40673 C. Muthuselvi et al. / Elixir Vib. Spec.

95 (2016) 40673-40678
Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal)

Vibrational Spectroscopy
Elixir Vib. Spec. 95 (2016) 40673-40678

Vapor Diffusion Growth and Characterization of Aspirin – Perchloric acid

Complex Crystal
C. Muthuselvi1 , S. Pandiarajan1 and R.V. Krishnakumar2
1
Department of Physics, Devanga Arts College, Aruppukottai, 626 101, Tamilnadu, India.
2
Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, 625 009, Tamilnadu, India.

ARTIC LE IN FO AB S TRAC T
Arti cl e hi s tory: The aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystal is grown by the vapor diffusion method for
Received: 15 April 2016; the first time. The colorless needle shaped crystals are obtained after 5 weeks duration.
Received in revised form: These crystals are characterized by powder XRD, FT–IR, FT–Raman, UV–Visible
25 May 2016; spectroscopy, SEM and melting point studies to confirm the formation of complex crystal
Accepted: 31 May2016; of aspirin –perchloric acid. The powder XRD, FT–IR and FT–Raman studies reveal the
presence of perchloric acid with the medicinally important drug of aspirin in the complex
Keywor ds form. The UV–Visible spectroscopy study shows that the optical window is found to be
Vap o r d iffu s io n met h o d , reduced in the presence of perchloric acid. But there is no change in the transparency of
A s p irin – Perch lo r i c acid the both crystal in the visible region. The SEM analysis reveals the complex crystal h as
co mp lex, the distinct morphology in shape from the pure aspirin crystal. The melting point of
Po wd er XRD, complex crystal is found to be 110◦ C. Finally, these studies conclude that mixing of
FT– IR, FT– Raman , perchloric acid with aspirin changes the all physico-chemical properties of the pure drug
UV– Vis ib le compound of aspirin. The property change of aspirin –perchloric acid complex can be
s p ect ro s co p y , used to improve the medicinal activity of the drug compound in the biological systems.
SEM . © 2016 Elixir All rights reserved.

Introduction stoichiometric ratio and they are dissolved in ethanol as a

The salicylate drug of acetylsalicylic acid is also called as solvent in a small beaker (50 ml). This mixture is placed
aspirin. It can act as an effective analgesic to reduce the mild inside a larger beaker (250 ml) that contains a small volume of
headache pain, toothache, muscle pain, and join pain [1]. Also, a solvent system (water) in which the sample is insoluble. The
it behaves as an antipyretic drug to reduce fever and an anti– outer beaker was sealed. Vapor from the solvent of the inner
inflammatory medication which is capable of reducing beaker diffuses into the solution in the outer beaker, without
swelling and redness associated with inflammation. The low disturbing the vessel causing the mixture to grow crystals.
doses of aspirin may be given to the patient immediately after Since the rate of evaporation of ethanol slow, good quality
a heart attack to reduce the risk of another heart attack or of crystals were formed after 5 weeks. The arrangement of vapor
the death of cardiac tissue [2–4]. Now a day, the effect of diffusion method is illustrated in Fig.1. The photographic view
aspirin on colorectal cancer has been widely studied by the of the harvested colorless rectangular and needle shaped,
many researchers and they conclude that the regular use of aspirin and aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystals
aspirin reduces the long–term risk of Colorectal Cancer Risk respectively are shown in Fig. 2. The molecular structures of
(CRC) incidence and mortality [5]. Most of the drugs are pure aspirin and aspirin-perchloric acid complex crystals are
delivered to patients in crystalline form [6]. The crystals of depicted in Fig. 3.
metal complexes with aspirin have been found to be some
additional medical activities such as antiulcer, anticancer,
antimutagenic and antioxidative in biological systems [7, 8].
In the present study, we are interested to grow the medicinal
important aspirin drug crystal doping with the perchloric acid
by vapor diffusion method. The grown crystals are
characterized by the powder XRD, FT–IR, FT–Raman, UV–
Visible spectroscopy, SEM and melting point studies. These
results are compared with the pure aspirin drug crystal and
they are summarized in the present study.
Materials and Methods
The raw materials used for crystallization (Aspirin,
Perchloric acid and Ethanol) were purchased from the Merck
India Ltd, Mumbai.
Crystal growth by vapor diffusion method
The aspirin crystals and aspirin–perchloric acid complex Figure 1: Arrangement of vapor diffusion method.
crystals were grown by using the vapor diffusion method. In
this method, aspirin and perchloric acid were taken in the 1:1
Te le : +919487672735
E-mail addre ss: [email protected]
© 2016 Elixir All rights reserved
40674 C. Muthuselvi et al. / Elixir Vib. Spec. 95 (2016) 40673-40678

Figure 2: Photographic view of the harvested pure aspirin

and aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystals.

Figure 4: Powder diffraction pattern of pure aspirin and

aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystals.
Vibrational Analysis
The infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy
analyzes are employed here for the identification and
assignment of the various functional groups present in the title
compound. The FT–IR spectrum of the aspirin and aspirin–
Figure 3: Molecular structures of pure aspirin and aspirin- perchloric acid crystals were recorded using SHIMADZU FT–
perchloric acid complex crystals. IR spectrometer in the range 4000–400 cm-1 . The sample for
Results and Discussions this measurement was finely ground and mixed with KBr. The
The aspirin crystals and aspirin–perchloric acid complex mixture was pressed under vacuum at very high pressure to
crystals were grown by the vapor diffusion method. These obtain a transparent disc, which yields good spectra. The FT–
crystals are characterized by the powder XRD, FT–IR, FT– IR spectra of pure aspirin and aspirin–perchloric acid complex
Raman, UV–Visible spectroscopy SEM and melting point crystals are shown in Fig.5. The FT–Raman spectra of pure
studies. aspirin and aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystals were
Powder X–ray Diffraction Analysis recorded over the range 4000–80 cm-1 with a resolution of 2
The powder X–ray diffraction study of aspirin and cm-1 using the BRUKER RFS 27 FT–Raman spectrometer.
aspirin–perchloric acid crystalline samples were carried out, The source used in this device was the Nd : YAG laser
using XPERT–PRO X–ray diffractometer with Cu Kα (λ = operated at 1064 nm with the incident power of 100 mW for
1.54060 Å) radiation. The X–ray powder diffraction pattern excitation. The FT–Raman spectra of pure aspirin and aspirin–
for the pure aspirin and aspirin–perchloric acid complex perchloric acid complex crystals are shown in Fig.6. The title
crystals are shown in Fig. 4. The sharp and well defined peaks compound has C=O (acid), C=O (ester), C–O (acid), C–O
indicate the crystalline nature of the compound. The complex (ester), O–H, –CH3 , benzene ring and HClO4 functional
crystalline nature has been identified by comparing the groups (Fig.3). The detailed assignments of absorption
interplanner spacing and 2θ values of the powder pattern with bands/peaks observed in the FT–IR and FT–Raman spectra of
the pure aspirin crystal. The d spacing and 2θ values of pure aspirin and aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystals are
complex crystal are different from that of pure aspirin and shown in the Table 2. The wavenumber assignment of aspirin
they are shown in Table 1. This result confirms the formation and perchloric acid are available on the earlier documented
of aspirin– perchloric acid complex crystal. literature [9–11].

Table 1: Powder XRD data of pure aspirin and aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystals.
Pure aspirin Aspirin-perchloric acid complex
Position[°2θ] d–spacing [Å] FWHM Left [°2θ] Rel. Int.[%] Position d–spacing FWHM Left [°2θ] Rel. Int. [%]
[°2θ] [Å]
5.42 16.29 1.50 11.29 5.00 17.57 3.00 3.54
7.37 11.98 0.13 97.96 10.63 8.30 0.15 100.00
10.57 8.36 0.13 67.64 16.93 5.23 0.10 3.79
15.17 5.83 0.19 100.00 27.65 3.22 0.20 5.06
23.05 3.85 0.19 11.65 33.01 2.71 0.2 1.18
26.53 3.35 0.51 5.08 46.50 1.95 0.36 2.25
31.00 2.88 0.30 5.50 56.88 1.61 0.22 0.97
40675 C. Muthuselvi et al. / Elixir Vib. Spec. 95 (2016) 40673-40678
Aromatic acids have a rocking vibration of the CO2 group as a
strong band at 570–545 cm-1 . Also the deformation mode
occurs in the region 620–610 cm-1 for CO2 group [13]. In the
present investigation the medium bands are observed at 563,
551 cm-1 the IR and Raman spectra respectively for pure
aspirin crystal and 567 cm-1 in both spectra of aspirin complex
crystals are assigned to CO2 rocking vibration. The
deformation mode of CO2 group is attributed due to the
shoulder band at 615 cm-1 in FT–IR spectra of complex crystal
and this band disappears in the pure aspirin spectrum.
C–O Vibrations
The C–O stretching of carboxylic acids appears near the
region 1320–1210 cm-1 in the spectra [14, 15]. In the present
study, the C–O stretching of carboxylic acid is identified due
to the bands at 1306, 1219 cm-1 in the IR and 1293, 1223 cm-1
in the Raman spectra of pure aspirin . But this mode is shifted
to 1296, 1209 cm-1 in the IR spectrum for the complex
molecule due to the involvement of OH group in the in -plane
bending vibrations of carboxylic group. This mode is
identified as a very weak band at 1206 cm-1 in the FT–Raman
Figure 5: FT–IR spectra of pure aspirin and aspirin- spectrum of complex crystal.
perchloric acid complex crystals. The C–O stretching has the bands near 1095 cm-1 and
1016 cm-1 for ester group [15]. In the present study the
stretching modes of C–O ester group are identified at 1092,
1013 cm-1 and 1088, 1028 cm-1 in IR spectra of the pure
aspirin and complex crystals respectively. Also, the
corresponding Raman bands are identified at 1014 cm-1 and
1093, 1030 cm-1 for both crystals respectively.
O–H Vibrations
The O–H stretch from CO–OH vibration is observed at
3100–2800 cm-1 [16]. In the present study, these wavenumbers
are observed at 3080, 2999, 2870 cm-1 in the FT–IR and 3077,
3023, 2992, 2941cm-1 in the FT–Raman spectra for pure
aspirin. These wavenumbers of pure aspirin for this mode are
compared with the aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystal and
are identified at 3061, 3009, 2940, 2859 cm-1 and 3075 cm-1 in
the both spectra respectively. The O–H in plane and out of
plane bending wavenumbers normally occurs in the region
between 1440–1395 cm-1 and 960–875 cm-1 respectively [14,
15]. In the present study, pure aspirin has strong bands at 1418
cm-1 and 918 cm-1 in the FT–IR spectrum which is attributed to
O–H in plane and out–of–plane deformation modes
Figure 6: FT–Raman spectra of pure aspirin and aspirin- respectively. These wavenumbers are upshifted to 1443 cm-1
perchloric acid complex crystals. and 964 cm-1 for aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystal. The
C=O Vibrations downshifting and upshifting the wavenumber of stretching and
The two C=O peaks should be expected for the pure bending modes of O–H group of complex crystal confirms the
aspirin crystal between the region 1800–1680 cm-1 , one interaction of perchloric acid with the aspirin through the –
occurring at a slightly higher frequency due to ester type C=O COOH group by the formation of hydrogen bonds. The broad
vibrations and the other at slightly lower frequency due to the band centered on 3000 cm−1 also supports the presence of
acid type C=O vibration [12]. In the present work, the acid hydrogen bonding network in the title crystal.
C=O stretching mode of aspirin is observed at 1692, 1694 cm-1 Benzene ring vibrations
in FT–IR and FT–Raman spectra respectively. But this mode The aromatic C–H stretching bands appear in the region
is shifted to 1685, 1687 cm-1 in the IR and Raman spectra of 3100–3000 cm−1 [17–20]. In the present study the observed
the aspirin–perchloric acid complex crystal due to the fact that bands at 3080 cm-1 and 3092, 3077, 3023 cm-1 in the IR and
the aspirin linkage with the perchloric acid through the Raman spectra respectively are assigned to C–H stretching of
carboxylic group by the formation of O–H…O hydrogen pure aspirin crystal. Also the bands at 3061 cm-1 , 3009 cm-1
bonds. This is due to the engagement of double bonded O and 3165, 3075 cm-1 in the IR and Raman spectra respectively
atom of carboxylic group with the O–H group in the are attributed to C–H stretching vibrations of the aspirin–
perchloric acid. Also the stretching of ester C=O group is perchloric acid complex crystal. The ring breathing mode for
identified as a strong band at 1755 cm-1 in the IR and as a ortho substituted benzene ring is normally observed at 1040
medium band at 1751 cm-1 in the Raman spectra of pure cm-1 [15]. In the present study this mode is exactly observed in
aspirin crystal . In the complex crystal this mode is observed both spectra of pure aspirin and aspirin-perchloric acid
at 1748 cm-1 and 1745 cm-1 in the both spectra respectively. complex crystals.
40676 C. Muthuselvi et al. / Elixir Vib. Spec. 95 (2016) 40673-40678
Table 2: Observed wavenumbers and their assignments for pure aspirin and aspirin– perchloric acid complex crystals in the
both spectra.
Pure Aspirin Aspirin–Perchloric acid Assignment

FT – IR FT – Raman FT – IR FT – Raman
(ῡ / cm-1 ) (ῡ / cm-1 ) (ῡ / cm-1 ) (ῡ / cm-1 )
– – 3237 (vs, br) 3233 (w)  O–H···O
– – – 3165 (vw)  C–H
– 3092(m) – –  C–H
3080 (s, br) 3077(vvs) 3061 (s, br) 3075 (s)  C–H;  C–OH
– 3023(w) 3009 (s, br) –  C–H;  C–OH
2999 (s, br) 2992 (w) – –  as –CH3 ;  C–OH
– 2941 (s) 2940 (m) –  as –CH3 ;  C–OH
2870 (s, br) – 2859(s, br) –  s –CH3 ;  C–OH
2696 (m) – 2722 (m) 2783 (w) Overtone and combination bands
2666 (m) 2600 (w) – 2643 (w)
2587 (m) – 2594 (m) –
2546 (m) – 2534 (m) –
1755 (vvs) 1751 (m) 1748 (w) 1745 (sh)  C=O (ester)
1692 (vvs) 1694 (w) 1685(sh) 1687 (w)  C=O (acid)
1605 (vs) 1606 (vvs) 1611 (vs) –  C=C
1576 (w) 1576 (w) 1578 (m) 1582(m)  C–C
1518 (w) – 1528 (w) –  C=C
1483 (w) 1483 (w) 1483 (s) 1472 (s) δ as –CH3
1418 (s) – 1443 (vvs) – β O–H
1369 (m) 1367 (w) 1383 (m) 1388 (m) δ s –CH3
1306 (vs) 1293 (m) 1296 (vs) –  C–O (acid)
– – 1248 (vs) 1246 (vs)  as (ClO3 )
1219 (s) 1223 (w) 1209 (s) 1206 (vw) β C–H;  C–O (acid)
1186 (vvs) 1191 (s) 1190 (sh) 1190 (vw) β C–H
– 1154 (m) 1152 (m) 1153 (m) β C–H
1092 (m) – 1088 (w) 1093 (w) β C–H;  C–O (ester)
– – 1069 (sh) 1068 (w)  s (ClO3 )
1038 (w) 1045 (m) 1042 (m) – β C–H; Ring breathing
1013 (m) 1014 (m) 1028 (w) 1030 (vs) β C–H ;  C–O (ester)
918 (s) 919 (w) 964 (w) – γ O–H
839 (m) 837 (w) 855 (m) – γ C–H
799 (m) 785 (m) 783 (m) 772 (vs) γ C–H
754 (m) 751 (m) 758 (vs) – γ C–H
704 (m) 705 (m) 696 (vs) – γ C–H
– – 658 (s) 663 (vw)  (Cl –OH)
– – 615 (sh) – δ CO2 ; δ s (ClO3 )
563 (m) 551(m) 567 (m) 567 (m) ρ CO2
– – 463 (w) 452 (m) ρ(ClO3 )
s– strong;vvs- very very strong;vs- very strong: m– medium; w–weak; vw- very weak: sh– shoulder; – stretching;  s – sym.
stretching;  as – asym. stretching; ρ– rocking; γ– out–of–plane bending; β– in–plane bending; δ as – asym. bending; δs– sym. bending

The C–H out–of–plane (γ) and in–plane bending (β) respectively. These modes agree well with the earlier reported
occurs at 900 – 690 cm-1 and 1250–1000 cm-1 respectively [18, values [17-20].
20]. The wavenumbers at 839, 799, 754, 704 cm-1 in FT–IR The ring carbon–carbon (C=C) stretching vibration occurs
spectrum and the wavenumbers at 837, 785, 751, 705 cm-1 in nearly in the region 1600 and 1500 cm-1 and is usually stronger
the Raman spectrum are identified as the γ (C–H) modes of [18]. These modes occur as two or three bands in the region
pure aspirin. In the case of complex crystal this mode is due to skeletal vibration. In the present work, the C=C modes
identified at 855, 783, 758, 696 cm-1 and 772 cm-1 in the both are observed experimentally as medium bands at 1605, 1518
spectra respectively. The C–H in–plane bending (β) modes of cm-1 in FT–IR and at 1606 cm-1 in FT–Raman spectrum for
pure aspirin occurs at 1219, 1186, 1092, 1038, 1013 cm-1 in IR pure aspirin crystal. For the complex crystal it is observed at
spectrum and at 1223, 1191, 1154, 1045, 1014 cm-1 in the 1611 cm-1 in FT–IR spectrum only and there is no its
Raman spectrum. The same mode is attributed to the complex counterpart in the Raman spectrum for this mode. In the case
crystal at 1209, 1190, 1152, 1088, 1042, 1028 cm-1 in the FT- of substituted benzene, the C–C stretching mode vibrations
IR and at 1153, 1093, 1030 cm-1 in the FT–Raman spectra produce the bands at 1620–1565 cm-1 with the groups [13].
40677 C. Muthuselvi et al. / Elixir Vib. Spec. 95 (2016) 40673-40678
In the present compound, the bands at 1576 cm-1 in both earlier studies [23, 24]. These vibrational mode wavenumbers
spectra are assigned to C–C stretching vibration for pure are not observed in the IR and Raman spectra of pure aspirin.
aspirin crystal. These vibrational wavenumbers are very This result strongly supports the incorporation of HClO 4 in the
closely observed in the complex crystal of aspirin – perchloric aspirin complex crystal.
acid. These results show that the benzene ring is not affected UV–Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
by the interaction of perchloric acid in the aspirin The optical absorption spectra of pure aspirin and aspirin–
environment. perchloric acid crystals have been recorded with
–CH3 Group Vibrations SHIMADZU–UV 1800 double beam spectrometer.
The –CH3 stretching and deformation vibrations are more Transmittance and absorbance data were observed for the
or less localized and give rise to good group wavenumbers. In crystals in the wavelength range 190–1100 nm insteps of 1nm.
aliphatic compounds the antisymmetric and symmetric –CH3 The slit width chosen was 0.2 nm. The wavelength rate was in
stretching vibrations absorb near 2960 cm-1 and 2870 cm-1 fast mode. The observed values of absorbance were recorded
respectively. Additional –CH3 bands are also seen near 2934 and stored in the memory of a computer and plotted. The
cm-1 and 2912 cm-1 in some compounds [21]. These absorption spectra of the pure aspirin and aspirin-perchloric
predictions hold well in the present study. The ab sorption acid complex crystals are shown in Fig.7.
bands of both crystals at 2999, 2940 cm-1 in IR spectra are
attributed to antisymmetric –CH3 stretching vibration. The
same mode is observed at 2992, 2941 cm-1 in the Raman
spectrum of pure aspirin only and Raman line is absent for
complex crystal. Similarly the corresponding symmetric
stretching mode of –CH3 group is observed as strong bands at
2870 and 2859 cm-1 in IR spectrum of pure aspirin and
aspirin-perchloric acid complex crystals respectively and there
are no counterparts in the Raman spectrum for this mode.
The antisymmetric and symmetric deformation
modes of –CH3 group absorb nearly at 1465 cm-1 and 1378
cm-1 respectively[ 21]. In the present study, the bands at 1483
cm-1 , 1369 cm-1 and 1483 cm-1 , 1367 cm-1 in IR and Raman
spectra respectively are attributed to antisymmetric and
symmetric deformation modes of pure aspirin respectively.
For the complex molecule these modes are observed at 1483
cm-1 , 1383 cm-1 and 1472 cm-1 , 1388 cm-1 in the IR and Raman
spectra respectively.
HClO4 Vibrations
Several investigators have studied IR and Raman spectra
of perchloric acid. In this molecule, H atom is covalently
bonded to one of the O atoms. Hence it is possible to consider
the perchloric acid moiety as C3V symmetry [22]. The OH Figure 7: Absorption spectra of pure aspirin and aspirin–
stretching mode of HClO4 appears in the infrared as a broad perchloric acid complex crystals.
band peaking in the region of 3380–3340 cm-1 [22]. In the From the absorption spectra, the both crystals show a
present compound the broad and weak bands that occur in the good transmittance in the entire visible region. A good optical
IR and Raman spectra of complex crystal at 3237 and 3233 transmittance from ultraviolet to infrared region is very useful
cm-1 are assigned to the O–H stretching of perchloric acid. for optical applications. The lower cut–off wavelength is
This vibration is found at the lower wavenumber side in both found to be 305 nm and 334 nm for pure aspirin and aspirin -
spectra of complex molecule due to the effect of hydrogen perchloric acid complex crystals respectively. The optical
bonding in the condensed phase. The already reported window is found to be decreased in the presence of perchloric
vibrational wavenumbers of HClO4 molecule are given as acid which is depicted in the fig.7. But there is no change in
follows νas (ClO3 ) =1220 cm-1 , νs (ClO3 ) =1039 cm-1 , ν (Cl– the transparency for both crystals in the visible region. The
OH) = 757 cm-1 , δ s (ClO3 ) = 578 cm-1 , ρ(ClO3 ) = 432 cm-1 band gap of the crystal was estimated by using the following
[23, 24]. The assignment of bands corresponding to C3V the relation [25].
symmetry is presented below. The bands of ν asym species of
ClO3 are identified at 1248 cm-1 and 1246 cm-1 in the IR and
Raman spectra of complex molecule. The ν sym mode of ClO3
The band gap values of the crystals were found to be as
is identified in both spectra due to bands at 1069 and 1068
4.0 eV (pure aspirin) and 3.72 eV (aspirin–perchloric acid).
cm-1 respectively. These stretching wavenumbers are found to
The band gap value of pure aspirin is decreased in the
upshifting to higher wavenumber region due to the existence
presence of the perchloric acid. This result also confirms the
of covalent O–H bond associated with perchloric acid
presence of perchloric acid in complex crystal.
molecule. This leads to formation of strong bonding between
SEM Analysis
the three O atoms with Cl atom. The band at 658 cm-1 in the IR
The SEM analyzes were employed here to identify the
and 663 cm-1 Raman spectrum of complex crystal is attributed
surface morphology of the pure aspirin and aspirin-perchloric
to the ν (Cl–OH) mode of HClO4 . The δ sym mode of ClO3 is
acid complex crystals. The crystals were cut into few mm
observed as a shoulder band at 615 cm-1 in IR spectrum only.
sizes for observing the surface morphology. The SEM images
Finally the weak IR band at 463 cm-1 and medium Raman
of the pure aspirin and aspirin-perchloric acid complex
band at 452 cm-1 clearly helps to attribute for the rocking
crystals are shown in Fig. 8.
mode of ClO3 moiety. These assignments agree well with the
40678 C. Muthuselvi et al. / Elixir Vib. Spec. 95 (2016) 40673-40678
properties of pure aspirin drug have been changed by the
incorporation of perchloric acid in the complex form. This
property change is used to improve medicinal activity of drug
compound in the biological systems.
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely acknowledge their thanks to the
Managements and Principals of Devanga Arts College,
Aruppukottai and Thiagarajar College, Madurai for their
permission and encouragement during this research work.
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spectra confirm the doping of perchloric acid with aspirin. Natarajan, Indian J. Pure and Applied Phys., 44, 495, 2006.
From the UV– Visible absorption spectrum, the optical [22] C. I. Ratcliffe, D.E. Irish, J. Chem., 62, 1134, 1984.
window is found to be decreased in the presence of perchloric [23] B.J. Hathaway, A.E. Underhill, J. Chem. Soc., 1961,
acid. The band gap value of aspirin – perchloric acid complex 3091.
is found to be as 3.72 eV. The surface morphology was also [24] Mary K. Gilles, Mark l. Polak, W.C. Lineberger, J. Chem,
studied by SEM analysis and the results indicate that the Phys., 96, 11, 1992.
complex crystal has different morphology from the pure [25] S. Sagadevan, P. Murugasen, Journal of Crystallization
aspirin crystal with the grooves. The melting point analysis Process and Technology. 4, 99, 2014.
also helps to differentiate the complex crystal from the parent.
Finally, these studies conclude that the physicochemical