EE Additionana @ subtraction (2) fee eae dg a) 1 What is the value of the digit 5 in 3.567 2. Write this as a decimal number: 3 B+104+T +35 3. Stefan is 14 metres tall. Yuri is 12 metres tall. How much taller is Stefan than Yuri? 4 a Whatis the sum of 65.98 and 32.75? b Whatis the difference between 54.31 and 46.76? 5 Calculate. a4 a 242 b 5 = © 55 a oie 1 Sle 2 6 Anita spent z of her money on a dress and 5 of her money on a coat, What fraction of her money did she spend altogether? We use addition and subtraction in many different situations, such as when shopping. ‘Can you think of other situations where we use addition and subtraction? In this unit, you will leam more about addition and subtraction, including using fractions and decimals. 114 >8.1 Adding and subtracting decimal numbers > 8.1 Adding and subtracting decimal numbers Usain Bolt broke the world record for the 100 metres in 2009 by running it in 9.58 seconds. The qualifying time for the 2020 Olympics was 10.05 seconds. ‘What is the difference in these two times? To work out this answer, you need to subtract. In this section, you will learn more about adding and subtracting decimals, Pee! Jyoti buys two toy cars. She pays with a $10 note. How much change does she get? Estimate the answer. Estimate: 443=7 and 10-7 = 3 sothe answer will be close to $3. 115 >8 Addition and subtraction (2) > eae ‘Add 4.49 and 3.09 to get 7.58 then subtract 7.58 fram 10. Method 1: Method 1 uses regrouping. eile ice Write 10 as 9+ 0.9 + 0.10 +309-—— 3 + 0.09 74044018 =7.58 10.00 9+09+0.10 -7.58-— 7+05+008 2+04+002 =242 Method 2: Method 2 uses a compact method of 9 91 recording. Remember to use trailing 4.49 HO zeros so all numbers have the same 43.09 7.58 number of decimal places. 7.68 2.42 1 Answer: Jyoti gets $2.42 change. Check your answer against the estimate. Write the answer in dollars. Exercise 8.1 1 Which of the following is equivalent to 6.075? A 6+07+05 B 6+07+005 C 6+0.07+0.05 D 6+007+0.005 2. Write the missing numbers. 37.844=30+7+ | +0044, | 3. Which two numbers have a total of 17 080 008 O88 002 O12 0.22 116 >8.1 Adding and subtracting decimal numbers 4 Find the sum of all the numbers less than 5.5 in this list. 5.05 555 5.115 55 5.555 5 Calculate: a 14845678 b 13.26 + 17.604 © 4583431104 d 56.1- 26.64 e 68.603 -52.75 f 70.394-49.78 Did you remember to estimate? Explain to your partner how you estimated and worked out the answers. 6 Ahmed calculates: 0.7 + 0.41 = 0.48, He has made a mistake. How can you help him avoid making the same mistake again? 7 Calculate 1.4 + 2.56 - 3.789. 8 Mike and Long dig up potatoes. Mike digs up 8.45 kilograms of potatoes. aa St canes: esornete Long digs up 10.5 kilograms of potatoes. How many kilograms of potatoes do they dig up altogether? 9 Some children are collecting money for a charity. Their target is $350. They have collected $158.73 so far. How much more money do they need to reach their target? 10 Darius packs two suitcases to take an a plane, ‘One suitcase weighs 11.284kg, The ather weighs 8.65 kg. Darius is allowed to take 20 kg of luggage on the plane. How much are his suitcases under the 20 kg limit? ee re ee an, ee eee emer ceca Pe tare Mee aries aed seen armas with your partner? How can you improve your work? 117 >Bd Metron) Arrange the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5,6 and 7 to make two numbers with 3 decimal places. Do not use 0 in the ones or the thousandths place. LI LI + Find the sum closest to 4. © Find the difference closest to 1. ‘You will show you are specialising when you find solutions to the problems. ee eto a) > 8.2 Adding and subtracting fractions We are going to _ ‘Two pizzas of equal size are delivered to a family. ‘The cheese and tomato pizza is divided into 8 pieces. 118 >8.2 Adding and subtracting fractions The special pizza is divided into 5 pieces. Tarik eats 3 pieces of the cheese and tomate pizza and one piece of the special pizza. What fraction of a whole pizza does Tarik eat? We can use fractions to work this out. In this unit, you will learn how to add and subtract fractions with different denominators. As with all calculations, it is good practice to estimate your answer before working it out. This will give you a sense of the size of the fraction to expect. We ee " 5 3 3 Estimate: a fraction equal to First estimate your answer. - is nearly 2, and} is Eehseen 2 anda less than 1, so we wauld expect a fraction that is ; larger than 2 but less than 3. RANGER SOF SSO Se Find a common denominator by looking Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12,16, 20,... at multiples of 5 and 4. Change? and 3 to equivalent fractions with a denominator of 20. Add the numerators. Simplify if possible. ‘Change improper fractions to mixed numbers. ‘Check back against your estimate. = is between 2 and 3, so this looks correct. Bia ui eg a Which is bigger? > or ‘ 3 Explain your answer to a partner. You will show you are convincing when you explain your reasoning to your partner. 119 >8 Addition and subtraction (2) > Exercise 8.2 1. Copy and complete the table. 2 Calculate. 4 fae »i2 é min 3. Find the missing fractions. i 4 5 ‘Check your answers to questions 2 and 3 with your partner. Yq 4 Chipo and Leke work out the answer to z + Chipo says the answer is = 4 Leke says the answer is 17). ‘Who do you agree with? Explain your answer. 5 Calculate. 3,4 i ae 2a? 25 B83 6 Calculate. 53 p HL8 we B48 275 3 35 7 Leroy colours jandé of a circle. What fraction of the circle does he leave white? 120 >8.2 Adding and subtracting fractions 8. Nailah's class voted for where to go on the school outing. ; of the class voted for the theme park. 2 of the class voted for the zoo. The rest of the class voted for a river trip. ‘What fraction of the class voted for the river trip? 9 Jo plants potatoes, carrots and onions in her vegetable garden. 2 She plants potatoes in 5 of her garden. She plants carrots in 2 of her garden. 4 Not to ‘What fraction of her garden does scale she plant with onions? Deg ee eee eee What can you do to improve your work? Bd CE ed ‘Copy and complete the table. 2. 10 14 a 18 Can you find a rule for your patterns? You can write your rule in words or in symbols. ‘You will show you are generalising when you find a rule for your patterns. 121 >8 Addition and subtraction (2) {can add and subtract two fractions with different denominators. 122 > 1 Find the value of 12 + {. 2 a What is the total of 4.79 and 5.306? b What is the difference between 4.79 and 7.428? € What is the difference between 2 and 27 3. Parveen creates a spice mixture using ginger, garlic and chill. Z of the mixture is ginger. 2 of the mixture is garlic What fraction of the mixture is chilli? 4 Find the missing digits to make this calculation correct. s-| je] | 3 nol 38 6 21 Choose the best position for each of these events on the likelihood scale. ‘Write the reason for each choice. Lf impossible unlikely even Tikely certain chance A. You will have a bath this week. ‘You will be dressed by 8 a.m. tomorrow. ‘You will live to be 200 years old. ‘You will go to the Moon next year. ‘You will listen to the radio today. ‘You will blink your eyes in the next 5 minutes. 2 Look at these cards. BBLEE Imagine taking a card without looking. Write ‘true’ or false’ for each of these statements. amoow alam equally likely to take a Lora 4, b [have an even chance of taking a 4. ¢ lam more likely to take a 3 than a5. d- lam less likely to take a 1 than a3. 3. Gabriela is conducting a chance experiment by flipping a coin and recording whether it lands heads up or tails up. Gabriela says: ‘I have flipped a head. My next flip must be o tail because there is an even chance of flipping @ head or a tail cand | have already flipped a head.’ Is Gabriela correct? Explain your answer. 123 >my Probability tells us how likely something is to happen. This machine holds 100 toys. The machine works by a player trying to control the claw te pick up a toy. If the player picks up «a toy then they win it. How likely do you think it is for a player to win a toy? One of the toys is a small football. Haw likely do you think itis for a player to win the football toy? If you knew the likelihood of winning a toy how could that help you decide whether to play the game? > 9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood We are going to — If we can understand and describe the likelihood of different events occurring then we can predict how likely they are to occur in the future. 124 >9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood We can use proportion and percentages to describe likelihood more precisely than words. What do you think the percentages on this weather forecast mean? 0600 | 0700 | 0800 | 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400, CMe | Be | Be | he | | HE He | EO . ~ ” . w 13° 14° i> are 18° ig? 20° 2%. 21 fe 4 4 4 4 4“ 4 4 a " a eo ae “o i ” fe i 13% | 15% | 16% | 159% | 14% | 16% | 18% | 20% | 23% 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1800 | 1900 | 2000 | 2100 | 2200 | 2300 ie . OS ~ vr 23. 21° 14° a alm | ie a 29% 32% 32% 30% 26% 16% Is it likely or unlikely to rain? When is it most likely to rain? When is it least likely to rain? Exercise 9.1 “Yt. Zora puts one yellow ball, one red ball and twa green balls ina bag. She takes one ball from the bag without looking. a. The probability of a red bail being pulled from the bag is ___ out of 4. b The probability of a yellow ball being pulled from ‘the bag is __ out of 4. © The probability of a green bail being pulled from the bag is ___ out of 4 or __ %. 125 >2 Write the probability of each of these events occurring as a percentage. a taking a red card b takinga3 € taking a black card d_ taking a card that is not a 3 2. Draw a set of cards for each description below. a There is tess than a 50% chance of taking an 8. b The probability of taking a card with a Choose the number of cards value less than 5 is 5 out of 6. for each description carefully. Check that it is possible to The chance of taking a 3 is greaterthan the make the fraction, proportion chance of taking a 1. or percentage in the description with the number of cards your d_ There is a greater than 50% chance of have thosan, taking a 4. © There isa 2 out of 5 chance of taking a 3. 4. Keran hears that the chance of a coin landing heads up is equally likely as the chance of it landing tails up. She does a probability experiment to see whether she will get the same number of heads up as tails up when she flips a coin multiple times. These are her results: a How many trials did Keran carry out? b Does Keran's experiment show that the coin is more likely to land heads up or tails up? 126 >9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood © What does Keran’s experiment shaw is the experimental probability of the coin landing tails up? d Continue Keran's experiment. Record your outcomes in a table. © How many trials have you and Keran completed in total? Including all the trials, what is the experimental probability of the coin landing tails up? g Ask your partner how they chose how many more trials to carry out in the experiment. Do they understand that larger numbers of trials are better for demonstrating the likelihood of an event thon smaller numbers of trials? eee Which two of these events are mutually exclusive? © Spina5. Spin a number greater than 2. Spin a number less than 4. * Spings. ‘Compare each of the events against * Spin o number greater than 2. each other. I could spin a 5, which would be botha 5 Mutually exclusive means that the events ‘and greater than 2. cannot happen at the same time. These events are not mutually exclusive, © Spin a number greater than 2. © Spina number less than 4. I could spin a 3, which would be both greater than 2 and less than 4, These events are not mutually exclusive, © Spina5. + Spin a number less than 4. I cannot spin a number that is both a 5. and less than 4, These events are mutually exclusive. 127 >9 Probability 5 Some children play a game with tickets numbered from 1 to 30. They take a ticket without looking. If their number is odd they win a small prize. If their number is a multiple of 10 they win a medium prize. If their number is both odd and a multiple of 10 then they win a big prize. a Colour the section of the diagram with the numbers that would not win a prize in red. b Colour the section of the diagram with the numbers that would win a small prize in blue. © Colour the section of the diagram with the numbers that would win a medium prize in yellow. dd What jis the chance of winning a big prize? Why? © Are the events ‘taking an add number’ and ‘taking a multiple of 10" mutually exclusive? 128 >9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood G Look at the shapes in this bag. Write ‘mutually exclusive’ or ‘not mutually exclusive’ for these pairs of events for when one shape is taken out of the bag. a Taking a shape that is red and blue. b Taking a shape that is red and a cone. © Taking a shape with more than 5 faces and is blue. How confident do you feel about using the phrase Pe eine eee erences Could you use it in a conversation? Could you explain Re Cen Ca i 7 You have two 1-6 dice. One is red and ones blue. Imagine you are going to investigate these events: Event A: You roll a double. Event B: The sum of the two scores is even. Event C: The score on the blue dice is greater than the score on the red dice. Event D: You get a 6 on the red dice. a Which events can happen at the same time? Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for each one. i AandB ii Aand iii AandD iv Band v BandD vi Cand D b Which pairs of events are mutually exclusive? Write two events of your own about the dice that are not mutually exclusive. d_ Write two events of your own about the dice that are mutually exclusive. 129 >say > “J 8 Look at this spinner. Asubi uses his knowledge of likelihood and fractions to predict that after 8 spins the spinner is most likely to land on: © red (A): 4 times + blue (©): 3 times + yellow (*}: 1 time, Predict how many times the spinner will land on each colour for these numbers of spins. a 16spins b 40spins € 200spins Discuss with your partner how you predicted the number of times the spinner would land on each colour. 9 Take a total of 10 red and blue objects. For example, counters, cubes or beads. a How many blue objects did you take? b How many red objects did you take? Hide the objects, for example, in a bag or under a cloth or piece of paper. You are going to carry out an experiment to see if you can predict how many of each colour you will take. You are going to take, record and replace an object 20 times. How many red objects would you expect to take? Why? d_ How many blue objects would you expect to take? Why? Conduct the experiment. Record the colour of each counter you take ina tally chart. f Describe your results. Do your results match your prediction? If your prediction is different from your results, can you explain why?9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood Brest cnc) Vanessa makes this prediction: There are 12 different outcomes when I roll two dice and add the numbers. The chance of rolling a 12 is one out of twelve. | predict that if | roll two dice 60 times | will most likely roll a 12 five times. Vanessa draws this table to record her results. 10 W 12 Work with a partner to complete Vanesso’s investigation. Talk about the investigation with your partner. Conjecture and discuss: Write about what you have discussed and found out. Do you think Vanessa's prediction is a good prediction? Why? Is the result of your experiment what you expected? Why? What do you think would happen if you carried out mere trials? Why? 131 >I can describe the chance of outcomes using proportion and percentages. ican say when two events are mutually exclusive. I can use likelihood to predict outcomes. Lean conduct probability experiments and describe the results. 132 > 1. Describe the probability of these outcomes on the spinner. ¢ The probability of the spinner landing on a number greater than 7 is outer. d_ The probability of the spinner landing on a number less than 3 is outof| |. © The probability of the spinner landing on an even number is %. f “The probability of the spinner landing on.a number that is not 1.05 is| | 9. Song was interested in these 3 events about the spinner in question 1. Event 4: The spinner lands on 5. Event 2: The spinner lands on a number less than 6. Event 3: The spinner lands on a multiple of 3. Which two of Song's events are mutually exclusive?t> Multiplication and division (1) Cee ene Calculate. a 704x6 b 34x27 Nine lamp posts are equally spaced along a river bank. The posts are 180 metres apart. What is the distance between the first lamp post and the last lamp post in metres? Find the missing digit. CEE]: Zina is thinking of a multiple of 5 that is divisible by & ‘What is the smallest number Zina could be thinking of? 5 Here are four digit cards. Hee Use each card ance to complete the calculation. CCLLots of people multiply and divide numbers as part of their work. Astronomer Doctor [ Can you think of other jobs where you need to multiply or divide? This unit is all about multi ion and division. 134 >> 10.1 Multiplication ce) a a a a a a a a a aaa Wa Wa Ba Wa a Ba a Imagine you sel stamps Pelee el el el el ere ist peste 10 oes acl Ratataga ere el el el 4 omer awa Za Wa Wa awa wa Raa How many stamps do you Pata maga a aaa ara Revectings ne Wea Wa Wa Wa Wet Wea Wa Wa Wa Tartana 101532 REA Ra A a RAM a a to PaUACAGACAEAEOE EEA Can you think of times when you multiply numbers together? EEE =>(a) Rees Find the product of 1347 x 8. Estimate: 1000 x 8=8000 _—Stort by making an estimate. 1500 x 8 = 12000 The answer is between 8000 and 12.000. 1347 7x8=56 x 8 Put 6 in the answer box and carry 5 tens. 40 x 8= 320 ‘Add 5 tens to give 37 tens. Put 7 tens in the answer box and carry 3 hundreds. 1347 300 x 8 = 2400 x 8 Add 3 hundreds to give 27 hundreds. Put 7 hundreds we in the answer box and carry 2 thousands. 1347 1000 x 8 = 8000 s 5 ‘Add 2 thousands to give 10000. 10776 nee Record in the answer box. Answer: Check your answer against the estimate to make sure 176 itis reasonable. Exercise 10.1 1 Lexi estimates the answer to 1499 x 59 to be 900 000. Has she made a good estimate? Explain your answer. Remember to estimate all your answers before a 4224%7 b 6174x6 c 3748x8 you do the calculation. 2 Calculate. Check your answers with your partner. 136 >10.1 Multiplication Find the product of 1234 and 7. “J 4 Pierre calculates 6024 » 7. His answer is not correct. 6024 x 7 a7e6e 12 Identify the error, then write the correct answer. How did you decide what Pierre has done wrong? Decne can ue ee eee ns ac See Ura Orr Cn Rea eer than writing a sentence to explain your answer 5 Which of these multiplications have the answer 24000? 60 x 4000 400 x 60 80 x 3000 8000 x3 20x 1200 6 Kiki's heart beats about 79 times each minute. How many times does her heart beat in @ day? 7 Caleulote. 3 5489 x 20 b 3279%50 © 762170 8 Caleulote. a 1356x19 b 1571x438 © 7625x57 Check your answers with your partner.10 Multiplication and division (1) > 9 Each display cabinet has 7 shelves and each shelf holds 18 figures. Joe has a collection of 25 cabinets and each cabinet is full. How many figures are in Joe's collection? Show your working. 10 Copy and complete this calculation by working out the three missing digits. af] a 2 725 4 145080 4 15233 Ba tee ‘Two consecutive numbers multiply together to make 650. ‘What are the two numbers? Make up some moré puzzles like this and and 30 x 30 = 900 swap them with a partner. You will show you are specialising when you find the two numbers. ee ede |