Human Development (HD)
Development Trends
Economic Human
Economic Growth Development Development
-HDI
GNP, GDP, PI -Economic
Indicator -HPI
-Social Indicator -GEI
- Environmental
indicator
(Human Development)
• beŸB‡qi (1990) `kK †_‡K gvbe Dbœqb avibvi ewncÖKvk N‡U
• gvbe Dbœqb avibvi g~j j¶¨ n‡”Q Ò Human Development is
the development of people, for the people and by the
people Ó (gvby‡li Dbœqb, gvby‡li Rb¨ Dbœqb Ges gvby‡li Øviv
Dbœqb)
• A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb g‡W‡j †h cÖkœwU cÖvavb¨ †cZ Zv n‡jv GKwU †`‡ki
Drcv`b KZ? wKš‘ gvbe Dbœqb g‡W‡j cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q GKwU ‡`‡ki
gvby‡li Rxeb hvcb †Kgb? KviY gvbe Dbœqb g‡W‡j wek¦vm Kiv nq
gvbylB Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ I Dcvq (human being are the end and
means of development )| myZivs G‡¶‡Î gvby‡li `¶Zv, mgZv
I ¯^vaxbZvi Dci ¸i“Z¡ †`qv nq|
Development Model: Human Development (1990)
Human being are the end and means of development
Human Development is the development of people, for the
people and by the people
According to the UNDP, Human Development is defined as
“ a process of enlarging people’s choices at all levels of
development, the three essential choices for people are, to
live a long and healthy life to acquire better knowledge and
to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of
living.
Meaning of Human Development
• Human development is defined as the process of enlarging
people's freedoms and opportunities and improving their
well-being.
• The development of human being’s cognitive, emotional,
physical and social capabilities of functioning over the course
of the life span from infancy through old age.
• The pattern of movement or change that begins at
conception and continue through the life span.
Life Rainbow by Donald Supper (1980)
Human development index
Amartya Sen
(India)
The origins of the HDI
are found in the annual
Development Reports
of the United Nations Mahbub- ul Haqn (Pakistan)
Development Program
(UNDP) in 1990 .
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX
HUMAN HUMAN GENDER
DEVELOPME POVERTY RELATED
NT INDEX INDEX DEVELOPME
NT INDEX
Human Development Index
Human Development Index (HDI)
Dimensions Long and healthy life Knowledge Decent standard of living
Dimensions Life expectancy index Education index GDP index
index
Indicator Life expectancy at birth Adult literacy rate GDP per capita (PPP US$)
Average education level
(Human Development Index-HDI)
(K) gvby‡li Mo Avqy¯‹vj (Longevity): Longevity wnmve Kiv nq gvby‡li Mo
Avqy a‡i| †h †`‡ki gvby‡li Mo Avqy hZ †ewk †m‡`‡k ZZ DbœZgv‡bi wPwKrmv
e¨e¯’v I RbKj¨vYg~jK Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q|
(L) Ávb (Knowledge): Ávb mvaviYZ cwigvc Kiv nq ‡Kvb †`‡ki eq¯‹
mv¶iZvi nvi Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i Mo ¯‹zwjs erm‡ii Dci|
(M) DbœZ gv‡bi Rxeb hvcb (Decent standard of living): DbœZ Rxeb
hvc‡bi gvb mvaviYZ cÖK…Z gv_vwcQy GDP wfwËK A_©vr gvby‡li µq ¶gZvi Ici
wfwË K‡i|
(Human Poverty Index)
Human Poverty Index (HPI) Abyi“cfv‡e AwaKvi ewÂZ gvby‡li Dbœq‡bi wPÎ cwigvc
K‡i|
Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Rb¨ HPI-1 e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
wkí mg„× †`‡ki Rb¨ HPI-2 e¨envi Kiv nq|
• HPI-1 for Developing Country
G ch©v‡q wnmve Kiv Rb¥jMœ †_‡K 40 ermi eq‡mi c~‡e©i g„Z¨ynvi, eq¯‹ wbi¶iZvi nvi Ges ¯^v¯’¨
myweav ewÂZ gvby‡li kZKiv nvi Ges ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq Kg IRb m¤úbœ wkïi kZKiv nvi|
• HPI-2 for Developed country
G ch©v‡q Rb¥ †_‡K 60 ermi eq‡mi c~‡e© g„‡Zi kZKiv nvi| Kvh©Ki Ach©vß gv‡bi wjL‡Z I
co‡Z cviv RbM‡Yi kZKiv nvi Ges `xN©mgq 12 gvm ev Zvi D‡×© mgq a‡i †eKv‡ii nvi|
GENDER RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX ( GDI)
• While the HDI measures average achievement, the GDI
adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities
between men and women in the following dimension.
Generally it is a indicator of Gender Empowerment Measure
(GEM) of a country.
Measured by life expectancy at birth.
Long and healthy
life (Health)
Knowledge Measured by the adult literacy rate and
enrolment ratio
( Education)
Decent standard of Measured by estimated earned income
living
( GDP Per-capita)
Measurement of Development through HDI
The basic use of HDI is to measure a country's development.
1. Very High Human Development
2. High Human Development
3. Medium High Human Development
4. Low High Human Development
New Indicator: Well-being and Happiness (2012)
• Balance of Emotion
• Real GDP per capita
• Social support
• Healthy life
• Freedom to make life choices
• Generosity
• perceptions of corruption etc.
Human Resource development and Human
Development
Human Resource Development Human Development
• GKwU iv‡óªi ¯^v¯’¨evb, Kg©V I wkw¶Z
m‡PZb RbMY‡K m¤ú` wnmv‡e • G‡¶‡Î gvby‡li `¶Zv,
we‡ePbv Kiv mgZv I ¯^vaxbZvi Dci
• mvaviY A‡_© gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb ej‡Z ¸i“Z¡ †`qv nq|
eySvq gvby‡mi ¶gZv I `¶Zvi
cwiKwíZ Dbœqb mvab|
• It is the means and
• It is a process end of development
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
2021/2022
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
TIER RANGE OF VALUE No of COUNTRIES
Very High Development Index 0.800 or greater 59
High Development Index 0.700 – 0.799 53
Medium Development Index 0.550 – 0.699 39
Low Development Index Less than 0.550 38
Global 0.728 189
HDR TOP COUNTRIES
TOP COUNTRIES RANK HDIVALUE GROUPS
Switzerland 1 .962 VERY HIGH HDI
Norway 2 .961 VERY HIGH HDI
Iceland 3 .959 VERY HIGH HDI
Hong Kong 4 .952 VERY HIGH HDI
Australia 5 .951 VERY HIGH HDI
Denmark 6 .948 VERY HIGH HDI
Sweden 7 .947 VERY HIGH HDI
Ireland 8 .945 VERY HIGH HDI
Germany 9 .942 VERY HIGH HDI
Netherlands 10 .941 VERY HIGH HDI
SAARC COUNTRIES
SAARC COUNTRIES RANK HDIVALUE GROUPS
Afghanistan 180 .478 Low HDI
Bangladesh 129 .661 Medium HDI
Bhutan 127 .666 Medium
India 132 .633 Medium
Maldives 90 .747 High
Nepal 143 .602 Medium
Pakistan 161 .544 Medium
Sri Lanka 73 .782 HIgh
As per the Table: 2, among SAARC countries, Sri Lanka is in 73th place followed by Maldives (90), India (132),
Bhutan (127), Bangladesh (129), Nepal (143), Pakistan (161) and Afghanistan (180) respectively.
SAARC COUNTRIES
SAARC HDI Value HDI rank Life Expectency Expected years of GNI per Capita GROUPS
COUNTRIES Schooling
Afghanistan .478 180 62.0 10.3e 1824 LOW
Bangladesh .661 129 72.4 12.4 5472 MEDIUM
Bhutan .666 127 71.8 13.2e 9438 MEDIUM
India .633 132 67.2 11.9 6590 MEDIUM
Maldives .747 90 79.9 12.6 15448 HIGH
Nepal .602 143 68.4 12.9 3877 MEDIUM
Pakistan .544 161 66.1 8.7 4624 LOW
Sri Lanka .782 73 76.4 14.1e 12578 HIGH
Bangladesh .661 129 72.4 12.4 5472 MEDIUM
Bangladesh finds 4th place in HDI value of SAARC
countries and very close to world average of LEB (71.4
years) and years of expected years of schooling (12.8
years). Its LEB is 72.4 years and 12.4 years of expected
years of schooling.
