Short notes for revision

簡易温習筆記
Unit 1 (Bilingual version)
第 1 課（中英對照版）
 1 Introducing science

1.1 Learning about science (Book 1A, p. 2–15)

1 Science is the study of phenomena and events in Nature.

2 We often apply scientific knowledge to deal with daily life problems.

3 Science is based on evidence. Scientists usually do experiments to collect evidence.

4 Scientific knowledge is subject to change when new evidence is found.

5 Scientific knowledge has limitations. It cannot solve all problems. There are still many
questions about Nature that cannot be answered using present scientific knowledge.

6 Scientific discoveries have increased our understanding of the natural world.

Example: The discovery of microorganisms helped people understand that some
microorganisms cause diseases.

7 Scientific discoveries have also led to many inventions that have improved our quality
of life.
Example: The discovery of microorganisms led to invention of drugs to treat diseases caused
by them.

8 Using scientific knowledge, we can manage natural resources more effectively.

Example: Ways to use other energy sources to generate electricity are developed to reduce
the use of fossil fuels.

9 Scientific knowledge is applied in the development of technology.

Example: The discovery of microwaves speeded up the development of wireless
communication technology.

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1.1 學習科學（第 1A 冊，p. 2–15）

1 科學是一門研究大自然的現象和事物的學問。

2 我們可以運用科學知識來解決日常生活中遇到的問題。

3 科學建基於證據之上，做實驗是收集證據的常用方法。

4 科學知識會因新證據出現而改變。

5 科學知識是有限制的，不能解答所有問題，很多關於大自然的問題至今仍然未能運用
科學知識解答。

6 科學發現加深了我們對大自然的了解。
例子：微生物的發現使人類明白到部分微生物會致病。

7 科學發現導致新發明誕生，改善了我們的生活質素。
例子：微生物的發現導致某些藥物的發明，這些藥物能夠治療由微生物引起的疾病。

8 科學知識讓我們能夠明智地管理自然資源的使用。
例子：科學家開發出其他能源，從而減少使用化石燃料。

9 科學知識能促進科技發展。
例子：微波的發現促進了無線通訊科技的發展。

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10 When solving daily life problems, we often need to integrate and apply knowledge and skills
of science, technology and mathematics.
Example: When finding ways to fight a disease caused by a new virus, we need to apply the
following knowledge and skills.

Knowledge and skills Examples of solving daily life problems

• To understand the cause of the disease and develop

Science
treatments for the disease
• To develop machines for rapid detection of the disease
Technology
and production of masks

• Use statistics to trace infections and find the

Mathematics
effectiveness of new drugs

11 The applications of science bring benefits to us. However, they can be harmful if we
misuse them.

1.2 Practice of science (Book 1A, p. 16–27)

1 Basic steps of scientific investigations:

Making Asking Proposing Doing Drawing

observations a question a hypothesis experiments a conclusion

2 In a fair test, we should only change the variable under study and keep all other variables
the same in different set-ups.

3 There are three types of variables in a fair test:

• Independent variable: the variable that we change
• Dependent variable: the variable we measure
• Controlled variables: the variables that are kept the same

4 There are many types of scientific investigations. Fair testing, pattern seeking and
classifying are examples.

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10 要解決日常生活上遇到的難題時，我們經常要把科學、科技和數學的知識與技能融會
貫通，綜合加以應用。
例子：在尋求方法醫治由新病毒引致的疾病時，需要應用到以下不同範疇的知識和技
能。

知識和技能 解決的難題的例子
科學 • 了解該疾病的成因，從而研發治療的方法
科技 • 研發快速檢測疾病的技術和工具，並改進生產口罩的機器

數學 • 利用統計學追踪感染源頭和途徑，及分析新藥物的成效

11 科學知識的應用能改善我們的生活質素，但是不當地運用科學知識會帶來禍害。

1.2 科學的實踐（第 1A 冊，p. 16–27）

1 科學探究的基本步驟：

仔細觀察 提出問題 提出假說 進行實驗 得出結論

2 在公平測試的不同裝置之間，我們只可改變所探究的變量，其他變量必須保持不變。

3 公平測試中有三種變量：
• 自變量：我們要改變的變量
• 因變量：我們要量度的變量
• 控制變量：其他變量，須保持不變

4 科學探究有不同的類型，公平測試、尋找規律和分類是例子。

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 1 Introducing science

1.3 Safety in the laboratory (Book 1A, p. 28–39)

1 A laboratory is a suitable place for doing experiments.

2 Laboratory equipment:

water tap and sink gas tap electric socket

safety spectacles gloves laboratory coat

fire extinguisher sand bucket fire blanket

first aid box eye wash bottle fume cupboard

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1.3 實驗室安全（第 1A 冊，p. 28–39）

1 實驗室是適合做實驗的地方。

2 實驗室裏常用的設備：

洗滌槽和水龍頭 煤氣掣 電插座

安全眼鏡 手套 實驗袍

滅火筒 滅火沙桶 滅火氈

急救箱 洗眼瓶 通風櫥

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3 We must follow laboratory safety rules to prevent accidents in the laboratory.

Below are some general safety rules:

DOs DON’Ts

✓ Strictly follow your teacher’s ✗ Do not enter the laboratory or do

instructions. experiments without your teacher’s
✓ Keep all exits and passages clear. permission.
✓ Keep the laboratory clean and tidy. ✗ Do not eat, drink, run or play in the
✓ Wear safety spectacles when heating or laboratory.
mixing substances. ✗ Do not leave experimental set-ups
✓ Tie up long hair and fasten school ties unattended.
when doing experiments to prevent ✗ Do not point a test tube towards anyone
them from catching fire or dipping into when heating it.
chemicals. ✗ Do not touch hot objects with bare
✓ Wash hands thoroughly after doing hands.
experiments. ✗ Do not touch electric plugs with wet
✓ Report all accidents to your teacher hands.
at once. ✗ Do not smell or taste any chemicals
unless instructed by your teacher.

4 When we handle chemicals in the laboratory, we must read the hazard warning symbols
on their containers and take safety precautions.

Hazard warning symbol Safety precaution

• Keep away from flames and sparks.

• Keep flammable and oxidizing chemicals
away from one another.

• Wear safety spectacles and protective gloves.

• Keep the room well-ventilated.

• Wear safety spectacles and protective gloves.

• Keep the room well-ventilated.
• Carry out experiment in a fume cupboard if
chemicals give out toxic or irritating gases.

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3 在實驗室內，我們必須遵守實驗室安全守則，以免發生意外。以下列出基本的守則：

應做的事情 不應做的事情

✓ 嚴格遵守老師的指示。 ✗ 未得老師准許，不可擅自進入實驗
✓ 保持所有通道暢通無阻。 室。
✓ 保持實驗室整齊清潔。 ✗ 不可在實驗室內飲食、嬉戲或奔跑。
✓ 把物質加熱或混和的時候，戴上安全 ✗ 不要把實驗裝置置之不理。
眼鏡。 ✗ 用試管盛載物質加熱時，不要把試管
✓ 做實驗時，束起長髮，收好領帶，以 口朝向自己或他人。
免被火燒着或沾上化學品。 ✗ 不要徒手觸摸熾熱的物體。
✓ 實驗後徹底清潔雙手。 ✗ 不要用沾濕的手觸摸電插頭。
✓ 如果發生意外，立刻向老師報告。 ✗ 除非老師指示，否則不要嗅聞或試嚐
任何化學品。

4 使用化學品時，我們要仔細閱讀容器上的危險警告標記，並採取適當的安全措施。

危險警告標記 安全措施
• 遠離火焰和火花。
• 易燃的化學品和助燃的化學品須分開
存放。

• 戴上安全眼鏡和防護手套。
• 保持室內空氣流通。

• 戴上安全眼鏡和防護手套。
• 保持室內空氣流通。
• 如果化學品會產生有毒或刺激性的氣
體，便須在通風櫥中進行實驗。

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5 When there is an accident in the laboratory, we must keep calm, report it to the teacher at
once and take emergency actions. Below are some common laboratory accidents and the
emergency actions needed:

Laboratory accident Emergency action

Cuts Clean and dress the cut

Heat burns Splash of chemicals on skin Wash the affected area with
slow running water.

Splash of chemicals into eyes Wash the eyes with distilled

water from an eye wash bottle.

6 The three necessary conditions for a fire to occur are a fuel, a

high temperature and oxygen. They form the fire triangle.

7 We can put out a fire by removing any one or more of the

conditions in the fire triangle.

fuel

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5 在實驗室工作時萬一發生意外，我們必須保持鎮靜，立刻向老師報告，並按照老師的
指示採取適當的緊急措施。以下列出常見的實驗室意外和相應的緊急措施：

實驗室意外 緊急措施
割傷 清潔和包紮傷口

灼傷或燙傷 化學品接觸皮膚 用緩緩流動的自來水沖洗

受傷部位

化學品濺入眼睛 用洗眼瓶中的蒸餾水沖洗
眼睛

6 生火需要燃料、高温和氧同時存在。我們可以用火三角來
表示這三項生火的必要條件。

7 我們可以移除火三角中任何一項或以上的必要條件來
滅火。

燃料

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1.4 Laboratory apparatus and basic practical skills

(Book 1A, p. 40–71)

1 Common laboratory apparatus:

d e
c

Apparatus Function
a test tube To hold liquids or solids
b boiling tube To hold a larger amount of liquids or solids
c beaker To hold liquids or solids
d conical flask To hold liquids or solids
e reagent bottle To store liquids

f i

Apparatus Function
f Bunsen burner To heat substances
g insulating mat To protect the bench from overheating
h wire gauze To support apparatus when heating
i tripod To support the wire gauze

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1.4 實驗室儀器及基本實驗技巧（第 1A 冊，p. 40–71）

1 常用的實驗室儀器：

d e
c

儀 器 功 能
a 試管 盛載液體或細小固體
b 大試管 盛載較大量的液體或固體
c 燒杯 盛載液體或固體
d 錐形瓶 盛載液體或固體
e 試劑瓶 儲存液體

f i

儀 器 功 能
f 本生燈 把物質加熱
g 隔熱墊 保護實驗桌，避免實驗桌過熱
h 鐵絲網 加熱時承托儀器
i 三腳架 支撐鐵絲網

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Apparatus Function
j test tube rack To hold test tubes
k test tube holder To hold a test tube when heating
l test tube brush To clean test tubes

m q

Apparatus Function
m glass rod To stir liquids
n dropper To transfer a few drops of liquids
o spatula To transfer a small amount of solids
To hold filter paper and allow liquids to flow
p filter funnel
down during filtration
q stand and clamp To fix the position of apparatus

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儀 器 功 能
j 試管架 放置試管
k 試管夾 夾住試管加熱
l 試管刷 清洗試管

m q

儀 器 功 能
m 玻璃棒 攪拌液體
n 滴管 移取數滴液體
o 刮勺 移取少量固體
p 漏斗 在過濾過程中承托濾紙，讓液體通過
q 架和夾 固定儀器的位置

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2 We draw sectional diagrams to show experimental set-ups.

test tube beaker conical flask dropper glass rod

wire gauze clamp

filter
tripod
paper
filter Bunsen burner
funnel stand
insulating mat

3 Skills of drawing experimental set-ups:

• Draw straight lines using a ruler.
• Do not shade the diagrams.
• Keep all parts in proportion.
• Label each apparatus.

filter paper
filter
funnel muddy water

conical
flask
filtered water

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2 我們會繪畫儀器的切面圖來代表。

試管 燒杯 錐形瓶 滴管 玻璃棒

鐵絲網 夾
濾紙
三腳架

漏斗 本生燈
架
隔熱墊

3 繪畫實驗裝置圖的技巧：
• 用直尺畫直線。
• 不要在圖上加陰影。
• 按比例繪畫裝置各個部分。
• 標示每個儀器的名稱。

濾紙
漏斗
泥水

錐形瓶
經過濾的水

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4 Skills of transferring solution from reagent bottle to test tube:

reagent bottle
test tube

stopper (placed
upside down) reagent bottle

a Take out the stopper from the reagent bottle and put it upside down.
b Hold a test tube at an angle. Slowly pour the solution from the reagent bottle into the
test tube until the test tube is about one-third full.
c Close the reagent bottle with the stopper immediately after use. Then put the test tube
into a test tube rack.

5 Skills of transferring solution using dropper:

a Squeeze the rubber bulb of a dropper and do not release it. Lower the tip of the
dropper into the solution.
b Release the rubber bulb slowly to suck some solution into the dropper.
c Let the tip of the dropper touch the inner wall of the test tube to remove any droplets
from the tip of the dropper.
d Take the dropper to an empty test tube. Gently squeeze the rubber bulb to add a few
drops of solution into the test tube.
e After the practical, wash the dropper with water in another beaker by squeezing and
releasing the rubber bulb several times.

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4 從試劑瓶移取溶液到試管的技巧：

試劑瓶 試管

瓶塞
試劑瓶
（倒轉放置）

a 把瓶塞取出，倒轉放在實驗桌上。
b 一隻手傾斜拿起試管，另一隻手拿起試劑瓶慢慢地把溶液倒進試管中至大約三分
之一滿。
c 用完溶液後立即把試劑瓶的瓶塞蓋上，然後把試管放在試管架上。

5 用滴管移取溶液的技巧：

a 擠壓滴管的膠囊，不要鬆開手，然後把滴管的前端插進溶液內。
b 慢慢放鬆捏住膠囊的手，讓溶液吸進滴管中。
c 讓滴管尖端輕碰試管內壁，使留在滴管尖端過多的溶液流回試管中。
d 把滴管放到一支空的試管，輕輕擠壓膠囊，把幾滴溶液滴進試管內。
e 實驗後，在另一個燒杯加入自來水，把滴管尖端放進自來水，擠壓滴管的膠囊數
次，以清洗滴管。

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6 Skills of mixing solution:

Method 1 Method 2
Gently shake the test tube. Gently tap the test tube with
the index finger.

7 Some measurements and their units:

Measurement Unit Symbol

kilometre km
metre m
length
centimetre cm
millimetre mm
cubic metre m3
cubic centimetre cm3
volume
litre L
millilitre mL
kilogram kg
mass gram g
milligram mg
temperature degree Celsius °C
second s
time minute min
hour h

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6 混和溶液的技巧：

方法 1 方法 2
輕輕搖動試管。 用食指輕敲試管底部數次。

7 常見的量度和單位：

量 度 單 位 符 號
千米（公里） km
米 m
長度
厘米 cm
毫米 mm
立方米 m3
立方厘米 cm3
體積
升（公升） L
毫升 mL
千克（公斤） kg
質量 克 g
毫克 mg
温度 攝氏度 °C
秒 s
時間 分鐘 min
小時 h

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8 Apparatus and instruments used to make measurements:

• We usually use a plastic ruler, a half-metre rule, a meter rule or a measuring tape to
measure length.

meter rule

half-meter rule

measuring tape
plastic ruler

• We usually use a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of liquids, and measure
the mass of an object using a top pan balance or an electronic balance.

measuring cylinder top pan balance electronic balance

• We usually use an alcohol thermometer or a mercury thermometer to measure

temperature, and use a stopwatch to measure a period of time.

mercury thermometer

alcohol thermometer

stopwatch

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8 用來量度的儀器：
• 我們通常用膠間尺、半米尺、米尺或捲尺來量度長度。

米尺

半米尺

捲尺
膠間尺

• 我們通常用量筒來量度液體的體積，和用頂載天平或電子天平來量度物體的
質量。

量筒 頂載天平 電子天平

• 我們通常用酒精温度計或水銀温度計來量度温度，和用秒錶來量度時間。

水銀温度計

酒精温度計

秒錶

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9 Reading the scale:

• Your eyes should be vertically above the scale of the ruler, or at the same level as the
bottom of the meniscus.

• The interval between two marks on a scale is the limitation of reading.

10 Error in measurement:
• Error of measurement can be taken as half of the limitation of reading.
Example:
The end of the sticky note
falls between two marks on
a scale. We take the nearest
sticky note reading, i.e. 7.6 cm,
accurate up to 0.1 cm.

Limitation of reading
= 0.1 cm
Reading error
= ±0.05 cm

• Errors are not mistakes. They cannot be avoided even if we read the scale correctly.

11 ‘Zero’ function of electronic balance:

• When we put an object on the balance and
then press the zero button, the balance of
the reading is set to zero.
• This function is useful when we measure
the mass of an object that needs to be put in
a container (e.g. a liquid or solid power).

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9 讀取標度的方法：
• 我們的視線必須與間尺的標度垂直，或與彎液面的底部處於同一水平。

• 標度上兩個刻度之間的間隔是標度的讀數限制。

10 量度的誤差：
• 其中一個計算誤差的方法，是取儀器的讀數限制的一半。
例子：
便條貼末端落在標度上兩個刻度之
間，這時我們會取最接近的數值，
即 7.6 cm（準確至 0.1 cm）。
便條貼

讀數限制：0.1 cm
讀數誤差：±0.05 cm

• 出現誤差並非人為過失，我們不視誤差為錯誤。即使我們正確地從標度讀取數值，
也不能避免誤差出現。

11 電子天平的「置零」功能：
• 把物件放在電子天平上，然後按「置
零」的話，屏幕的數值就會設定為零。
• 這個功能主要應用於量度需要用容器
盛載的物質的質量，例如液體或固體
粉末。

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12 Different types of errors:

Type of error Source of error

Loading time The instrument is not completely started up when taking
measurement
Reading error The actual value is less than half of the limitation of reading
(i.e. interval between two marks on the scale)
Parallax error Looking at the scale on the instrument at an incorrect angle
Zero error The reading on the measurement instrument is not reset to zero
before each measurement

13 Accuracy and precision in measurement:

• Errors affect the accuracy and precision of measurements.
• Being accurate means that a reading is close to the true value (i.e. correct).
• Being precise means that repeated measurements of the same item are close to each
other (i.e. consistent).

reading of
measurement
true value

not accurate not accurate accurate but accurate and

not precise but precise not precise precise

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13 不同種類的誤差：

誤差的種類 來 源
延遲時間 儀器尚未穩定便進行量度。
讀數誤差 量度的值少於最小讀數間隔（讀數限制）的一半。
視差 以不正確的觀察角度獲取儀器的讀數。
零位誤差 儀器在未進行量度時讀數不能顯示為零。

12 量度讀數的準確性與精密性：
• 誤差的出現會影響量度讀數的準確性和精密性。
• 準確是指讀數接近真實數值（即正確）。
• 精密是指對同一事物重複進行量度的讀數彼此接近（即一致）。

量度的讀數
真實數值

不準確 不準確 準確 準確
不精密 但精密 但不精密 又精密

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14 Structure of a Bunsen burner:

chimney

air hole

collar
rubber tubing

base

15 Differences between the Bunsen flames when the air hole is closed and opened:

Air hole closed Air hole opened

Type of flame luminous non-luminous
Shape of flame irregular regular
Colour of flame yellow blue
Noise of burner quiet noisy

16 We usually use a non-luminous flame for heating.

17 When heating liquids or solids in a boiling tube over a Bunsen flame, we should hold the
boiling tube at an angle using a test tube holder. Move the tube around in circles over
the flame.

test tube holder

boiling tube
water

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14 本生燈的不同部分：

燈管

氣孔

調節環
橡膠管

燈座

15 氣孔關閉和打開時，本生焰的分別：

氣孔關閉 氣孔打開
火焰的類型 光焰 無光焰
火焰的形狀 不規則 規則
火焰的顏色 黃色 藍色
火焰發出的聲音 安靜 響亮

16 我們通常用無光焰來把物質加熱。

17 用本生焰把大試管內的液體和固體加熱時，要用試管夾夾住大試管，把大試管稍微傾
斜，在火焰上輕輕打轉。

試管夾

大試管
水

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