ENGR.
PRINCESS RODRIGUEZ
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric Circuit - An electric circuit, in its simplest form, consist of an
electric source, a load and connecting wires. Other elements maybe
added: among them are devices that perform control and regulating
functions, measuring instruments and protective devices.
Circuit - an interconnection of simple electrical device in which there is
at least one closed path in which current may flow.
ELECTRICAL SYMBOL
TYPES OF CIRCUIT
Open Circuit - implies that the two terminals are points are externally
disconnected, which is equivalent to a resistance of infinite value. This
means that zero current can flow between the two terminals, regardless
of any voltage difference.
Closed Circuit - When load works on its own in a circuit then it is called
Close Circuit or Closed Circuit.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT
Short Circuit - simply a low resistance connection between the two conductors
supplying electrical power to any circuit. This results in excessive current flow in
the power source through the 'short,' and may even cause the power source to
be destroyed. If a fuse is in the supply circuit, it will do its job and blow out,
opening the circuit and stopping the current flow.
Series Circuit - the magnitude of the current flowing in the equipment is the
same. The series circuit has a single path for current flow
Parallel Circuit - parallel circuit is one in which many resistances are connected
across one another in such a way that one terminal of each resistance is
connected to form a junction point, and the remaining end is also connected to
make another point.
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Active Components
Voltage and Current are the two basic features of an electric element which
supply energy to the circuit
Known as capable of generating energy such as generators, batteries and
operational amplifiers.
Passive Components
The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and either converts it
into heat or stored it in electric or magnetic field called passive element.
Example: Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor etc.
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
RESISTOR
Resistor - A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used
for either limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical
circuits.
The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and to lower the
voltage in any particular portion of the circuit.
Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω).
INDUCTOR
Inductor - passive component that is used in most power electronic circuits to
store energy in the form of magnetic energy when electricity is applied to it.
One of the key properties of an inductor is that it impedes or opposes any
change in the amount of current flowing through it.
The SI unit of inductance is henry (H), and when we measure magnetic circuits,
it is equivalent to weber/ampere. It is denoted by the symbol L.
INDUCTOR
FUNCTIONS OF INDUCTOR
Controlling Signals - The function of the inductor depends upon the frequency of
the current passing through it. That is, higher frequency signals will be passed less
easily and vice versa. This function tells that it blocks AC Current and passes DC
Current. Hence, it can be used to block AC signals.
Storing Energy - Inductor stores energy in the form of magnetic energy. Coils can
store electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy, using the property that an
electric current flowing through a coil produces a magnetic field, which in turn,
produces an electric current. In other words, coils offer a means of storing energy
on the basis of inductivity.
INDUCTOR SERIES CONNECTION
When the inductors are chained together in a straight line or when they are
connected end to end, then the inductors are said to be in a series connection
When inductors are connected in series, their effective inductance increases.
INDUCTOR SERIES CONNECTION
The total current in a series inductor circuit is equal to the current through any
inductor in the series. This can be illustrated by the equation below:
The total voltage in a series inductor circuit is the sum of the voltage across each
inductor. This can be illustrated by the equation below:
INDUCTOR SERIES CONNECTION
The total inductor in a series inductor circuit is the sum of the each inductor in the
circuit. This can be illustrated by the equation below:
The energy stored in an inductor is given by the equation:
with SI unit of Joules (J)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Compute the equivalent inductance of 5H, 2H and 7 H are linked in
series?
2. Three inductors of 10mH, 40mH and 50mH are connected together in a
series. Calculate the total inductance of the series combination.
3. A coil having an inductance of 50 μH is connected in series with a coil of
120μH. Calculate the total inductance of the series combination.
INDUCTOR PARALLEL
CONNECTION
If two terminals of an inductor are connected to two terminals of another
inductor, then the inductors are said to be parallel.
when inductors are connected in parallel form, their effective inductance
decreases
INDUCTOR PARALLEL
CONNECTION
The total current in parallel inductor circuit is equal to the sum of each current
through any inductor in parallel connection. This can be illustrated by the equation
below:
The total voltage in a series inductor circuit is equal to the voltage of each inductor.
This can be illustrated by the equation below:
INDUCTOR PARALLEL
CONNECTION
The total inductance in parallel inductor circuit can be illustrated by the equation
below:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Three inductors of 60mH, 120mH and 75mH respectively, are connected
together in a parallel combination with no mutual inductance between
them. Calculate the total inductance of the parallel combination in
millihenries.
2. If a circuit has 2 inductors of 20 Henry and 30 Henry connected in parallel,
what will be the total inductance of the parallel arrangement?
CAPACITOR
Capacitor - A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy
in the form of an electric charge. The ability of the capacitor to store charges is
known as capacitance.
Capacitance is the ratio of the change in the electric charge of a system to the
corresponding change in its electric potential.
The basic unit of capacitance is Farad.
CAPACITOR: SERIES
Voltage, Charge and Capacitance in series can be illustrated by the
equations below:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the Voltage across 6μF?
SOLUTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the total Charge?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
CAPACITOR : PARALLEL
Voltage, Charge and Capacitance in parallel can be illustrated by the
equations below:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the total voltage and charge across 6μF given
the total charge 30μC
SOLUTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the total capacitance
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Determine the charge at 3μF with 100V
SOLUTION
