energies

Article
Rate Decline of Acid Fracturing Stimulated Well in Bi-Zone
Composite Carbonate Gas Reservoirs
Li Li 1,2 , Wei Tian 1,2 , Jiajia Shi 3 and Xiaohua Tan 3, *

1 National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low Permeability Oil and Gas Fields,
Chengdu 610500, China
2 Oil & Gas Technology Research Institute, Changqing Oil Field Company, Petro China, Xi’an 710021, China
3 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University,
Chengdu 610500, China
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper develops a model of the multi-wing finite-conductivity fractures considering
stress sensitivity for low-permeability bi-zone composite gas reservoirs. A new semi-analytical
solution in the Laplace domain is presented. The main solution includes the theory of source function,
Laplace integral transformation, perturbation technique, and Stehfest numerical inversion. Wellbore
pressure is obtained by coupling solutions of reservoirs and fractures. The results showed that the
pressure and derivative curves generated by this model include a bi-linear flow stage. The model
was validated by comparing its results with Wang’s results and the commercial well-test simulator;
the results showed excellent agreement. This model illustrated the seepage characteristic of acid
fracturing stimulated wells during refracturing treatment and how they are influenced by reservoir
and hydraulic fractures parameters (asymmetrical factor and fractures distribution, etc.). The model
is suitable to solve the solution of arbitrary-angle hydraulic fracture in refracturing and helpful to
understand the transient production rate characteristic of the multi-wing fracturing well.

Keywords: multi-wing fractures; stress-sensitivity; finite-conductivity; asymmetrical factor; transient

production rate; hydraulic fractured well

Citation: Li, L.; Tian, W.; Shi, J.;

Tan, X. Rate Decline of Acid
1. Introduction
Fracturing Stimulated Well in Hydraulic fracturing is a common and effective practice in the production of low-
Bi-Zone Composite Carbonate Gas permeability gas reservoirs. At present, low gas and gas prices have aroused an interest
Reservoirs. Energies 2023, 16, 2954. in enhancing gas and gas production. Compared with drilling a new well, acid fracturing
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16072954 stimulated wells were considered a more budget-friendly way of increasing energy pro-
Academic Editor: Mofazzal Hossain
duction [1,2]. In refracturing, though the initial hydraulic fracture can have a significant
influence on the propagation of a subsequent hydraulic fracture. The new fractures do not
Received: 24 February 2023 route at the same path as the initial fracture, owing to the change in stress anisotropy [3,4].
Revised: 21 March 2023 The pressure dynamic characteristics are widely used in order to evaluate the fracture-
Accepted: 22 March 2023 characteristic parameters, which is thought as the most effective diagnostic method in gas
Published: 23 March 2023
and gas development. After hydraulic fracturing on the vertical well, there are often many
secondary fractures distributing complexly around the wellbore, and there is an angle
between the fracture and the fracture, and the length of every hydraulic fracture is not
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
equal. The existence of complex fractures can effectively reduce the resistance that the fluid
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. flows into the hydraulic fractures [5,6].
This article is an open access article A large number of simulations and studies have been displayed [7,8] that the change
distributed under the terms and of fracture parameters, especially fracture conductivity, will greatly affect well productivity.
conditions of the Creative Commons Dejam et al. [9] used the combination of the Laplace transform (LT) and finite Fourier Cosine
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// transforms (FFCT) to solve the diffusion coefficient equation and proposed a semi-analytical
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ solution for the transient pressure in vertical Wells in bounded double-pore formations. It
4.0/). showed that compared with the well location and reservoir shape of hydraulic fracturing,

Energies 2023, 16, 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16072954 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2023, 16, 2954 2 of 19

the flow coefficient between pores, reservoir ratio, natural fracture permeability anisotropy,
and reservoir size play an important role in identifying the flow state.
Zhang et al. [10] proposed a composite model to study the pressure characteristics
and production dynamics of a multi-stage fractured vertical well (MFVW) with stimu-
lated reservoir volume (SRV) in coalbed methane reservoirs. The model also considers
adsorption–desorption, diffusion, and viscosity flow.
Based on complex geological and engineering factors, Meng et al. [11] proposed a
method for fracture evaluation and parameter estimation of well testing in non-uniformly
fractured wells. A semi-analytical method and Laplace transform were used to solve the
model, and the good relationship between fracturing parameters and the well-test curve
was studied.
Xia et al. [12] established a method to evaluate the effect of volumetric fracturing
based on well test and production data by dividing the vicinity of the main fracture into
different production enhancement zones, which can accurately obtain the fracturing effect,
fracture parameters, and fluid nonlinear characteristics, and applying the method to a
typical straight well. They concluded that volumetric fracturing could form a complex
fracture network. The fracture half-length, equivalent permeability, and reconstruction area
dynamically change and gradually decrease with the increase of extraction time, and the
fracturing effect gradually decreases until it is destroyed.
Cui et al. [13] established a Blasingame decline semi-analytical analysis model for
multi-wing fractured vertical wells using Laplace transform, numerical inversion node
analysis, and iterative methods for partial proppant fractures under different stress sensi-
tivity effects. Under the two-zone model with various fracture systems, the impacts of the
length of the unsupported portion and various stress-sensitive behaviors are investigated.
Zhao et al. [14] established well-test models of the fully and partially penetrating
fractured well for the bi-zonal composite reservoir using point source function theory. A
typical characteristic curve is drawn up and analyzed. In order to improve the calculation
speed of the finite-conductivity fractured well, Wang et al. [15] resolved the solution of the
fractured well and obtained fracture conductivity function, which can solve the wellbore
pressure solution of the finite-conductivity fractures quickly and effectively.
However, established models are assumed that the fracture is symmetrical about
the wellbore during refracturing. It is possible to create an asymmetrical fracture that
propagates along the initial fracture due to the effects of stress anisotropy and different
pollution degrees of the initial fracture. In the research on the pressure dynamic of finite-
conductivity asymmetric vertical fracture, Rodriguez and Cinco-Ley et al. [16] present a
graphical technique, which is based on a new analytical solution for the pressure behavior
of a finite-conductivity, asymmetrically fractured well during the pseudolinear and the
known bilinear flow solution. The graphical technique can evaluate the asymmetry of
hydraulically fractured wells. Berumen et al. [17] obtained an asymmetric constant rate
fracture solution by employing numerical simulation methods. Additionally, a series of
typical curves are shown to analyze the rate characteristics of asymmetric fracture. Since
the solution was solved numerically, the results tend to have some errors. Therefore, the
method is not adopted by some authors. Wang et al. [18,19] presented a semi-analytical
solution by coupling with the reservoir and hydraulic fracture solutions in a previous paper.
A pressure-derivative log–log curve and a complete pressure curve are plotted. They found
that when dimensionless fracture conductivity approaches infinity, asymmetric factors
have no effect on pressure and pressure-derivative log–log curves.
In order to maximize the well productivity of refractured wells, we always wish
that fractures propagate orthogonally to the initial fracture and consider how to create
most fractures. Asalkhuzina et al. [20] built a model to measure well production rate and
pressure performance before and after refracturing by employing numerical methods. They
could check the occurrence of fracture reorientation. Fu et al. [21] conducted mechanics
analysis and numerical simulation by employing the boundary element method. They
thought that the initial fracture would reopen first and a new fracture would subsequently
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 3 of 19

initiate at some angles along the direction of maximum stress, and various factors could
have an effect on the direction and length of fractures. For the study of pressure dynamics
on complex fractures formed during refracturing, the new seepage mathematical model of
the reservoir and fractures about multi-wing fractures was established. The semi-analytical
solution of the models is obtained by using the Laplace transform [22–27].
The analytical model of transient flow established by Shan et al. showed that orthog-
onal fractures generated during the refracturing process will produce orthogonal linear
flow in the fractured reservoir volume. The angle between the wellbore and fracture can
be estimated by using the pressure transient data analysis technique combined with the
double logarithm curve diagnostic diagram [28].
Using the nodal analysis technique, Wu et al. [29] established a set of diffusion coeffi-
cient equations describing hydraulically redirected fracture flow. Then, the point source
solution is coupled with the discrete fracture solution to obtain the semi-analytical solution.
Five typical flow patterns can be observed in the transient response of this model. At the
same time, the flux along the redirected fracture is calculated, and the flux distribution
at different times is analyzed. On this basis, the influence curves of key parameters such
as principal fracture angle, redirected fracture angle, permeability anisotropy, fracture
conductivity, and fracture length ratio on transient seepage behavior are established. For
rectangular anisotropic reservoirs, the influence of principal fracture angle, permeability
anisotropy, and fracture conductivity on the curve type is concentrated in the early and
middle stages, and the redirected fracture angle and fracture length ratio mainly affect the
linear flow pattern.
Luo et al. [30] proposed a new semi-analytical method in the Laplace domain by
coupling the Fredholm integral equation of the fracture with the reservoir equation and
studying the unstable pressure characteristics of the “Z” shaped fracture.
Despite the above summary of the literature, the majority of efforts related to complex
fractures’ physical modeling or pressure behavior analysis do not take reservoir and fluid
properties in different regions into account. Furthermore, the transient production rate per
performance for low-permeability bi-zone reservoirs is rarely discussed.
In this research, the physical model of refractured wells with finite-conductivity
fractures is derived in Section 2. Then, in Section 3, a mathematical model describing
multi-wing fractures (MWFs) with bi-zone reservoirs accounting is derived. In Section 4,
the mathematical model is solved through the Stehfest numerical inversion. The pressure
and derivative curves are predicted. Results, discussions, and conclusions are provided in
Sections 5 and 6, respectively.

2. Physical Model
In practical refracturing measurement, owing to different stress distributions around
the wellbore and initial hydraulic fracture, MWFs with arbitrary angles besides initial
hydraulic fracture are formed and produced at a constant rate qsc in a low-permeability gas
reservoir (as shown in Figure 1). However, for convenience of research, it is assumed that
width of all hydraulic fractures is equal and each fracture is penetrated fully.
The model presented in this article assumed that MWFs are with M fractures and
with arbitrary angle between fracture and fracture. The well is located in center of bi-zone
composite reservoirs with inner radius rm , and all fractures do not penetrate inner region.
The infinite lateral boundary closed-upper and closed-bottom boundaries are chosen as the
outer boundary in this model.
 • The fluid in the reservoir conforms to Darcy’s law and law of isothermal percolation;
• The upper and bottom boundaries of the reservoir are closed, and the fluid is incom-
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 pressible; 4 of 19
• Stress sensitivity of permeability in tight reservoirs is taken into account;
• Negligible gravity and capillary effect are studied.

Outer region

Inner region
rm

Wellbore

infinite

Hydraulic fractures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic
Schematic of
ofthe
thephysical
physicalmodel
modelof low-permeability bi-zone
of low-permeability composite
bi-zone reservoir.
composite reservoir.

3. Mathematical
Other basic Model
assumptions are as follows:
•3.1. Line-Source
The lengthModel
of eachin hydraulic
Bi-Zone Composite
fractureReservoirs Considering
is not equal, Stress existence
considering Sensitivityof angle (θ) be-
Bi-zonefracture
tween composite
andlow-permeability reservoirs
horizontal direction. with impermeable
The length (Lf ), width (W top), and bottom
f and permeability
boundaries have a line source. It is assumed that the
(kf ) of the different hydraulic fractures are different; fluid flow in the reservoirs results
•from an instantaneous pressure drop created at t = 0. The pressure waves propagate
The fluid in the reservoir conforms to Darcy’s law and law of isothermal percolation; out-
ward around the line source, which can make the fluids of inner and outer regions flow
• The upper and bottom boundaries of the reservoir are closed, and the fluid is incompressible;
into the wellbore (as shown in Figure 2).
• Stress sensitivity of permeability in tight reservoirs is taken into account;
The majority of experimental studies demonstrate that during the creation of low-
• Negligible gravity and capillary effect are studied.
permeability reservoirs, the permeability reduction brought on by stress sensitivity can-
not be ignored. The common permeability change with pressure can be calculated with
3.the
Mathematical Model
following expression [31–33].
3.1. Line-Source Model in Bi-Zone Composite Reservoirs Considering Stress Sensitivity
− γ (ψ e −ψ )
k = k e ereservoirs
Bi-zone composite low-permeability with impermeable top and(1)bottom
boundaries have
It can be a line
seen fromsource. It is(1)assumed
Equation that the
that reservoir fluid flow is
permeability in athe reservoirs
function results
relating to from
an instantaneous
pressure. pressure
Therefore, drop
it presents created
a strong at t = 0. The
non-linearity pressure waves
in establishing propagate
the differential outward
equa-
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of into
around the line source, which
tion of low-permeability canwhich
reservoir, makebrings
the fluids
greatofdifficulty
inner and outer regions
to solving flow
the solution of19 the
wellbore (as shown in Figure 2).
this model.

z
Top boundary
q

h
Line source

rm
O Inner region x
Bottom boundary Outer region

re (∞)

y
Figure
Figure2.2.Schematic
Schematicof of
continuous lineline
continuous source for for
source low-permeability bi-zonal
low-permeability composite
bi-zonal reservoir.
composite reservoir.

According to corresponding study by Pedrosa [34] and Klkanl and Pedrosa [35], and
combining equations of motion, equations of state, and continuous differential equations,
the governing differential equations to describe bi-zone composite low-permeability res-
ervoir of the inner and outer regions are established. According to definitions of dimen-
sionless variables in Table A1, the dimensionless mathematical model of vertical linear
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 5 of 19

The majority of experimental studies demonstrate that during the creation of low-
permeability reservoirs, the permeability reduction brought on by stress sensitivity cannot
be ignored. The common permeability change with pressure can be calculated with the
following expression [31–33].
k = ke e−γ(ψe −ψ) (1)
It can be seen from Equation (1) that reservoir permeability is a function relating
to pressure. Therefore, it presents a strong non-linearity in establishing the differential
equation of low-permeability reservoir, which brings great difficulty to solving the solution
of this model.
According to corresponding study by Pedrosa [34] and Klkanl and Pedrosa [35],
and combining equations of motion, equations of state, and continuous differential equa-
tions, the governing differential equations to describe bi-zone composite low-permeability
reservoir of the inner and outer regions are established. According to definitions of dimen-
sionless variables in Table A1, the dimensionless mathematical model of vertical linear
source with bi-zone composite low-permeability reservoir. Based on Laplace’s integral
transform in Equation (2), the dimensionless mathematical models in Laplace domain
are obtained. Z +∞
ψD = ψD e−stD dtD (2)
0

(1) Governing differential equation of inner region can be written as

   2
1 ∂ ∂ψD1 ∂ψD1
rD − γD = eγD pD1 sψD1
rD ∂rD ∂rD ∂rD (3)
(1 ≤ rD ≤ rmD )

(2) Governing differential equation of outer region can be written as

   2
1 ∂ ∂ψ ∂ψD2
rD D2 − γD = eγD pD2 η12 sψD2
rD ∂rD ∂r D ∂rD (4)
(rmD ≤ rD ≤ ∞)

(3) Inner boundary condition can be written as

 
−γD pD ∂ψ
lim e rD D1 = −qeD (5)
ε D →0 ∂rD rD = ε D

(4) Infinite lateral boundary condition can be written as

pD2 (rD → ∞, s) = 0 (6)

(5) Interface condition between the inner and the outer region can be written as
   
∂ψD1 ∂ψD2
M12 e−γD pD1 = e−γD pD2 (7)
∂rD rD =rmD ∂rD rD =rmD

ψD1 (rmD , s) = ψD2 (rmD , s) (8)

The line-source model represented by Equations (4)–(8) is strongly nonlinear. To
successfully obtain transient pseudo-pressure responses caused by a line source in bi-zone
composite low-permeability reservoir, perturbation technique [34] is used widely. When
dimensionless permeability modulus is very small, zero-order approximate solution of the
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 6 of 19

perturbation technique can satisfy the requirements of engineering precision. Zero-order

approximate perturbation is as follows:

1

ψD = − ln 1 − γD ξ D (9)
γD

Substitute Equation (10) into Equations (3)–(8), respectively. According to zero-order

approximate perturbation given by Equations (9) and (3)–(8) can be written as
 !
 1 ∂ ∂ξ 0D1
rD = sξ 0D1 , 1 ≤ rD ≤ rmD


rD ∂rD



 ∂rD



 !
 1 ∂ ∂ξ 0D2
= η12 sξ 0D2 , rmD ≤ rD ≤ ∞

rD


rD ∂rD



 ∂rD



ξ 0D1 (rmD , s) = ξ 0D2 (rmD , s)





 !
∂ξ 0D1 (10)
 lim rD = −qeD
→ 0 ∂r
 ε
 D
 D

 rD = ε D


 ξ 0D1 (rmD , s) = ξ 0D2 (rmD , s)




 ! !


 ∂ξ 0D1 ∂ξ 0D2
 M12 =



 ∂rD ∂rD
rD =rmD rD =rmD




ξ 0D2 (rD2 → ∞, s) = 0



According to the theory of Bessel’s function, we can get the general solution of gov-
erning differential equation of inner and outer region after perturbation as follows:

ξ 0D1 = a1 I0 (ε 0 rD ) + a2 K0 (ε 0 rD ) (11)

ξ 0D2 = b1 I0 (ε 1 rD ) + b2 K0 (ε 1 rD ) (12)
√ √
where ε 0 = s; ε 1 = η12 s.
According to the properties of Bessel’s function,

lim K0 ( x ) = 0 (13)
x →0

lim I0 ( x ) = ∞ (14)
x →0

lim xK1 ( x ) = 1 (15)

x →0

1
I0 ( x )K00 ( x ) − K0 ( x ) I00 ( x ) = − (16)
x
With Equations (13)–(16) and Equations (11) and (12) inputted into inner and outer
boundary conditions and interface condition after perturbation, the coefficient of Equations (11)
and (12) are obtained, respectively.

K0 (ε 0 rmD )K00 (ε 1 rmD ) − M12 K00 (ε 0 rmD )K0 (ε 1 rmD )

a1 = qe (17)
M12 I00 (ε 0 rmD )K0 (ε 1 rmD ) − I0 (ε 0 rmD )K00 (ε 1 rmD ) D

a2 = qeD (18)
b1 = 0 (19)
η12 M12 qeD
b2 = (20)
rmD M12 I00 (ε 0 rmD )K0 (ε 1 rmD ) − I0 (ε 0 rmD )K00 (ε 1 rmD )
 η12 M12 qD
b2 = (2
rmD M12 I0′ (ε0rmD )K0 (ε1rmD ) − I0 (ε0rmD )K0′ (ε1rmD )

Energies 2023, 16, 2954

Substituting Equations (17) and (18) into Equation (11), pseudo-pressure is obtaine
7 of 19
at arbitrary position. However, it is noted that rD represents the dimensionless distan
between the line source and any arbitrary point in low-permeability reservoirs in Equ
tionsSubstituting
(11) and (12) when line
Equations source
(17) and (18)isinto
located at the
Equation origin.
(11), pseudo-pressure is obtained
at arbitrary position. However, it is noted that rD represents the dimensionless distance
between the line source and any arbitrary point xD2 + yD2
rD in= low-permeability reservoirs in Equations (2
(11) and (12) when line source is located at the origin.
If line source is located at (xw, yw) instead of the origin, rD can be written as follows
q
2 + y2 2
rD = xD
( ) ( ) (21)
2
rD = xD − xwDD + yD − y wD (2
If line source is located at (xw , yw ) instead of the origin, rD can be written as follows.

3.2. Surface-Source Model in Bi-Zone Composite Reservoirs
2Considering Stress Sensitivity

q

2
rD = xD − xwD + yD − ywD (22)
In order to obtain the uniform rate surface solution of the bi-zone composite low
permeability
3.2. reservoir,
Surface-Source Model in we can Composite
Bi-Zone integrateReservoirs
EquationConsidering
(13) to obtain
Stress the surface-source sol
Sensitivity
tion.InBased
orderonto assumption that hydraulic
obtain the uniform fracture
rate surface solutionis symmetric
of the bi-zoneand parallel low-
composite with the ax
permeability reservoir,
the mathematical modelwe can integrate
solution isEquation
given to(13) to obtain
a single the surface-source
hydraulic solution. if the
fracture. However,
Based on assumption
is a certain that hydraulic
angle between fracture fractures
the hydraulic is symmetric andand
theparallel with the
coordinate axisaxis,
or ifthe
the lengt
mathematical model solution is given to a single hydraulic fracture. However,
of each hydraulic fracture are not equal, we can use the coordinate rotation and if there is a transfo
certain angle between the hydraulic fractures and the coordinate axis or if the lengths of
mation method to distribute the hydraulic fractures along the changed coordinates.
each hydraulic fracture are not equal, we can use the coordinate rotation and transformation
schematic
method diagramthe
to distribute of hydraulic
the physical model
fractures alongof the
thechanged
coordinate transformation
coordinates. A schematic is shown
Figure 3.
diagram of the physical model of the coordinate transformation is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Schematic of coordinate conversion and rotation.

Figure 3. Schematic of coordinate conversion and rotation.
The total pressure drop is obtained by the pressure drop superposition principle.
According to previous
The total pressure research
drop[36], the uniform
is obtained by theflowpressuresurface solution of the ith hydraulic
drop superposition principle. A
fracture
cordinginto theprevious
polar coordinates
research for[36],the low-permeability
the uniform flow composite
surfacereservoir
solution canofbethe
written
ith hydrau
as follows:
fracture in the polar coordinates for the low-permeability composite reservoir can be wr
ten as follows:
 

 qeDi (α, θi , u)× 

LfDi 
  √ q 
 qDi2(α ,θ i , u2) × 
Z 
   
ξ 0D1i (rD , θi , u) = K 0 u  r D + α − 2r D α cos θ − θ i +  dα (23)
L
fDi

0D1i ( rD , θ i , u ) = √
 qK u( r 2
+ α 2
− 2 r α cos (θ − θ ) ) +  

0 ξ    2 + α2 − 2r α cos θ − θ
  dα 
 
0 D D i
(2

     

a1 I0 0 u  rD i 
( ) )  
 
  a1 I 0 u rD + α − 2rDα cos (θ − θ i
2 2 D


According to the pressure drop superposition principle, the total pseudo-pressure
response of M hydraulic fractures can be expressed as

M
ξ 0D1 = ∑ ξ 0Di (rD , θi , u) (24)
i =1
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 8 of 19

For a multi-wing well intercepting M hydraulic fractures, the assumption of constant

total flow rate can yield the following equation:

L
M ZfDi
1
∑ qeDi (α, θi , u)dα =
s
(25)
i =1 0

Based on the study of Cinco-Ley and Meng, we establish the following mathematical
model to describe fluid flow in hydraulic fractures. Each hydraulic fracture is assumed as
a three-dimensional rectangle with finite conductivity, and the volume of each hydraulic
fracture is Lf × W f × h. End point of each hydraulic fracture is impermeable. Compared
with length of hydraulic fracture, width of hydraulic fracture is neglected. After the rotation
of the coordinates, we established a mathematical model of low-permeability reservoirs
with finite-conductivity hydraulic fracture in the x 0 − y0 coordinate system.
With consideration of stress-sensitivity, the solution of ith fracture is obtained [25].
rD Z α Z L
Z 
2π fDi
ξ 0fDi (rDi , θi , s) − ξ 0wDi = qefD dαdrD − rDi qefD dα (26)
CfDi 0 0 0

3.3. Coupling of Reservoir Model and Hydraulic Fracture Model

In order to obtain wellbore pseudo-pressure of low-permeability composite reservoir
with multi-wing finite-conductivity fracture, combine Equations (23) and (26) to yield the
final expression of dimensionless bottom-hole pseudo-pressure.
At the surface of the ith fracture, the reservoir pseudo-pressure and rate should be
equal to those of the hydraulic fracture:

ξ 0fDi = ξ 0D1i (27)

qefD = qD (28)
Combining Equations (23) and (26), pseudo-pressure and rate at the surface of the ith
fracture satisfy Equations (27) and (28).
  √ q
 
 K0 2 + α2 − 2r α cos θ − θ
u rD + 
M LRfDi 

 D i 

ξ 0wD − ∑ qeDi (α, θi , u) √ q
  dα =
i =1 0  
a1 I0 u rD2 + α2 − 2r α cos θ − θ 

 D i

 (29)

2π  R LfDi Rr Rα 
rDi 0 qeD dα − 0 D 0 qeD dαdrD
CfDi

However, the right-side portion of Equation (29) is only Fredholm integral equation.
Because the rate of fracture is uneven during constant production, it is more difficult for us
to solve wellbore pseudo-pressure of finite-conductivity fractures directly. We can divide
fractures into N segments and assume that rate of each segment is equal (as is shown
in Figure 4).
Energies 2023,16,
Energies2023, 16,2954
x FOR PEER REVIEW 99 of 19
19

rDi , j

O rwDi , j

Figure 4.
Figure 4. Schematic
Schematic of
of discretization
discretization of
of the
the hydraulic
hydraulicfracture.
fracture.

According the study

According to the studyofofthe
theCinco-Ley
Cinco-Ley[10],
[10], Equation
Equation (29)(29)
cancan be rewritten
be rewritten by
by dis-
discretizing single-wing
cretizing single-wing fracture
fracture as as follows.
follows.

qeDi,j (α, θi , s)× qDi , j (α ,θ i , s ) ×  

( )
 
M N r  
 q K 0 ε 0 rwDm,k + α − 2rwDm,kα cos (θ m − θi ) +  dα


 Di , j +1

2 2

R +1 ξ0wD −K
 
  2 
  
M N rDi,j
  
2
 rwDm,k + α − 2rwDm,k α cos θm − +

1 j =1ε 0  θi
( )
i =0
ξ 0wD − ∑ ∑ r
 dα
k + α − 2 rwDm, k α cos (θ m − θ i )
Di , j

  a1 ⋅ I 0 ε 0 rwDm, 2 2

    (30)
  a · I N ε r2 2 + α2k −− 
i =1 j=1 rDi,j    q
  
−
  
 π 1 0 0 wDm,k ΔrDv 1 2rwDm,k α cos  θ m θ i

(30)
 rmDv ,k  qDv , k ΔrDv − qDv , k −  qDv , j ( k − j ) ΔrD2v  
 
=

" CfDi  k =1 8 j =1  #
π N k −1
1 ≤ v ≤ M ,1 ≤ k∆r
2
∑ qe ∆r − ≤8Dv N
qeDv,k − ∑ qeDv,j (k − j)∆rDv 2
 
= r
CfDi mDv,k k=1 Dv,k Dv j =1
Although we can only get M × N linear algebraic equations by Equation (30), M × N
≤ v unknown.
+ 1 is1still ≤ M, 1 ≤ k ≤ N
Therefore, if we want to get wellbore of bi-zone composite low-per-
meability reservoirs, a linear algebraic equation must be given. We can rewrite Equation
Although
(25) as can only get M × N linear algebraic equations by Equation (30), M × N + 1
weequation:
following
is still unknown. Therefore, if we want toM get N
wellbore of bi-zone composite low-permeability
reservoirs, a linear algebraic equation  must  beq fD i Δ rDi = 1 s
given. We can rewrite Equation (25) as (31)
fol-
lowing equation: i =1 j =1

M N
∑ low-permeability
solve wellbore of bi-zone composite
∑ fDi × NDi +=1 1/s
Combining Equations (30) and (31),qeM ∆r linear algebraic equations, which(31)
reservoirs, are gotten.
can
i =1 j =1
When M = 2, the asymmetry factor is defined by using the length of the 2 wings.
Combining Equations (30) and (31), M × N + 1 linear algebraic equations, which can
L − Lf2 reservoirs, are gotten.
solve wellbore of bi-zone composite low-permeability
When M = 2, the asymmetry factor is β defined
= f1 by (32)
L + L using the length of the 2 wings. f1 f2

Combining Duhamel’s principleβ and | Lf1 − Lf2 |

= pseudo-pressure drop superposition principle
(32)
L
used in well-test analysis, wellbore pseudo-pressure
f1 + L f2 is obtained considering skin effect
and wellbore storage.
Combining Duhamel’s principle and pseudo-pressure drop superposition principle
used in well-test analysis, wellbore pseudo-pressure sξ0wD +isSobtained considering skin effect and
wellbore storage. ψ wD = (33)
s + CD s 2 ( sξ0wD + S )
sξ 0wD + S
ψwD = (33)
Finally, wellbore pseudo-pressure of multi-wing,
s + CD s2 (sξ 0wD + formed
S) by refracturing old hydrau-
lic fracture, is obtained for bi-zone composite low-permeability reservoirs considering
Finally, wellbore pseudo-pressure of multi-wing, formed by refracturing old hy-
stress sensitivity.
draulic fracture, is obtained for bi-zone composite low-permeability reservoirs considering
The dimensionless wellbore flow rate equation for the constant pseudo-pressure pro-
stress sensitivity.
duction
Thein low-permeability
dimensionless gas reservoirs
wellbore can be determined
flow rate equation by thepseudo-pressure
for the constant relationship between
pro-
the dimensionless pseudo-pressure and the rate in the Laplace domain
duction in low-permeability gas reservoirs can be determined by the relationship [37]: between
the dimensionless pseudo-pressure and the rate 1
in the Laplace domain [37]:
qD = (34)
s12 pwD
qD = (34)
s2 pwD
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 19
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 10 of 19

4. Mathematical Model Solution

4. Mathematical Model Solution
Stehfest numerical
Stehfest numerical inversion
inversion is is used
used to to obtain
obtain the the pressure
pressure and and rate
rate ofof the
the real-time
real-time
domain [38].
domain [38]. In
In this
this section,
section, our
our main
main purpose
purpose is is to
to compare
compare the the solution
solution obtained
obtained in in our
our
simple model with the commercial well-test simulator. The
simple model with the commercial well-test simulator. The model without consideration of model without consideration
of stress
stress sensitivity
sensitivity in this
in this article
article can can be simply
be simply asymmetry
asymmetry finite-conductivity
finite-conductivity hydraulic
hydraulic frac-
fracture and finite-conductivity symmetry hydraulic fracture
ture and finite-conductivity symmetry hydraulic fracture with bi-zone composite reservoir with bi-zone composite res-
ervoir separately [39,40]. Martirosyan, A.V. and Ilyushin, Y.V.
separately [39,40]. Martirosyan, A.V. and Ilyushin, Y.V. presented the laboratory instal- presented the laboratory in-
stallation
lation andand mathematical
mathematical modelmodel by changing
by changing the temperature
the temperature fieldfield
due due
to the to similitude
the simili-
tude of the mathematical apparatus and the hydrodynamic
of the mathematical apparatus and the hydrodynamic processes behavior [41]. Ahmadi processes behavior [41]. Ah-
madi et al. selected low-permeability carbonate plugs and
et al. selected low-permeability carbonate plugs and applied nanoparticles in the porous applied nanoparticles in the
porous media [42,43]. If M = 2, L f1 = L f2 = 40, θ 1 = 0, θ2◦= 180° in our
media [42,43]. If M = 2, Lf1 = Lf2 = 40, θ 1 = 0, θ 2 = 180 in our model, it can be simplified as model, it can be simpli-
afied as a conventional
conventional finite-conductivity
finite-conductivity symmetrysymmetry
hydraulichydraulic
fracture with fracture with the
the bi-zone bi-zone
composite
compositeTo
reservoir. reservoir.
verify the Tocredibility
verify theofcredibility
the modelofpresented
the model in presented
this article,inwe this article, we
compared it
compared
with it with thewell-test
the commercial commercial well-test
simulator. If simulator.
M = 2, Lf1 = If 20,
M =Lf22, =Lf160,
= 20, Lf20,=θ60,
θ1 = = θ 1 = ◦0,
180 , θ
and2 =
2
M180°, η 12 =M112in= our
12 =and η12 =model,
1 in our wemodel,
can again we verify
can again verify the of
the correction correction
our solutionof our by solution
comparing by
comparing it with Wang’s model calculated
it with Wang’s model calculated by the asymmetry factor. by the asymmetry factor.
If our model
If model can can be
besimplified,
simplified,it itcan canbebe usedused to simulate
to simulate a conventional
a conventional finite-con-
finite-
ductivity symmetry
conductivity symmetry hydraulic
hydraulicfracture
fracturewithwith
a bi-zone
a bi-zone composite
composite reservoir. We can
reservoir. Weuse cana
commercial
use a commercial well-test simulator
well-test to validate
simulator our our
to validate model.model.Figure
Figure5 shows
5 showsthatthatthethe
results
results of
our
of model
our model arearecomparable
comparabletotothose thoseofofcommercial
commercialwell-test
well-testsimulators
simulators for for bi-linear
bi-linear flow,
linear flow,
linear flow,andandradial
radialflow
flowwells.
wells.The Thecomparisons
comparisonsininFigure Figure5 show
5 show that
that thethe results
results cal-
calcu-
lated
culatedfromfromourourmodelmodelareare
consistent
consistent with those
with thoseobtained
obtained fromfromthethecommercial
commercial simulator,
simula-
confirming
tor, confirming the credibility of the
the credibility ofmodel
the model presented
presentedin thisin article.
this article.

102
ψwcD
ψwcD'tD
101
ψwD&ψwD'tD

100

10-1

10-2
Model presented in this paper
Saphir
10-3
10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
tD

Figure 5. Model
Figure 5. Model verification
verification with
with aa commercial
commercial well
well test.
test.

In addition, we
In addition, wecan
canverify
verify our
our model
model andand solutions
solutions by comparison
by comparison with Wang’s
with Wang’ s model
model mentioned above. Wang studied the pseudo-pressure dynamic characteristics
mentioned above. Wang studied the pseudo-pressure dynamic characteristics of asym-
of asymmetric hydraulic fracture by the means that well deviate from the center of the
metric hydraulic fracture by the means that well deviate from the center of the hydraulic
hydraulic fracture. If the angle between the hydraulic fracture and the x-axis is 180◦
fracture. If the angle between the hydraulic fracture and the x-axis is 180° and another
and another angle between the hydraulic fracture and the x-axis is 0◦ , and the length of
angle between the hydraulic fracture and the x-axis is 0°, and the length of 2 hydraulic
2 hydraulic fractures is not equal in our model, the result of the model presented in this
fractures is not equal in our model, the result of the model presented in this article should
article should be the same as Wang’s model. It is important to confirm the accuracy of our
be the same as Wang’s model. It is important to confirm the accuracy of our model under
model under conductivity since the conductivity of the hydraulic fracture has a significant
conductivity since the conductivity of the hydraulic fracture has a significant impact on
impact on the dimensionless pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure derivative during the
the dimensionless pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure derivative during the early
early stages. Figure 6 shows that the results obtained in this article, under conductivity
stages. Figure 6 shows that the results obtained in this article, under conductivity 1 and
1 and 10, are consistent with that of Wang’s model, which can verify the accuracy of our
10, are consistent with that of Wang’s model, which can verify the accuracy of our model
model again.
again.
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 o
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 11 of 19

101
β=0.5

100
ψwD&ψ 'wD·tD

10-1 Model presented here (CfD=10)

Model presented here (CfD=1)
Wang' model (2013) (CfD=10)
Wang' model (2013) (CfD=1)
10-2
10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
tD

Figure 6. Model verification with Wang’s model.

Figure 6. Model verification with Wang’s model.
5. Results and Discussion
5. Results and
In order Discussion
to study the flow regimes of low-permeability bi-zone composite reservoirs
moreIngraphically, type curves
order to study of pseudo-pressure
the flow response and production
regimes of low-permeability rate perfor- reservo
bi-zone composite
mance are illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. According to the dimensionless pseudo-pressure-
more graphically, type curves of pseudo-pressure response and production rate per
derivate characteristic, pseudo-pressure response curves of low-permeability bi-zone com-
mance
posite
are illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. According to the dimensionless pseudo-pressu
reservoirs considering stress sensitivity are divided into sex flow periods. It is
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 o
derivate
noted thatcharacteristic, pseudo-pressure
the red line presents response
the pseudo-pressure curves
response curve of low-permeability
of bi-zone composite bi-zo
composite reservoirs
reservoirs without considering
considering stress sensitivity are divided into sex flow periods. I
stress sensitivity.
noted that the red line presents the pseudo-pressure response curve of bi-zone compo
102
reservoirs without considering stress sensitivity.
γ=0
Period Ⅰ is the
γ=0.01 well storage and skin effect stage that occurred during the early peri
both10dimensionless
1 γ=0.02 pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure-derivative curves coincide a
γ=0.03
show as unit-slope straight lines during pure well storage. CurvesⅥof production rate a
derivative coincide and exhibit a −1-slope line during Ⅴ pure well storage.
ψwD&ψ 'wD·tD

0
Period Ⅱ is the bi-linear flow stage corresponding
10 Ⅳ to simultaneous linear flow in b
hydraulic fractures and reservoirs. The pseudo-pressure-derivative curve exhibits a qu
ter-slope
10-1
line in an ideal condition. The production rate curve decreases, and the deri
tive curve is shown as a level straight Ⅲ 1/2 line whose value corresponds to conductivity.
Period Ⅲ is the early Ⅱ linear flow stage, in which the pseudo-pressure derivative cu
10-2 with Ⅰ
appears a half-slope. During this period, the fluid flow mainly appears as a lin
1
flow perpendicular to1/4
the hydraulics fracture surfaces. The production rate curve ke
decreasing,
10-3 and the derivative curve also decreases compared with the bi-linear fl
-7 -6
stage. 10 10 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
tD
Period Ⅳ is the radial flow stage of the inner region. The pseudo-pressure wave d
not propagate
Figure
Figure 7. Transient
7. Transient to the inner boundary.
pseudo-pressure
pseudo-pressure response The
for fluid
for bi-zone
response flow mainly
low-permeability
bi-zone appears
reservoirs.
low-permeability as a radial fl
reservoirs.
around the whole MWF system during this stage. The pseudo-pressure derivative cu
Period I is the well storage and skin effect stage that occurred during the early period;
behaves 3 as a 0.5-value horizontal line. Compared with the linear flow stage, the prod
both10dimensionless pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure-derivative curves coincide γ=0 and
tion
showrate derivative
as unit-slope curvelines
straight drops significantly.
during pure well storage. Curves of production rate and
γ=0.01
Period
2 ⅤⅠis the transition flow stage between the inner region and outer region.
derivative
10 coincide and
Ⅱexhibit a −1-slope line during pure well storage. γ=0.02
Period Ⅵ is the radial flow stage Ⅲ of the outer region. The γ=0.03
pseudo-pressure wave pr
agates
101 to the inner boundary. The fluid of the outer region flow mainly appears as a rad
flow around the whole MWFs system during Ⅳ this stage. Owing to different M12 value
qwD&q 'wD·tD

the inner
100
and outer region, the pseudo-pressure derivative curve behaves as a 0.5 M
value horizontal line without consideration of stress sensitivity. Ⅴ If stress sensitivity is c
sidered,
-1 pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure derivative curves manifest Ⅵ as a line
10
 Ⅱ
10-2 Ⅰ
1 1/4
-3
10
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Energies 2023, 16, 2954
tD 12 of 19

Figure 7. Transient pseudo-pressure response for bi-zone low-permeability reservoirs.

103
γ=0
γ=0.01
Ⅰ
102 γ=0.02
Ⅱ
γ=0.03
Ⅲ
101

qwD&q 'wD·tD
Ⅳ
0
10
Ⅴ
Ⅵ
10-1

10-2

10-3
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
tD

Transientproduction
Figure8.8.Transient
Figure production rate
rate curves
curves for
for bi-zone
bi-zone low-permeability
low-permeability reservoirs.
reservoirs.

Period II production
Transient is the bi-linear flow stage
rate curves corresponding
influenced to simultaneous
by the fracture number and linear flow in
dimension-
both hydraulic fractures and reservoirs. The pseudo-pressure-derivative curve
less hydraulic fracture conductivity are shown in Figures 9 and 10. Fluid flowing into the exhibits
a quarter-slope
wellbore throughline in an ideal
hydraulic condition.
fractures resultsThe
in aproduction rate curve
pseudo-pressure loss, decreases, and the
which is reflected
derivative curve is shown as a level straight line whose value corresponds
by hydraulic fracture conductivity. Due to the tiny pseudo-pressure drop loss and shortto conductivity.
Period
duration III is the flow
of bi-linear earlycaused
linear flow stage,
by large in which thethe
conductivity, pseudo-pressure derivative
transient production ratecurve
and
appears with a half-slope. During this period, the fluid flow mainly appears
derivate curves diminish as the conductivity increases (as shown in Figure 9). More as a linear
frac-
flow can
tures perpendicular to the hydraulics
both boost output when therefracture surfaces.
is constant The production
pseudo-pressure rate curve
and decrease keeps
pseudo-
decreasing, and the derivative curve also decreases compared with the bi-linear flow stage.
pressure loss when fluid is flowing into the wellbore from the reservoir. Figure 10 shows
Period IV is the radial flow stage of the inner region. The pseudo-pressure wave does
that fracture number only affects early- and intermediate-time transient production rate
not propagate to the inner boundary. The fluid flow mainly appears as a radial flow around
and derivate curves. The higher the fracture number is, the larger the transient production
the whole MWF system during this stage. The pseudo-pressure derivative curve behaves
rate and derivate curves are during the early and intermediate time (as shown in Figure
as a 0.5-value horizontal line. Compared with the linear flow stage, the production rate
10).
derivative curve drops significantly.
Period V is the transition flow stage between the inner region and outer region.
Period VI is the radial flow stage of the outer region. The pseudo-pressure wave
propagates to the inner boundary. The fluid of the outer region flow mainly appears as
a radial flow around the whole MWFs system during this stage. Owing to different M12
values of the inner and outer region, the pseudo-pressure derivative curve behaves as a
0.5 M12 -value horizontal line without consideration of stress sensitivity. If stress sensitivity
is considered, pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure derivative curves manifest as a line
upward trend. Stress sensitivity has little influence on the production rate derivative curve,
but large stress sensitivity can lead to a small production rate curve in the log–log plot.
Transient production rate curves influenced by the fracture number and dimensionless
hydraulic fracture conductivity are shown in Figures 9 and 10. Fluid flowing into the
wellbore through hydraulic fractures results in a pseudo-pressure loss, which is reflected
by hydraulic fracture conductivity. Due to the tiny pseudo-pressure drop loss and short
duration of bi-linear flow caused by large conductivity, the transient production rate and
derivate curves diminish as the conductivity increases (as shown in Figure 9). More
fractures can both boost output when there is constant pseudo-pressure and decrease
pseudo-pressure loss when fluid is flowing into the wellbore from the reservoir. Figure 10
shows that fracture number only affects early- and intermediate-time transient production
rate and derivate curves. The higher the fracture number is, the larger the transient
production rate and derivate curves are during the early and intermediate time (as shown
in Figure 10).
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 o
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 o
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 13 of 19

103
CfD=5
103 CfD==510
C
102 fD
CfD==10
C 20
fD
102
CfD=20
101

·t'wD·tD
101
wD D
qwD'&q 100

100
qwD&q

10-1

10-1
10-2

10-2
10-3
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
10-3 tD
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
tD
Figure 9. Transient production rate curves affected by dimensionless hydraulic fracture conduc
ity. 9. Transient
Figure 9.
Figure Transient production rate rate
production curves affected
curves by dimensionless
affected hydraulic fracture
by dimensionless conductivity.
hydraulic fracture conduc
ity.
103
M=2
103 M=4
M=2
102 M=6
M=4
102 M=6
101
wD DwD D
·t' ·t

101
100
qwD'&q

100
qwD&q

10-1
10-1
10-2
10-2 M=2 M=4 M=6
10-3
10-7 10 -6 M=2
10 -5
10 -4
M=4
10 -3
10 -2
M=6
10 -1
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
10-3 tD
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Figure 10. Transient production rate curves affectedtDby fracture number.
Figure 10. Transient production rate curves affected by fracture number.
FigureFigures
10. Transient
11 and 12 production rate curves
describe transient affected by
production ratefracture number.by the mobility
curves affected
Figures 11 and 12 describe transient production
ratio (inner region to the outer region) and inner radius. The mobility rate curves
ratioaffected
representsbythethe mobi
ratio (inner
reservoir
Figuresandregion andto
fluid’s
11 12the
physical outer region)
property
describe andproduction
difference
transient inner radius.
between the The
rate inner mobility
andaffected
curves outerratiobyrepresents
regions.
the mobi
reservoir
When the and fluid’s
mobility ratiophysical
is greaterproperty
than 1, itdifference
indicates between
that the the
mobility
ratio (inner region to the outer region) and inner radius. The mobility ratio represents inner
of the and
innerouter
is regio
better than
When the and that
mobilityof the outer
ratio and vice
is greater versa. A smaller
than 1,difference mobility
it indicatesbetween ratio can
that the the lead
mobility to increasing
reservoir fluid’s physical property innerofand theouter
inner regio
is be
transient production rate curves during the radial flow stage of the outer region (as shown
than that
When of
the11). the outer
mobility ratioand vice versa.
is greater thanA1,smaller mobility
itonindicates that ratio can leadoftothe
the mobility increasing
inner is be tr
in Figure The inner radius has an influence not only the duration of the inner radial
sient
than production
flow that of the
but also rate
the outer
transientcurves
and during
vice versa.
production the
rate radial
Acurves
smaller flow stage
mobility
of the of the outer
ratio flow.
outer radial can lead region (as
to increasing
A small inner showntr
Figure
sient
radius 11).
productionThe inner
correspondsrate radius
to a curves has an influence
duringofthe
short duration radial
inner on
radialflownot only
flow stage
and small the
of theduration of the
outerproduction
transient inner
region (as shown rad
flow but
rate curves
Figure also
11). (as
The the
shown transient
inner Figureproduction
inradius 12). rate curves
has an influence on not ofonly
the outer radial flow.
the duration of theA inner
smallrad
in
radius
flow corresponds
but to a short
also the transient duration of
production inner
rate radial
curves flowouter
of the and small
radialtransient product
flow. A small in
rate curves (as shown in Figure 12).
radius corresponds to a short duration of inner radial flow and small transient product
rate curves (as shown in Figure 12).
Energies
Energies 2023,
2023, 16,
16, x
x FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 14
14 of
of 11
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 14 of 19

3
10
103 Μ
Μ12=
=0.5
0.5
12
Μ12=
Μ =22
2 12
10
102 Μ =
Μ12
12
=44

1
10
101
wD DD
&q''wD·t·t
0
10
100
&q
wD
qqwD

-1
10
10-1

-2
10
10-2

-3
10
10-3 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10
10-7 10
10-6 10
10-5 10
10-4 10
10-3 10
10-2 10
10-1 10
100 10
101 10
102 10
103 10
104 10
105 10
106
ttD
D

Figure
Figure 11.
Figure 11. Transient
11. Transient production
Transientproduction
productionraterate curves
curves
rate affected
affected
curves by
by mobility
by mobility
affected ratio. ratio.
mobility ratio.

3
10
103 rrmD= =10
10
mD
rrmD==40
40
2 mD
10
102 rrmD==80
80
mD

1
10
101
wD DD
&q''wD ·t·t

0
10
100
&q
wD
qqwD

-1
10
10-1

-2
10
10-2

-3
10
10-3 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10
10-7 10
10-6 10
10-5 10
10-4 10
10-3 10
10-2 10
10-1 10
100 10
101 10
102 10
103 10
104 10
105 10
106
ttD
D

Figure 12. Transient

Figure production raterate
curves affected by inner radius.
Figure 12.
12. Transient
Transient production
production rate curves
curves affected
affected by
by inner
inner radius.
radius.
Figures 13 and 14 describe transient production rate curves affected by the fracture
Figures
Figuresand
distribution 13
13 and
and 14
14 describe
asymmetry factor.transient
describe transient
It is obvious production
production rate
rate curves
that the effects curves affected
affected
of fracture by
by the
the fractur
distribution fractur
distribution
distribution
appear duringand and asymmetry
the asymmetry factor. It
factor.stages.
bi-linear and linear is obvious
It is obvious that the
that the
When fracture effects
effects
clusters of fracture distributio
of fractureatdistributio
are distributed an
appear
appear during
even angle (Model
during the
the3 bi-linear and
in Figure 13),
bi-linear andthelinear
contact
linear stages. When
When fracture
area between
stages. clusters
the reservoir
fracture are
and the
clusters distributed
arefracture is
distributed at
at a
a
even
fully angle (Model
utilized, which 3 in Figure
contributes 13),
to an the contact
increase in area between
production rate the
while
even angle (Model 3 in Figure 13), the contact area between the reservoir and the fractur reservoir and
pseudo-pressure theis fractur
iskept
is constant.
fully
fully Smaller
utilized,
utilized, which
whichtransient production
contributes
contributes to
to an rateincrease
an curves during
increase in the early stage
in production
production rateare
rate correlated
while
while pseudo-pres
pseudo-pres
with
sure is a more
is kept even fracture
kept constant. distribution
constant. Smaller
Smaller transient (i.e., from
transient productionModel 1
production rateto Model 3
rate curves in Figure
curves during 13)
during the (as shown
the early
early stage
stage ar
ar
sure
in Figure 13). It is obvious that effects of fracture cluster asymmetry factor appear during
correlated
correlated with
with a more even fracture distribution (i.e., from Model 1 to Model 3 in Figur
the bi-linear andalinear
morestages.
even fracture
The larger distribution
the fracture (i.e.,
clusterfrom Model 1factor
asymmetry to Model
leads 3toin Figur
13)
smaller transient production rate curves during the bi-linear and linear stages (as shown facto
13) (as
(as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 13).
13). It
It is
is obvious
obvious that
that effects
effects of
of fracture
fracture cluster
cluster asymmetry
asymmetry facto
appear
appear
in Figure during
during the bi-linear and linear stages. The larger the fracture
14). the bi-linear and linear stages. The larger the fracture cluster asymmetr cluster asymmetr
factor
factor leads
leads to
to smaller
smaller transient
transient production
production rate
rate curves
curves during
during the
the bi-linear
bi-linear and
and linea
linea
stages (as shown in Figure 14).
stages (as shown in Figure 14).
Energies
Energies2023,
2023,16,
16,x2954
FOR PEER REVIEW 1515ofof19
19

103
Model1
Model2
102 Model3

101
·t D
wD D
&q 'wD
100
wD
qwD

10-1

10-2

Model1 Model2 Model3

10-3
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
tD

Figure13.
Figure Transientproduction
13.Transient productionrate
ratecurves
curvesaffected
affectedby
byfracture
fracturedistribution.
distribution.

103
β=0.75
β=0.50
102 β=0

101
·t D
wD D
&q 'wD

100
wD
qwD

10-1

10-2

β=0.75 β=0.50 β=0

10-3
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
tD

Figure14.
Figure Transientproduction
14.Transient productionrate
ratecurves
curvesaffected
affectedby
byasymmetry
asymmetryfactor.
factor.

6.6.Conclusions
Conclusions
In this paper, the semi-analytical solution of a finite-conductivity acid fracturing
In this paper, the semi-analytical solution of a finite-conductivity acid fracturing
stimulated well formed during refracturing measurement is presented in lateral infinite for
stimulated well formed during refracturing measurement is presented in lateral infinite
bi-zonal reservoirs. This paper considers the influence of stress sensitivity. Dimensionless
for bi-zonal reservoirs. This paper considers the influence of stress sensitivity. Dimension-
pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure derivative curves under constant production and
less pseudo-pressure and pseudo-pressure derivative curves under constant production
transient production rate and derivative curves under constant pseudo-pressure are drawn
and transient production rate and derivative curves under constant pseudo-pressure are
in a log–log plot. Based on the work presented in this paper, the following conclusions
drawn in a log–log plot. Based on the work presented in this paper, the following conclu-
are obtained.
sions are obtained.
(1) Complicated
(1) Complicatedfractures
fracturesaround
aroundthe thewellbore
wellboreduring
duringrefracturing
refracturingmeasurement
measurementcan canbe
be
modeled using a modified multiple fractures model. Based on the theory of point func-
modeled using a modified multiple fractures model. Based on the theory of point
tion, when stress sensitivity is considered, the result of the multiple fractures model
function, when stress sensitivity is considered, the result of the multiple fractures
describing complicated fractures can be solved analytically in the Laplace domain.
model describing complicated fractures can be solved analytically in the Laplace do-
(2) We compared the simplified model obtained from this paper with the result calculated
main.
by Wang for asymmetry fracture without stress sensitivity and the result calculated by
(2) We compared the simplified model obtained from this paper with the result calcu-
the commercial well-test simulator for symmetric fracture of bi-zonal composite reser-
lated by Wang for asymmetry fracture without stress sensitivity and the result calcu-
voirs without stress sensitivity, respectively. The results showed excellent agreement.
lated by the commercial well-test simulator for symmetric fracture of bi-zonal
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 16 of 19

(3) The log–log typical curves can be generated using a solution of this model, which
mainly includes the bi-linear flow stage (quarter-slope portion), followed by the linear
flow stage (quarter-slope portion), then the radial flow stage of the stimulated region
(0.5 value) and radial flow stage of the un-stimulated region (0.5 M12 value, without
stress sensitivity).
(4) The model illustrated how the transient production rate curves are influenced by
reservoir and hydraulic fracture parameters. Reasonable fracture distribution can
effectively decrease the pseudo-pressure loss of the early stage, and the more uneven
the fracture distribution along the angle is, the lower the pseudo-pressure curve is;
the smaller asymmetric factor leads to larger pseudo-pressure loss and the unobvious
bi-linear characteristic.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.L. and W.T.; investigation, X.T.; data curation, W.T.;
writing—original draft preparation, L.L.; writing—review and editing, J.S. and X.T. All authors have
read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: This study did not report any data.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

C Wellbore storage coefficient, Pa/m3

S Skin factor, dimensionless
t Production time, s
kf Hydraulic fracture permeability, m2
k1 Permeability of inner region, m2
k2 Permeability of outer region, m2
ke Original reservoir permeability, m2
γ permeability modulus, Pa−1
Wf Width of hydraulic fracture, m
ψe Original reservoir pseudo-pressure, Pa
ψ1 Pseudo-pressure of inner region, Pa
ψw Wellbore pseudo-pressure, Pa
ψ2 Pseudo-pressure of un-stimulated region, Pa
ψf Pseudo-pressure of hydraulic fracture, Pa
µ Gas viscosity, Pa.s
Ct Total compressibility, Pa−1
ε Tiny variable, dimensionless
ψ0D Zero-order perturbation deformation function
φ Reservoir porosity, dimensionless
Lref Reference length, m;
Lf Length of wing, m
ξ 0D1 Zero-order perturbation deformation function of inner region
ξ 0Df Zero-order perturbation deformation function of hydraulic fracture
θ Angle between the fracture and the horizontal axis, degree
rm Radius of inner region, m
x, y, z Directional coordinates, m
ψ0D1 Zero-order perturbation deformation function of inner region
ξ 0DF Zero-order perturbation deformation function of hydraulic fracture
θ Angle between the fracture and the horizontal axis, degree
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 17 of 19

rm Radius of inner region, m

xw , yw x- and y-coordinates of line source, m
M Hydraulic fractures number, integer
N Grid number of hydraulic fractures dispersed, integer
qe Strength of continuous line source, m2 /s
qef Strength of continuous fracture line source, m2 /s
qf Production rate of hydraulic fractures, m3 /s
qsc Production rate, m3 /s
M12 Mobility ratio of inner and outer region,
η12 Diffusivity ratio of inner and outer region, fraction
β Asymmetry factor, dimensionless
∆r Grid spacing,
ri,j Node i-th hydraulic fractures is the j-th grid
rmi,j Middle node i-th hydraulic fractures is the j-th grid
Kv ( x ) The second kind modified Bessel function
Iv ( x ) The first kind modified Bessel function
s Laplace variables
Subscripts
D Dimensionless
1 Inner region
2 Outer region,
e Initial state
i ith hydraulic fractures
j jth grid
sc Standard state
w Wellbore
f Hydraulic fractures
Superscripts
− Variables in the Laplace domain
0 Derivative

Appendix A

Table A1. Definitions of Dimensionless Variables.

Variables Dimensionless Definition Variables Dimensionless Definition

Dimensionless pseudo-pressure of πk1 hTsc z
ψ1D = (ψe − ψ1 ) Dimensionless z-coordinate zD =
inner region psc Tqsc Lref
Dimensionless pseudo-pressure of πk1 hTsc Dimensionless radius of re
outer region ψ2D = (ψe − ψ2 ) boundary reD =
psc Tqsc Lref
Dimensionless hydraulic fracture πk1 hTsc Dimensionless hydraulic fracture kf Wf
pseudo-pressure ψf D = (ψe − ψf ) conductivity CfD =
psc Tqsc k 1 Lf
Dimensionless production time k1 t Dimensionless length of wing LfD =
Lf
tD = Lref
φµCt1 L2ref
r Dimensionless continuous Lref qef
Dimensionless distance rD = qefD =
Lref production qsc
Dimensionless radius of rm k1 /µ1
rmD = Permeability ratio M12 =
inner region Lref k2 /µ2
x µ1 φ1 Ct1 /k1
Dimensionless x-coordinate xD = Diffusivity ratio η12 =
Lref µ2 φ2 Ct2 /k2
y Dimensionless stress-sensitivity psc Tqsc
Dimensionless y-coordinate yD = γD = γ
Lref coefficient πk1 hTsc
Energies 2023, 16, 2954 18 of 19

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