PART I – 6 MARKS (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1. Define the term thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their
relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter.
2. What is meant by thermodynamics system? How do you classify it?
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation, confined in space by walls, with
defined permeabilities, which separate it from its surroundings. ......A widely used distinction is
between isolated, closed, and open thermodynamic systems.
3. What is meant by Continuum? Identify its importance
The concept of continuum is a kind of idealization of the continuous description of matter where
the properties of the matter are considered as continuous functions of space variables.
4. Define an open system Give an example. Define an isolated system:
Open system: A system which can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings is called
open system. ... Isolated system: A system in which neither matter nor energy is exchanged
with surroundings. Ex : Liquid taken in a closed thermos flask. Heat can neither enter nor leave
the flask.
5. Distinguish between Open and Closed system
A system can be either closed or open: A closed system is a system that is completely isolated from
its environment. ..... An open system is a system that has flows of information, energy, and/or
matter between the system and its environment, and which adapts to the exchange. This a
fundamental systems science definition.
6. Prove Cp-Cv=R
Yes every gas have different Cp and Cv values but their differences will always equal to R.
As h =u+ pv
If we differentiate above equation w.r.to T then will get
dh/dT= du/dT+d(pv)/dT…(1)
As for Ideal gases dh = Cp .dT,
du=Cv.dT
Pv = mRT=d(pv) = mR.dT
Hence putting all above values in equation 1 will get Cp-Cv =R
7. Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
Specific heat at constant pressure is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of unit mass. of gas by 1 oC at constant pressure .
8. Define specific heat capacity at constant volume.
The specific heat of a gas at constant volume is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise
the temperature of unit mass of the gas by 1 degree when it is heated at constant volume. It is
given the symbol cv.
9. What is meant by surroundings? What is boundary?
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or region in space chosen for the thermodynamic study.
the mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings. the real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings is called boundary.
10. What is meant by PMM1?
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First kind (PMM1)
Perpetual Motion Machine is the machine which violates the law of thermodynamics. A machine,
which can supply mechanical work continuously without consumption of any energy, violates the
first law of thermodynamics.
11. What is meant by thermodynamic property? How do you classify the property?
In thermodynamics, a physical property is any property that is measurable, and whose value
describes a state of a physical system. Thermodynamic properties are defined as characteristic
features of a system, capable of specifying the system's state. ...... "Specific" properties are
expressed on a per mass basis.
13. What is meant by reversible and irreversible prosess?
A reversible process is one in which both the system and its environment can return to exactly the
states they were in by following the reverse path. An irreversible process is one in which the
system and its environment cannot return together to exactly the states that they were in.
14. What is the requirement of thermal equilibrium? Which law governs it?
the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics. A system is said to be in thermal
equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system is spatially uniform and temporally
constant.
15. Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties.
An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. Mass and
volume are examples of extensive properties. An intensive property is a property of matter that
depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount.
16. Define internal energy and enthalpy.
The internal energy of a system is simply the sum of its potential and kinetic energies i.e. E(int) =
U + K. The enthalpy is then the total internal energy of the system as well as how much pressure
the system exerts on the volume it inhabits.
17. Define process and cycle.
In thermodynamics, a "process" is defined by a trajectory in thermodynamic state space from a
starting point A to the end point B, and a "cycle" is just a closed trajectory going back to A. ...... The
resulting amounts of work and heat exchange would be different between these two processes
18. State first law of thermodynamics. State zeroth law of thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal
equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Accordingly,
thermal equilibrium between systems is a transitive relation.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only
altered in form. For any system, energy transfer is associated with mass crossing the control
boundary, external work, or heat transfer across the boundary. These produce a change of stored
energy within the control volume.
19. What is Quasi-static process.
In thermodynamics, a quasi-static process, is a thermodynamic process that happens slowly enough
for the system to remain in internal thermodynamic equilibrium.
20. Difference between path and point functions.
Path function and Point function are introduced to identify the variables of thermodynamics. Path
function: Their magnitudes depend on the path followed during a process as well as the end states.
... Point Function: They depend on the state only, and not on how a system reaches that state.
PART II – 6 MARKS (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1. State the Kelvin - Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics.
The Kelvin–Planck statement (or the Heat Engine Statement) of the second law of thermodynamics
states that it is impossible to devise a cyclically operating heat engine, the effect of which is to
absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent
amount of work.
2. State Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics.
Clausius Statement from the second law of thermodynamics states that: “It is impossible to design
a device which works on a cycle and produce no other effect other than heat transfer from a cold
body to a hot body.” That is, heat transfer can only occur spontaneously in the direction of
temperature decrease.
3. Write the two statements of the Second law of thermodynamics.
The Kelvin-Planck Statement: It is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cycle and
produces no other effect than the transfer of heat from a single body in order to produce work.
The Clausius Statement: It is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cycle and
produces no other effect than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.
4. State Carnot's theorem.
Carnot's theorem, also known as Carnot's rule, or the Carnot principle, can be stated as follows: No
heat engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a reversible heat
engine operating between the same two reservoirs.
5. What are the Corollaries of Carnot theorems?
A corollary to Carnot's theorem states that: All reversible engines operating between the same
heat reservoirs are equally efficient. It is easily shown that the efficiency η is maximum when the
entire cyclic process is a reversible process.
6. Define - PMM of second kind.
Perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine which produces work from a single heat
source. In this kind of perpetual motion machine, there is only one heat reservoir, and it is being
spontaneously cooled generating work without heat transfer to a cooler reservoir.
7. What is difference between a heat pump and refrigerator?
A refrigeration system cools the external fluid flowing through the evaporator, whereas a heat
pump heats the external fluid flowing through the condenser. The main difference between a
refrigerator and a heat pump is in the manner of operation regarding cooling or heating.
8. What is mean by heat engine? Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency
A heat engine is considered to be 100% efficient if only all the heat is converted into useful work or
mechanical energy. Since heat engines cannot convert all the heat energy into mechanical energy,
their efficiency can never be 100%.
9. Define the term COP
COP (Coefficient of Performance)
The Co-efficient of performance (COP) is an expression of the efficiency of a heat pump. When
calculating the COP for a heat pump, the heat output from the condenser (Q) is compared to the
power supplied to the compressor (W).
10. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in steam power plant?
We know that the Carnot cycle is most efficient cycle operating between two specified
temperature limits. However; the Carnot cycle is not a suitable model for steam power cycle since:
The turbine has to handle steam with low quality which will cause erosion and wear in turbine
blades.
11. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be increased.
The efficiency of the carnot engine can be increased by either increasing the sink temperature or
by decreasing the reservoir temperature.
12. Define availability of a given system?
The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum useful work that can be obtained in a
process in which the system comes to equilibrium with the surroundings or attains the dead state.
13. When the Carnot cycle efficiency will be maximum?
The Carnot Efficiency is the theoretical maximum efficiency one can get when the heat engine is
operating between two temperatures: The temperature at which the high temperature reservoir
operates ( THot ). The temperature at which the low temperature reservoir operates ( TCold ).
14. What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle.
It involves four process: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and
adiabatic compression.
15. Define entropy. What are the characteristics of entropy?
Entropy denotes the tendency of the universe to move towards disorder or randomness. Entropy
can be denoted as a function of the enthalpy or heat that can be converted into work. Entropy
depends on the mass of a thermodynamical system. ..... The entropy of the universe keeps
increasing.
Characteristics of Entropy are as follows:
It increases when the heat is supplied irrespective of the fact whether temperature changes or not.
Whether temperature changes or not the entropy decreases when heat is rejected.
In all the adiabatic processes, the entropy remains constant.
16. State the limitations of I law of thermodynamics
Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
The limitation of the first law of thermodynamics is that it does not say anything about the
direction of flow of heat. It does not say anything whether the process is a spontaneous process or
not. The reverse process is not possible.
17. Give an expression for entropy changes for an open system.
The entropy change is ΔS = 40.65373 = 0.109 kilojoules per mole∙K, (21) representing the higher
degree of disorder when water evaporates and turns to steam. The Gibbs free energy change is ΔG
= ΔH − TΔS.
18. What is a temperature entropy diagram?
A temperature–entropy diagram, or T–s diagram, is a thermodynamic diagram used in
thermodynamics to visualize changes to temperature and specific entropy during a thermodynamic
process or cycle as the graph of a curve.
19. Why is the COP of an heat pump is higher than that of a refrigerator, if both operate between
the same temperature limits?
Note that the COP of a heat pump depends on its direction. The heat rejected to the hot sink is
greater than the heat absorbed from the cold source, so the heating COP is greater by one than the
cooling COP. applies to air conditioners and refrigerators.
20. What do you understand by dissipative effects? When work is said to be dissipated?
The dissipation effects due to dissipative forces, such as the friction force between solids or the
drag force in motions in fluids, lead to an internal energy increase of the system and/or to a heat
transfer to the surrounding.
PART III – 6 MARKS (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1. Define latent heat of ice.
Latent heat is a form of internal or potential energy stored by evaporated or melted water ....... A
total of 334 J of energy are required to melt 1 g of ice at 0°C, which is called the latent heat of
melting.
2. What is pure substance?
Pure substances are substances that are made up of only one kind of particles and has a fixed or
constant structure.
3. What is saturation temperature and saturation pressure?
Saturation temperature and pressure
Saturation temperature means boiling point. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a
corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be
said to be saturated with thermal energy.
4. Define latent Heat of vaporization
Latent heat of vapourisation is a physical property of a substance. When a material in liquid state
is given energy, it changes its phase from liquid to vapour without change in temperature, the
energy absorbed in the process is called latent heat of vaporization. The latent heat of
vaporization of water is about 2260kJ/Kg which is equal to 40.8kJ/mol.
6. Define the terms 'Boiling point' and 'Melting point .
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid boils to form vapours at atmospheric pressure is
called its boiling point. Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid melts to form a liquid at
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
7. What is meant by super heated steam? Indicate its use
Superheated steam is steam at a temperature that is higher than its vaporization (boiling) point at
the absolute pressure. It is steam which is formed at the temperature which exceeds that of
saturated steam at the same pressure. Superheated steam is used in turbines to improve thermal
efficiency.
8. Define: sensible heat of water.
Sensible heat of water: It is defined as the quantity of heat absorbed by 1 kg ofwater when it is
heated from 0°C (freezing point) to boiling point.It is also called total heat (orenthalpy) of water
or liquid heat invariably. It is reckoned from 0°C where sensible heat is takenas zero.
9. Define the term "Super heat enthalpy".
The heat supplied to the dry steam at saturation temperature, to convert it into superheated.
steam at the temperature Tsup is called super heat enthalpy.
10. What are wet and dry steam?
Wet steam is produced by heating water in a flow through coil to over 212 degrees. ......Steam
cleaners are the most common use of wet steam, which quickly condenses back to water. Dry
steam, also known as saturated steam, is produced by heating water in a closed chamber.
11 . State phase rule of pure substances. ?
A pure substance may exist in different phases. There are three principal phases solid, liquid, and
gas....... For example, carbon may exist as graphite or diamond in the solid phase, and ice may exist
in seven different phases at high pressure. Molecular bonds are the strongest in solids and the
weakest in gases.
12. Define dryness fraction of steam
The steam dryness fraction is used to quantify the amount of water within steam. If steam contains
10% water by mass, it's said to be 90% dry, or have a dryness fraction of 0.9. ...... For example,
saturated steam (100% dry) contains 100% of the latent heat available at that pressure.
13. Explain the terms: Degree of super heat, Degree of sub cooling.
While superheat indicates how much refrigerant is in the evaporator (high superheat indicates not
enough, low superheat indicates too much), subcooling gives an indication of how much refrigerant
is in the condenser. Subcooling on systems that use a thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) should be
approximately 10F to 18F.
14. Define triple point and critical point for pure substance.
The three phase equilibrium curves meet at the triple point. At the triple point, all three phases
(solid, liquid, and gas) are in equilibrium. ..... The critical point is the highest temperature and
pressure at which a pure material can exist in vapor/liquid equilibrium.
15. What is the triple point of water? Give the values of properties at that point.
Scientific definitions for triple point
The temperature and pressure at which a substance can exist in equilibrium in the liquid, solid,
and gaseous states. The triple point of pure water is at 0.01°C (273.16K, 32.01°F) and 4.58 mm
(611.2Pa) of mercury and is used to calibrate thermometers.
16. What is mean by PVT surface?
Thermodynamics Glossary - pvt Surface. PVT Surface. The (pvT) surface shown opposite is for a
material that contracts on freezing. The surface is described by the Equation of State of the
material and is the locus of all equilibrium states of the material.
17. Draw the T-S diagram for reheat cycle.
18. Define super heated steam.
Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its vaporization point at the absolute
pressure where the temperature is measured. Superheated steam can therefore cool by some
amount, resulting in a lowering of its temperature without changing state from a gas, to a mixture
of saturated vapor and liquid.
19. What are the advantages of superheated steam?
It is advantageous to both supply and discharge the steam while in the superheated state because
condensate will not be generated inside steam-driven equipment during normal operation,
minimizing the risk of damage from erosion or carbonic acid corrosion.
20. Does the wet steam obey laws of perfect gases?
Vapour may be defined as a partially Evaporated Liquid. ..... This Superheated Vapors approximately
behaves like a gas. An example of vapours used for engineering purpose is wet steam, ammonia
etc. A perfect gas or an idle gas is one which strictly obeys all gas laws under all conditions of
temperature and also pressures.
PART IV – 6 MARKS (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
2. State Boyle's law and Charle's law
Boyle. s Law : At constant temperature, the volume (V) of agiven mass of a gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure (P). ...... Charles Law: At constant pressure, the volume (V) of a given
mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T).
3. Is water vapour an ideal gas? Why?
Notice also from the h-s diagram for steam that at relatively low temperatures (<60°C) the water
vapor in the air has a constant enthalpy at constant temperature from saturated vapor through the
superheated region, thus can be treated as an ideal gas.
4. State Joule's law and Regnault's law.
Joule's law: This law states that the internal energy of a given quantity of a gas depends only on
the temperature. It is independent of pressure and volume. Mathematically: ΔU = CvΔT.
Regnault's law. : the specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is the same whatever the pressure.
6. State Avogadro's law.
Avogadro's law or Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of
a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law.
7. State Dalton's law of partial pressure.
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that in a mixture of gases the pressure exerted by each gas
is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupied the container.
8. How does the Vander Waals equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state?
The ideal gas law is a fundamental law whereas Van der Waals equation is the modified version of
the ideal gas law. The key difference between ideal gas law and van der Waals equation is that
ideal gas law equation is used for ideal gases whereas Van der Waal equation can be used for both
ideal gases and real gases.
10. Distinguish between ideal and real gas.
An ideal gas is defined as a gas that obeys gas laws at all condition of pressure and temperature.
Ideal gases have velocity and mass. They do not have volume. When compared to the total volume
of the gas the volume occupied by the gas is negligible. It does not condense and does not have
triple point.
A real gas is defined as a gas that does not obey gas laws at all standard pressure and temperature
conditions. When the gas becomes massive and voluminous it deviates from its ideal behaviour.
Real gases have velocity, volume and mass. When they are cooled to their boiling point, they
liquefy. When compared to the total volume of the gas the volume occupied by the gas is not
negligible.
11.Define Joule-Thomson Co-efficient. What does the Joule-Thomson coefficient represent?
Joule-Thomson coefficient is defined as the rate of change of temperature with pressure during an
isenthalpic process or throttling process. It is defined in terms of thermodynamic properties and is
itself a property. Joule-Thomson coefficient gives slope of constant enthalpy lines on
temperature—pressure diagram.
12. Define Co-efficient of volume expansion and Isothermal compressibility.
The ratio of the increase of length, area, or volume of a body per degree rise in temperature to its
length, area, or volume, respectively, at some specified temperature, commonly 0° C, the pressure
being kept constant.
The isothermal compressibility is defined by the fractional differential change in volume due to a
change in pressure.
13. State Helmholtz function and Gibbs function?
The thermodynamic function of a system that is equal to its internal energy minus the product of
its absolute temperature and entropy: a decrease in the function is equal to the maximum amount
of work available during a reversible isothermal process. Also called Helmholtz free energy, work
function.
The Gibbs function is also known as the Gibbs free energy and is defined in terms of temperature,
T, the enthalpy, H, and entropy, S, such that :
G = H - TS.
14. What is compressibility factor? What does it signify? What is its value for an ideal gas at critical
point?
For an ideal gas, Z always has a value of 1. For real gases, the value may deviate positively or
negatively, depending on the effect of the intermolecular forces of the gas. The closer a real gas is
to its critical point or to its saturation point, the larger are the deviations of the gas from ideal
behavior.
15. What is the value of the Clapeyron equation in thermodynamics
ΔV = VAn + VGe - VGr - VCo = 100.79 + 90.24 - 125.3 - 25.575 = 40.155 cm3/mol.
16. What is the enthalpy departure? State Tds equations?
Enthalpy departure is the dimensionless value of (h[ideal]-h)/(RTc). h[ideal]-h is the difference in
enthalpy between an ideal gas and a real gas at the same temperature and pressure. R is the gas
constant and Tc is the critical temperature.
TdS=T(∂S∂P)VdP+T(∂S∂V)PdV. In a constant volume process, TdS = CVdT, so that
T(∂S∂P)V=CV(∂T∂P)V.
17. What are Maxwell relations?
Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics which are derivable from the
symmetry of second derivatives and from the definitions of the thermodynamic potentials. These
relations are named for the nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
PART V – 6 MARKS (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1. What is the difference between air conditioning and refrigeration?
In refrigeration, there is a transfer of thermal energy from a place at a cold temperature to a
place at a higher temperature. In AC, thermal energy is taken away to keep the air at a cool
temperature. ..... The key difference between refrigeration and air conditioning lies in the supply
point.
2. Define psychrometry
Psychrometrics, psychrometry, and hygrometry are names for the field of engineering concerned
with the physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures. The term comes from the
Greek psuchron meaning "cold" and metron meaning "means of measurement"
3. Define dry bulb temperature (DBT).
The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to
the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of
as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature.
4. Define wet bulb temperature.
The wet-bulb temperature is the temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked
cloth over which air is passed. At 100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the
air temperature; at lower humidity the wet-bulb temperature is lower than dry-bulb temperature
because of evaporative cooling.
5. Define dew point temperature
The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water
vapor. It is assumed that air pressure and water content is constant. When cooled further, the
airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid water
6. Define Relative Humidity (RH) and Specific humidity
The amount of water in the air relative to the maximum amount of water that the air can hold at a
given temperature. The relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the actual water vapour pressure to
the saturation water vapour pressure at the prevailing temperature.
7. Differentiate between absolute and relative Humidity
In simple terms, the absolute humidity is the ratio of mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air. ...
The relative humidity, on the contrary, is the amount of water vapor that is present in the air,
relative to the amount it could hold at that given temperature.
8. Define DPT and degree of saturation.
The temperature at which the water vapor within the air at some temperature starts condensing is
called as the dew point temperature of the air or DPT. When the dew is formed the air is said to be
in saturated condition.
The degree of saturation is defined as the ratio of actual humidity ratio to the humidity ratio of a
saturated mixture at the same temperature and pressure.
10. State Dalton's law of partial pressure.
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that in a mixture of gases the pressure exerted by each gas
is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupied the container.
11. Define Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) of cooling coil.
Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) is the effective surface temperature of the cooling coil. It is also the
temperature at a fixed flow rate at which both sensible and latent heat gains are removed (from the
conditioned space) at the required rates. It is also often called as the 'Coil Temperature'.
13. Define bypass factor (BPF) of a coil.
Bypass factor (BPF):
It is defined as the ratio of loss in cooling or heating to the ideal cooling or heating.
15. What are the assumptions made while mixing two air streams
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Dry air and water vapor are ideal gases. 3 The
kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 The mixing section is adiabatic.
16. Define by pass factor
The inability of a coil to cool or heat the air to its temperature is indicated by a factor called
by-pass factor (BPF) or Coil Bypass Factor. BPF can also be defined as the ratio of air which is
unaffected by the coil to the total quantity of air passing over the coil. …
17. Define dew point depression
The dew point depression is the difference between the temperature and dew point temperature
at a certain height in the atmosphere. For a constant temperature, the smaller the difference, the
more moisture there is, and the higher the relative humidity.
18. Define wet bulb depression
The wet-bulb depression is the difference between the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb
temperature. If there is 100% humidity, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are identical, making
the wet-bulb depression equal to zero in such conditions.
19. What is need of sling psychrometer
A sling psychrometer is used to determine the atmospheric humidity of an environment that
surrounds a given metal application.
20. Define sensible heating
Sensible Heating Process is a process during which the dry-bulb temperature of air is increased.
The process occurs at constant moisture content. The air passes over a hot and dry surface which
might be pipe coil using steam or hot water, electrical resistance or an air-to-air heat recovery
unit.
