Wireless Communication and Mobile

Computing (ECEg5413)
Chapter 7 : GSM, UMTS and LTE mobile technologies

AASTU
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

5/23/2024 1
Outline
• Chapter 6 : GSM, UMTS and LTE mobile technologies
• Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards
• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• Introduction to Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
• Basics of Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• Fifth Generation (5G ) Systems

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

• Wireless Cellular Communication is a broad concept that consists of

all mobile communication technologies .
• Its main objective is to deliver services to those members of the public who are
mobile.
• This technology may be considered an extension or an integral part of the PSTN.
 Reuse frequencies so as to maximize the use of the available radio spectrum is
one of the advantages of wireless cellular technologies. This technology
undergoes several evolution stages.

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Cellular Generations

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

First Generation (1G) Standards

Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (NMT-450)
• Was developed in 1982 in Sweden.
• First wireless communications standard deployed in Europe
• Pioneered the use of light portable handsets
• Supported international roaming

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

• Was developed in 1982 in USA
• Mandated (FCC) as the standard to which all operators in the USA had to adhere to.

Total Access Coverage (TACS)

• Was developed in 1985 in UK
• Adaptation of AMPS
• Complies with frequency allocation in Europe
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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

1G - Network Access Technique and Services

Network access techniques:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Subdivides the available spectrum into a number of frequency slots
• Each user is assigned a separate frequency
Services:
• Standard voice
• No data services
• No supplementary services

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Second Generation (2G) Standards

Digital techniques rather than analog

• Increased flexibility
 error control
 compression

• More efficient use of available bandwidth

• Increased compatibility with the fixed component of the PSTN.

• Increased quality of service

• Possibility of wireless data services 8

Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Second Generation (2G) Standards

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
• Was developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and deployed in
Europe in 1992.
• Most successful 2G system
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95)
• This standard is also called CDMA-One
• Was developed in USA in 1993 by Qualcomm Inc.
• Pioneered the use of the network access technique CDMA
Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
• Was developed in Japan in 1991
• Operates in two modes
 Full-rate
 Half-rate
• 12% of global digital subscriptions in 1999 9
Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

2G - Network Access Technique and Services

Network access techniques:
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Users share a frequency band by multiplexing their transmissions in time
 Available spectrum is divided into frequency channels (recall FDMA!)
 Each frequency channel is further subdivided into cyclic timeslots (1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 …)
 A call is assigned a time slot

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

2G - Network Access Technique and Services

Services:
• Depends on
 Network standard

 Operator policies

• Improved standard telephony (speech)

• Basic wireless data

• Additional services
 Call barring
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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Some Examples of 2.5G Standards

High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
• Uses existing GSM infrastructure and interface
• Data rates of up to 57.6 kb/s (4 channels at 14.4 kb/s)
• Inefficient for certain types of application
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• Introduces packet switching to GSM
• Uses multiple timeslots (channels)
• 14.4 kbps/channel with a maximum speed of 115.2 kbps
• Dynamic resource allocation
• Supports IP and billing is per kb, NOT per sec.

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Some Examples of 2.5G Standards

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

• Maximum 384 kb/s

• 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK)

Send more bits down the line

3 fold increase over GSM

• Two classes of handset:

Class A (EDGE only on downlink)

Class B ( EDGE on uplink and downlink)

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Third Generation (3G) Standards

2G Standard 3G Successor
GSM UMTS
PDC CDMA2000
IS-95 CDMA2000
DAMPS IS-136HS or UMTS

Succession of 3G standards from 2G standards

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Third Generation (3G) Standards

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

• For the consumer

 Video streaming, TV broadcast
 Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
 Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
• For business
 High speed tele-networking / VPN access
 Sales force automation
 Video conferencing
 Real-time financial information

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Third Generation (3G) Standards

• 3G Standard is created by ITU-T and is called as IMT-2000.
• The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems to provide Global Roaming.

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

Third Generation (3G) Standards

2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC

GPRS
IS-95B
2.5G HSCSD EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA
3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE
Cdma2000-3xRTT TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 3GPP

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

3.5G Standards
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

 14 Mbps (but 1 Mbps per subscriber!)

 Incremental upgrade

 More functionality in Node B

 Backward compatible with W-CDMA

• High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

• Other Technologies

 OFDN, WiMAX, etc....

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Evolution of Wireless Cellular Standards

4G Standards

• 4G networks must be based on an all Internet protocol (IP) packet switching

instead of circuit-switched technology, and

• use OFDMA multi-carrier transmission method

• Long term evolution (LTE) is the main 4G standard.

• Global Mobility

• Increased data rates above 100Mbps

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Overview of GSM Standard

• The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standard for

mobile telephony was introduced in the mid-1980s

• The GSM system uses a TDMA radio access system employed in 135
countries, operating in 200 KHz channels with eight users per
channel.

• It is the most widely deployed digital network in the world up to

2009.
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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM Services

• The main services provided by a GSM network include:

1. Telephony

- Basic Tele-service

2. Other Services

-Emergency calling

-Voice Messaging
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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM Services

3. Bearer Services

- Low Speed data transfer (up to 9.6 Kbps)

-Fax and SMS

4. Supplementary Services

- call offering , call forwarding, call restriction,

call waiting, call hold.

- Multiparty teleconferencing, special schemes 22

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM System Architecture

• Mobile Station (MS): consists of two main blocks

Mobile Equipment (ME)

Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

• Function of Mobile Station:

1. Personal Mobility

2. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

3. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM System Architecture

• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
call set up/supervision/release

call routing

billing information collection

mobility management

paging, alerting, echo cancellation

connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange networks

Access to HLR and VLR

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM System Architecture

Base Station Subsystem (BSS): consists of two main blocks

 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
 Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Station Controller (BSC):

It manages radio resources for one or more BTS BSC

Allocation and de-allocation of channels

Transmitter power control

BTS
Handoff control

Base Tranceiver Station (BTS):

It defines the cell

It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM System Architecture

• Home Location Register (HLR)
 One HLR per GSM operator
 Contains permanent database of all the subscribers in the network
 contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.)
 It is referred for every incoming call
• Visitor Location Register(VLR) HLR VLR
 Temporary visitors database PSTN,
BSC MSC GMSC
 One VLR per MSC ISDN

• Authentication Center(AuC) EIR AuC

 Provides security
 Authentication and encryption
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Contains IMEI 26
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM System Architecture

HLR VLR
BSC

BTS
SIM PSTN,
MSC
ISDN

ME BTS BSC
EIR AuC

Um A
MS BSS NS
Mobile Base Station Network
station Subsystem Subsystem
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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Handoff GSM System

GMSC
• Hand-off is of three types
i. Intra BSC
MSC MSC
ii. Inter BSC
iii. Inter MSC
BSC BSC BSC

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

GSM Frequency Allocation

GSM 900:

• Uplink: 890–915 MHz

• Downlink: 935–960 MHz

GSM 1800:

• Uplink: 1710–1785 MHz

• Downlink: 1805–1880 MHz

GSM 1900:

• Uplink: 1850–1910 MHz

• Downlink: 1930–1990 MHz 29

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Overview of GPRS
• GPRS represents an evolution of the GSM standard, allowing data transmission in
packet mode and providing higher throughputs as compared with the circuit-
switched mode.
• This evolution is usually presented under the designation of 2.5G to point out
that it is a transition technology between 2G and 3G.
• The GPRS network architecture reuses the GSM network nodes such as MSC/VLR,
HLR, and BSS.
• New network nodes have been introduced for the transport of packet data. These
nodes are the gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN) and serving GPRS support
nodes (SGSN).

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GPRS Network Architecture

GPRS support nodes are of two types:
1. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
• It is responsible for the following tasks:
• Packet Delivery
• Mobility management
• apply/ sign off of terminals
• localization
• LLC (Logical Link Control) management
• Authentication
• billing
2. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
• It is responsible for the following tasks:
• Mediator between GPRS between backbone and external data networks.
• Saves current data for the SGSN address of the participant as well as their profile and
data for authentication and invoice. 31
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

• The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), based on

the GSM standards, is a mobile cellular system of third generation
that is maintained by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).
• It was seen as a better cellular technology for data transfer than its
predecessor, the GSM technology, which used GPRS and EDGE data
services, primarily due to its speed of transfer and operation.
• It is a pioneering wireless radio technology associated with third-
generation (3G) cellular networks.
• This ensures a better method of transferring data and a better
customer experience.
• Although UMTS uses code division multiple access (CDMA)
technology, it has a broader bandwidth than other CDMA systems,
e.g., CDMA2000. So, it is sometimes referred to as wideband CDMA
or WCDMA.
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Basics of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA
2000.
• LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance
improvement and much better spectral efficiency to cellular
networks.
• LTE introduced to get higher data rates, 300Mbps peak downlink and
75 Mbps peak uplink. In a 20MHz carrier, data rates beyond 300Mbps
can be achieved under very good signal conditions.
• LTE is an ideal technology to support high date rates for the services
such as voice over IP (VOIP), streaming multimedia,
videoconferencing or even a high-speed cellular modem.
• LTE uses both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) mode. In FDD uplink and downlink transmission used
different frequency, while in TDD both uplink and downlink use the
same carrier and are separated in Time. 33
Basics of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz

as well as both FDD and TDD. LTE designed with a scalable carrier
bandwidth from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz which bandwidth is used
depends on the frequency band and the amount of spectrum
available with a network operator.

• All LTE devices have to support (MIMO) Multiple Input Multiple

Output transmissions, which allow the base station to transmit
several data streams over the same carrier simultaneously.

• All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP based,

including the backhaul connection to the radio base stations. This is
great simplification compared to earlier technologies that were
initially based on E1/T1.
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Basics of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism have been standardized on all

interfaces to ensure that the requirement of voice calls for a constant
delay and bandwidth, can still be met when capacity limits are
reached.

• Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems utilizing existing 2G and 3G

spectrum and new spectrum. Supports hand-over and roaming to
existing mobile networks.

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Basics of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Advantages
• High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in both downlink as
well as uplink. This causes high throughput.
• Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is in range up
to 30 milliseconds.
• FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
and Time Division Duplex (TDD), both schemes can be used on same
platform.
• Superior end-user experience: Reduced latency (to 10 ms) for better
user experience.
• Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless connection to
existing networks such as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA.
• Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture low operating
expenditure. 36
Fifth Generation (5G ) Systems

• 5G is the fifth-generation wireless technology with the potential to

transform communication systems.
• It offers higher speeds, low latency and other benefits that will open
up and power a wide range of existing and emerging technologies.
• The 5G network delivers faster connections with much larger capacity
and low latency (less than 1 millisecond compared to 30 milliseconds
for 4G and 100 milliseconds for 3G).
• Providers promise theoretical speeds up to a maximum of 10Gps,
which is about a hundred times the 100Mbps 4G peak.
• The technology will offer a much better experience and opportunities
than existing wireless technologies.

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Fifth Generation (5G ) Systems

5G use cases
There are three main application categories;
1. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
This category targets mobile users and will enable better broadband access
everywhere, including densely populated areas, moving vehicles, etc. Networks in
this category offer enhanced connectivity, higher capacity, and better user mobility.

2. Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)

Use cases in this category include the Internet of Things; where 5G technology
offers a high capacity and reduced latency, both of which are ideal for the growth
of IoT applications.

3. Ultra-reliable, Low-latency Communications (URLLC)

This includes mission-critical applications that require real-time control of devices.
Typical areas are vehicle-to-vehicle communications, industrial robots, autonomous
driving, remote medical care, robotic-assisted surgery, augmented reality, and
more. 38
Fifth Generation (5G ) Systems

5G use cases

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Fifth Generation (5G ) Systems

5G Frequencies
There are three different frequency bands for the 5G networks; the low
and mid-band spectrum at the sub-6GHz range, and the high band at
the millimeter-wave, 24–100GHz, frequencies.

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Last Slide

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