RWS REVIEWER

Lesson 1: Techniques to Establish Connections in Text

Discourse refers to a continuous speech of language larger than a string of words
called sentence.
A. Using Signal Words or Phrases
⁃ also called connectives
⁃ 6 types of signal words according to Alan Robinson.
1. Go Signals - connect sentences of the same importance.
2.Sequence Signals- show time sequence and other in a text.
3.Caution Signals - tell you that the succeeding idea is important.
4. Turn Signals - opposing the initially established idea.
5.Stop Signals - next idea is very important
6.Relationship Signals - relationship of time, space, cause and effect, degree and
condition.
B. Highlighting Context Clues
⁃ are hints surrounding the unfamiliar word.
TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
1. Formal Definition
2. Familiar Words
3. Comparison- one thing or person as similar to or like another
4. Contrast - difference between things having similar
5. Antonyms - words that have opposite meanings
6. Synonyms - word that has the same meaning as another word
7. Summary
C. Making Generalizations
⁃ is a specific kind of conclusions.
Valid Generalizations - supported by facts Invalid Generalizations- not supported
by facts
D.Inferring
-most effective way
-a reading skill that makes use of suggestions to gather information and create
opinion based on emerging facts.

Lesson 2: WRITING PROCESS

Writing Process
⁃ translate ideas into written text
⁃ 6 steps by Lori Jamison in 2009
1. PRE-WRITING - most difficult one to do.
Step 1: Clearing your Thoughts and Gathering
Information
Step 2: Narrowing the Subject
Step 3: Determining your Purpose
Step 4: Analyzing the Audience
2.ORGANIZING
⁃ giving structure to the first draft that you will be writing.
⁃ you are to create an outline
⁃ outline is the skeleton of the text.
FOUR COMPONENTS OF OUTLINE
1. Parallelism - use the same patterns like word category or part of speech in the
beginning of each line.
2. Coordination - significance of Heading 1 should be equal to that of Heading 2
and so on.
3. Subordination - the information in the headings ( general) while those in the
sub headings, (specific).
4. Division - If you decide to subdivide a particular aspect of your outline,
dividing a heading into 2 parts or more.
TYPES OF OUTLINE
1. The Topic Outline - made of phrases or clauses.
2. The Sentence Outline - requires each part ends with a period.
PATTERS OF OUTLINE
1. The Alphanumeric Pattern - also known as the number-letter sequence
pattern, uses Roman and Arabic characters.
2. The Decimal Pattern - uses decimal notation to show how levels of
outline are related to one another.
3. WRITING THE DRAFT - to write the first draft by following the outline you have
drafted.
4.REVISING - to check which parts of your draft need more explaining and which ones
require deletion.
5.EDITING - to check the grammar and punctuation in your output.
6. FINAL DRAFT WRITING - to consider all the changes that are identified in your
output.

Lesson 3: Pattern of Development

A. Paragraph by Narration
⁃ it tells a story
⁃ has a theme rather than a topic
B. Paragraph by Description
⁃ using words to paint a picture.
⁃ makes use of senses in order for what is being talked about.
C. Paragraph by Definition
⁃ explains a term or subject
⁃ 3 diff ways: Synonyms, Class, and Negation.
D. Paragraph by Exemplification
⁃ using specific and concrete illustrations to prove the claims or
statements made.
E. Paragraph by Classification
⁃ separates the things, items, or ideas through categories.
F. Paragraph by Comparison and Contrast
⁃ two things or persons of the same class are involved.
G. Paragraph by Cause and Effect
⁃ shows the relations of one behavior or action to others.
H. Paragraph by Process
⁃ explains the step-by-step process as to why and/or how something is
done or has occurred.
1. Paragraph by Persuasion
⁃ convince someone that your opinion on a subject is the right one.
METHODS OF PERSUASION
Facts - a statement of what it is.
Referring to Authority - an expert who can be relied on to give unbiased facts and
information.
Examples - relate to the argument
Predicting the consequence - helps the reader visualize
Answering the opposition - answering possible critics

LESSON 4-5: Properties of a well-written Text

1. ORGANIZATION -means that the parts are put together and are properly connected.
2. COHERENCE AND COHESION - they hold together it's underlying elements and
meanings.
• Coherence is the systematic connection between or among elements of a
text.
• Cohesion is sticking together the parts of the paragraph by discussing
the main idea.
• 1. Order - how the elements of the text are sequenced. Chronological,
Logical, Spatial
• a. Chronological Order - arranged on time th basis of time
• b. Logical Order - arranged by virtue of their importance.
• C. Spatial Order - arranged on the basis of space, location. direction,
and position.
3. LANGUAGE
1. Colloquial English - spoken by people in a casual talk.
2. Informal English - commonly used by educated people.
3. Formal English - also called "tuxedo /evening gown language"
4. MECHANICS
1. Spelling - proofread for correct spelling.
2. Punctuations - correct use of punctuation marks.
3. Subject-verb agreement - rules on the subject-verb agreement.
4. Parts of Speech - use parts of speech accordingly.

LESSON 6: Unique Features of Requirements in Composing Texts that are Useful across
Disciplines.
A. BOOK REVIEW
1. Descriptive Review - It gives the essential information about a
book.
2. Critical Review - It describes and evaluates the book
• Review of the Characters
• Theme
• Plot
• Style
• Setting
B. LITERATURE REVIEW
⁃ is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current
knowledge
⁃ it identifies and describes and summarizes the state of knowledge about
the topic.
C. RESEARCH REPORT
⁃ technical results to the broader scientific community.
3 main components:
1. The overall idea,
2. The execution of the work, and
3. the presentation of the work.
Structure and Approach Scientific research must begin with a defined research
question, which results in a well-designed research protocol that plans the overall
approach.

Lesson 7: Unique Features of Requirements in Composing Texts that are Useful across
Disciplines.
D. PROJECT PROPOSAL (Statement of Work)
A technical proposal is persuasive document
Its objectives are to:
1. Identity what work is to be done;
2. Explain why this work needs to be done; and
3. Persuade the reader
E. POSITION PAPER
⁃ to generate support on an issue.
⁃ is based on facts that provide a solid foundation for your argument.
⁃ intro,body,conclusion
• Use evidence to support your position,
• Validate your position
• Examine the strengths and weaknesses of your position
• Evaluate possible solutions and suggest courses of action.