ma 3 h3 = ma1h1 + ma 2 h2  h3 =
ma 3
Similarly,
ma1ω1 + ma 2ω2
From Moisture balance ma 3ω3 = ma1ω1 + ma 2ω2  ω3 =
ma 3
ma1 ω3 − ω2 h3 − h2
Combining, we can get = =
ma 2 ω1 − ω3 h1 − h3

ma1t1 + ma 2t2
and t3 ≈
ma 3

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

BASIC PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES IN CONDITIONING OF AIR
Four basic thermodynamic processes and four- combinations of processes by
which the state of moist air can be altered are shown in the figure. They are:
(i) Sensible heating — process OA
(ii) Sensible cooling — process OB
(iii) Humidifying — process OC
(iv) Dehumidifying — process OD
(v) Heating and humidifying — process OE
(vi) Cooling and dehumidifying — process OF
(vii) Cooling and humidifying — process OG
(viii) Heating and dehumidifying — process OH

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Psychrometric Processes …
Sensible Heat Process – Heating or Cooling
• Heating of air without addition or subtraction of moisture is called
sensible heating.
• This can be achieved by passing the air over a heating coil.
• The heat added increases the DBT of air.
• This is useful in winter air conditioning.
• The heat added is given by,

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Psychrometric Processes …
Sensible Heat Process – Heating or Cooling ……
• If a building to be air-conditioned receives or loses heat due to
transmission or other reasons, it is supposed to have sensible heat
load.
• Heat gain in buildings will require the conditioning of air to lower
temperatures, causing a cooling load on the air-conditioning
equipment.
• However, heat loss in buildings will require the heating of air causing
a heating load on the equipment.

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Psychrometric Processes …
Latent Heat Process – Humidification and Dehumidification
• When the state of air is altered along the t = constant line, such as BC in the
figure moisture in the form of vapour has to be transferred to change the
humidity ratio of the air.
• This transfer of moisture is given by

• Because of this change in the humidity ratio, there is also a change in the specific
enthalpy of the air given by (hC - hB) as shown in the figure.
• In air-conditioning practice, this change in enthalpy due to the change in the
humidity ratio is considered to cause a latent-heat transfer given by

Hfg0= Latent heat of vaporization

Note: In the above derivation, Cp has been taken same
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for both B and C

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Psychrometric Processes …
Latent Heat Process – Humidification and Dehumidification …
• A gain of moisture will require the condensation of moisture for the
dehumidification of air in the conditioning apparatus, and hence a
cooling load.
• On the other hand, a loss of moisture will necessitate the
evaporation of water for the humidification of air in the apparatus
and hence a heating load.

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Psychrometric Processes …
Total Heat Process

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Psychrometric Processes …
Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)

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Psychrometric Processes …
Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)
• It is obvious that a SHF of unity corresponds to no latent heat transfer and
the SHF line is horizontal on the psychrometric chart.
• However, a zero SHF line is vertical on the psychrometric chart and implies
no sensible heat transfer.
• An SHF of 0.75 to 0.8 is quite common in air-conditioning practice in a
normal dry climate.
• A lower value of SHF, such as 0.65, implies a high latent heat load, which is
quite common in a humid climate.

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Psychrometric Processes …
By-Pass Factor (BPF or X)
• The air enters at 1 and leaves at 2 when the surface is maintained at S.
• The particles of airstream come in contact with a surface.
• A definite portion of the air particles make perfect contact of with the surface
and the remaining portion of the particles do not make any contact (By-Passed).
• The state of the contacted air is that of saturated air at the temperature of the
surface, whereas, the uncontacted air remains at the entering state.
• The end state of the air is the same as that produced by the mixing of contacted
and uncontacted (By-Passed) particles, viz., 2 as shown in the figure.

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Psychrometric Processes …
By-Pass Factor (BPF or X) …
Thus one can define a bypass factor (BPF) of the apparatus representing the
fraction of ‘uncontacted” air in terms of the states 1, 2 and S. as

• Conversely, one can define a contact factor (1-X)

representing a fraction of the contacted air.
• Thus the bypass factor can be defined in terms of
temperature or specific humidity or enthalpy of
air.
• The resulting state 2 divides the line joining 1 to S
in the ratio of X and 1-X.

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Psychrometric Processes ...

Apparatus Dew Point (also called ‘coil ADP’ or simply ‘ADP’)
• Dehumidification is removal of water vapour from air. This process is possible
when air is passed over a cooling coil which is at a temperature below the dew
point temperature of entering air.

• The surface temperature of this cooling and dehumidification coil is known as

‘Apparatus Dew Point’ temperature, also called ‘coil ADP’ or simply ‘ADP’.

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

Simple Air-Conditioning System
• The problem of air-conditioning a space essentially reduces to determine the state and
mass rate of air to be supplied to the space-necessary to pick up its sensible and
latent heat loads.
• For the simplest air-conditioning system. consider a space which is to be maintained
at the room or inside conditions of, say, dry bulb temperature ti and humidity ratio ωi
• Let Qs represent the sensible heat gain and G the moisture gain of the room from
internal and external sources.
• In the usual nomenclature we may denote the room sensible heat and the room latent
heat as RSH and RLH respectively. Thus the Room Total Heat (RTH) is

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Psychrometric Processes ...

Simple Air-Conditioning System …

• In the case of the air-conditioning apparatus, the return or recirculated air from the
room is conditioned to a supply dry bulb temperature of ts and a humidity ratio of ωs
which is supplied to the room by a supply air fan.
• Assuming steady-state conditions and the supply air flow rate as (cmm)s we have the
following two equations by sensible and latent heat balances.

ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 d.a

Humid sp. heat,
Cp = 1.0216 kJ/kg d.a.
hfg0 = 2500 J/kgK

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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Psychrometric Processes ...

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