Instrumentation and Acquisition of

Biosignals

Instrumentação e Aquisição de
Biosinais (IAB)

Projects
Prof. João Sanches (IST-ISR), Prof. Luís Rosário (FM-AIDFM),
Prof. Hugo Silva (IST-IT) and MSc Afonso Raposo (IST-IT)
(jmrs@[Link], Ext: 2195; hsilva@[Link], Ext: 2469)
Department of Bioengineering
InsGtuto Superior Técnico / University of Lisbon

4th year, 2nd Semester, 3rd Quarter (ECTS: 6.0)

2021/2022

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 1

Projects
• Electrocardiography (ECG)
• Standing Jump Height Es2ma2on
• Quantification of Common Forms of
• Digital Stethoscope Tremor

• Fa2gue Resistance Test Based on Grip • Photoplethysmography (PPG)

Strength Pulse oximetry

• Hand Grip for Cardiovascular Autonomic • SURFARM urban sustainability

Assessment
• Electromyography (EMG)
• Es2ma2on of Peripheral Vascular Resistance Muscle Fatigue
using a Miniature Piezoelectric Sensor
• Impedance Plethysmography (IPG)

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 2

Standing Jump Height Es7ma7on
• Objec&ves • References
– The goal of this project is to implement a system to – Gavin L. Moir. Three Different Methods of
characterize the jump dynamics in high performance
athletes, in par8cular compute the air 8me and Calcula&ng Ver&cal Jump Height from Force
es8mate the height using low-cost and easily, PlaEorm Data in Men and Women.
deployable sensors in out-of-the-lab environment Measurement in Physical Educa&on and
– While other approaches may be considered for Exercise Science, 12(4), pp. 207-218, 2008.
compara8ve purposes, the main focus of this project – Amador García-Ramos, Igor Š&rn, Paulino
is to use an 3D accelerometer to measure, quan8fy
and characterize the jump dynamics. Padial , Javier Argüelles-Cienfuegos, Blanca
– An experimental protocol to illustrate the concept De la Fuente, Vojko Strojnik and Belén
should be designed and tests with a small number of Feriche. Predic&ng Ver&cal Jump Height from
subjects should be performed. Bar Velocity. ournal of Sports Science and
– Numerical scores should be proposed to quan8fy and Medicine, 14, pp. 256-262, 2015.
benchmark the behavior of the proposed system – Christopher J. Sole. Analysis of
compara8vely to a reference system. Countermovement Ver&cal Jump Force-Time
– A final opera8onal prototype should be prepared for Curve Phase Characteris&cs in Athletes.
a demo session.
Electronic Theses and Disserta&ons, 2015.
– A final report containing the soGware and hardware
details as well as the physiological/biomedical – Susana Palma, Hugo Plácido da Silva, Hugo
underlying basic knowledge that supports the system Gamboa, and Pedro Mil-Homens. Standing
should be delivered. Jump Loa Time Measurement - An
Accelera&on based Method. Proc. of the Int’l
Conf. on Biomedical Electronics and Devices
(BIOSIGNALS), pp. 28-31, 2008.

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 3

 (PCG) which is a plot of high fidelity recording of the heart sound (figure 3a).
V. CONCLUSIONS
matic representation of the digital stethoscope circuit.
A normal cardiac cycle is compound by two principal sounds – S1 and S2.
R7=R10=R11=R12=R14=33k Structural abnormalities
; C1=3.3 F; R2=2.2kin ;heart valves F;
C2=C7=0.1 are characterized
C3=C4=22nF;R7=56k by heart , murmurs, being more easily
The blood reaches the heart through the atriums and, hereinafter, fills the relaxed right ventricles

Digital Stethoscope
detected by
1mF , R13=20k .OA1 and OA2 e TL082 a sound analysis
am rather than an
lied i h +9 ECG. But
and -9V.
(diastole).
does
In orderOA3
PCG provide better
is athe fluid from going
to prevent
results than any
backward, the ventricles contract moving some
upplied with +9 andother
-[Link]
LM386 cantechnique? For the
be supplied withtime
5 (asbeing, the answer
represented
blood in the
towards theis [Link],
circuit)
atria But conversely
consequently, closingtothethe commonly
atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid)
valves. The first and second components of S1 occur when the ventricles contract and when the
itional circuits created by the resistors R15, R9, C5 and C9 are
used imaging techniques (as MRI), heart auscultation,auxiliary, developed in
namely digital heart auscultation, is low-
atrioventricular valves close, respectively. Next, the semilunar valves open allowing the movement
ce the low frequencies in case of necessity
cost, non-invasive, (Bass
portable, Boost
does notcircuit).
requireThe ofcircuit
electromagnetic
blood from is the
divided into the arteries
radiation
ventricles and it is simple
(systole). to acquire.
The third and fourth components of S1 are
ks according to their functions.
Furthermore, as it is a portable biomedical device,
thought to be associated with oscillations and turbulence of the blood flow ascending the arteries.
it semilunar
allowsvalvesthe close,
delivery of health care
When the they generate the S2 sound. Thein places
right ventricle takes longer to
where there are no hospitals, and consequently, squeezeno complex
the blood machines
into the pulmonary arteryrequired for imaging
than the left ventricle. Consequently, there is a
physiologic splitting of S2 int two different components - A2 (aortic valve) and P2 (pulmonary
techniques. According to WHO [10], overvalve). three-
A2 precedes P2 by a few milliseconds. The time interval between A2 and P2 provides
quarters of CVDs deaths take place in low- andrelevant middle- information concerning heart activity [3].

income countries where medical imaging equipment is In some situations, it is also possible to listen to a third and a fourth heart sound, S3 and S4,
respectively, and some valvular clicks and snaps. S3 corresponds to the ventricular rapid-filling
not available. Consequently, digital stethoscopes phase andareS4 corresponds to atrial contractions. In a normal adult patient, no other sounds must
auspicious for telemedicine applications, appearing be capturedas apart from the referred S1 to S2 (and in some cases S3) sounds. However, some
cardiovascular diseases generate heart murmurs that consist of high-frequency noise-like sounds.
a great strategy to fight cardiovascular diseases. Specific murmurs can be associated with specific heart diseases, facilitating the diagnosis.
There are already electronic stethoscopes available
The schematic representation of the genesis of heart sounds is presented in figure 3b.

in the market with configurable filters [11]. Filter Figure 13 - Electronic stethoscope with
properties can be changed in order to select and listen mobile phone.
to specific sounds. Figure 13 illustrates a state-of-the-art Source: [Link]
electronic stethoscope that establishes a connection ication/279966845
with a mobile phone, enabling the visualization of the
HS, namely S1 and S2.s
It is beyond the program of this course to analyse and process the acquired signals, but this
project
Figure could be
6 Hardware of continued by performing an analysis of the acquired signals and developing a
the digital stethoscope.
software capable of detecting typical diseases associated with heart murmurs, which are already
described in the literature.
(a) (b)
[1] C. T. Chao, N. Maneetien, and C. J. Wang, “On theFigure construction
3 – (a) Three-channel ofsimultaneous
an electronic stethoscope
record of the PCG, with
ECG, and carotid pulse real-time
signals of a normal male
adult. (b) Schematic representation of the genesis of heart sounds. Only the left portion of the heart is
heart sound To de-noising
conclude, feature,”
we would2012like 35th [Link]
to refer [Link] Telecommun.
present
illustrated Signal
project
as it is the major Process.
allowed
source of the usTSP
heart sounds. 2012 practical
- Proc.,
tocorresponding
The gain pp.right521–
events in the portion also
contribute to the sounds. The atria do not directly contribute much to the heart sounds.
knowledge
524, 2012. in circuit engineering and face the real challenges of building
Source: Biomedical Signal Analysis, R. Rangaraj, IEEE.
a biomedical device
from scratch. It is different to know theoretically
[2] L. J. Nowak and K. M. Nowak, “Sound differences between how circuits work than
electronic and working
acousticpractically
stethoscopes,” with Biomed.
them.
Eng. Online, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2018. In a normal adult, S1 takes longer than S2. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a normal PCG
demonstrates that its main frequency components are in the range of 50-250 Hz, closer to the
[3] S. Debbal, “Spectral analysis of the PCG signals,” Internet J. Bioeng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2012.

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 4

Fa#gue Resistance Test
Based on Grip Strength
• Objec&ves • References
– The goal of this project is to implement – Bautmans I, Mets T. A fa&gue resistance test
a system to evaluate fa7gue and frailty for elderly persons based on grip strength:
reliability and comparison with healthy
in elderly people based on the grip young subjects. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 17(3),
strength curve. pp. 217-222, 2005.
– The main focus of this project is to use – De Dobbeleer L, Theou O, Beyer I, Jones GR,
a pressure sensor to measure, quan7fy Jakobi JM, Bautmans I. Mar&n Vigorimeter
and characterize the hand grip force. assesses muscle fa&gability in older adults
beger than the Jamar Dynamometer.. Exp
– An experimental protocol to illustrate Gerontol., 111, pp. 65-70, 2018.
the concept should be designed and – Bautmans I, Onyema O, Van Puyvelde K,
tests with a small number of subjects Pleck S, Mets T. Grip work es&ma&on during
should be performed. sustained maximal contrac&on: validity and
– Numerical scores should be proposed rela&onship with dependency and
to quan7fy and benchmark the inflamma&on in elderly persons. J Nutr
Health Aging., 15(8), pp. 731-736, 2011.
behavior of the proposed system. – Dobbeleer L, Beyer I, Hansen A, Molbo D,
– A final opera7onal prototype should Mortensen E, Lund R, Bautmans I. Grip Work
be prepared for a demo session. Measurement with the Jamar
– A final report containing the soDware Dynamometer: Valida&on of a Simple
Equa&on for Clinical Use. The journal of
and hardware details as well as the nutri&on, health & aging, 23, pp. 221–224,
physiological/biomedical underlying 2019.
basic knowledge that supports the
system should be delivered.

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 5

Hand Grip for Cardiovascular
Autonomic Assessment
• Objec&ves • References
– The goal of this project is to implement the Ewing – Andrew Stranieri, Jemal Abawajy, Andrei Kelarev,
test for clinical assessment of cardiac autonomic Shamsul Huda, Morshed Chowdhury, and Herbert F.
neuropathy. Jelinek. An approach for Ewing test selec8on to
support the clinical assessment of cardiac autonomic
– An experimental protocol to illustrate the concept neuropathy . Ar8ficial Intelligence in Medicine, 58(3),
should be designed and tests with a small number of pp. 185-93, 2013.
subjects should be performed. – Kun Lin, Liling Wei, Zhihua Huang, and Qiong Zeng.
Combina8on of Ewing test, heart rate variability, and
– A final opera8onal prototype should be prepared. heart rate turbulence analysis for early diagnosis of
diabe8c cardiac autonomic neuropathy . Medicine,
96(45):e8296, 2017.
– A final report containing the soGware and hardware
details as well as the physiological/biomedical
underlying basic knowledge that supports the system
should be delivered.

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 6

Electrocardiography (ECG)
Objec&ves

• The electrocardiogram is the trace or set of traces that represent the References
electrical acDvity of the heart. • Ethan Levine, Electrocardiography, Medscape, 2015

• Cardiology Teaching Package, Practice Learning

• The goal of this project is to implement a system to non-invasively Resources, University of Nottingham.
record and analyze remotely the ECG of healthy subjects. • Types of Arrhythmia, NHLBI, 2011.

• An experimental protocol to illustrate the system working should be • Asif Ahamed, Kamrul Hasan and Shahabul Alam, Design
and Implementation of Low Cost ECG Monitoring System
designed and tests with a small number of subjects should be for the Patient Using Smartphone, 1st International
performed to validate it. Conference on Electrical & Electronic Engineering (ICEEE),
04-06 November 2015, RUET, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

• An algorithm should be proposed to compute in real Dme the

parameters that characterize the QRS complex and to detect
common dysfuncDons such as certain types of arrhythmias.

• A final operaDonal prototype should be prepared to a demo session.

A final report containing the soSware and hardware details as well as
the physiological/biomedical underlying basic knowledge that
supports the system.

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 7

 Quan#fica#on of Common
Forms of Tremor • References
– Andreas Puschmann andCHARACTERIZATION
Zbigniew K. Wszolek,
AND DETECTION OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES Diagnosis and
Mariana Ferreira Ramos

Treatment of Common Forms BASED of ONTremor,

ACTIGRAPHY DATA
Semin Neurol. 2011
• Objec&ves Feb; 31(1): 65–77.
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Mater in Physics Engineering, presented at Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra,
in collaboration with Institute for Systems and Robotics and Hospital Santa Maria in Lisbon under the supervision of Prof. Dr. João Miguel Sanches, Drª. Carla Bentes and Prof. Dr. Custódio Loureiro.

March, 2016

– Giuliana Grimaldi and Mario Manto, Neurological Tremor:

– The goal of this project is to implement a system to characterize Sensors, Signal Processing and Emerging Applica8ons,
common and pathological form of tremors. “Tremor is the most Sensors 2010, 10, 1399-1422; doi:10.3390/s100201399.
common movement disorder presen8ng to an outpa8ent neurology – Dr. Simi Paknikar | Medically Reviewed by The Medindia
prac8ce and is defined as a rhythmical, involuntary oscillatory Medical Review Team on Feb 06, 2017, Hand Tremor -
Symptom Evalua8on.
movement of a body part (…) Tremor at rest is typical for Parkinson’s
disease, but may arise independently of a dopaminergic deficit.” – Darién Miranda, Marco Calderón and Jesus Favela, Anxiety
detec8on using wearable monitoring, Proceeding MexIHC
[Puschmann 2011]. '14 Proceedings of the 5th Mexican Conference on Human-
Computer Interac8on, Pages 34, Oaxaca, Mexico, November
– The goal of this project is to use an 3D accelerometer to measure, 03 - 05, 2014.
quan8fy and characterize tremors under control/protocoled – Duane A. Lundervold, Patrick A. Ament, and Peter Holt,
Social Anxiety, Tremor Severity, and Tremor Disability: A
condi8ons. Search for Clinically Relevant Measures, Psychiatry Journal,
Volume 2013 (2013), Ar8cle ID 257459, 5 pages
– An experimental protocol to illustrate the concept should be hrp://[Link]/10.1155/2013/257459
designed and tests with a small number of subjects should be – Mariana Ramos, CHARACTERIZATION AND DETECTION OF
performed. EPILEPTIC SEIZURES BASED ON ACTIGRAPHY DATA, Master
Thesis, 2016.
– Adriano O. Andrade et al., Human Tremor: Origins,
– A numerical scores should be proposed to quan8fy and characterize Detec&on and Quan&fica&on, Prac&cal Applica&ons in
common forms of tremor in healthy subjects, e.g. under stress and Biomedical Engineering, ISBN 978-953-51-0924-2,
anxiety condi8ons, or in pathological condi8ons such as in pa8ents Published: January 9, 2013 under CC BY 3.0 license.
with Parkinson disease.

– A final opera8onal prototype should be prepared to a demo session.

A final report containing the soGware and hardware details as well
as the physiological/biomedical underlying basic knowledge that
supports the system.
IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 8
 spectra for HbO2 and Hb. Figure 1 shows the extinction coef-
thereby increasing the peripheral arterial blood volume.
ficients – the specific absorption constants – of HbO2 and Hb
The maximal and minimal values of the PPG pulse reflect
as a function of wavelength in the visible and near-infrared

Photoplethysmography (PPG)
regions. The extinction coefficient of each type of hemoglo-
bin is defined as the absorption constant of the hemoglobin End diastole
in a sample, divided by the hemoglobin concentration in the

Light transmission
Systole
sample. The hemoglobin in blood includes HbO2 of extinc-
AC
tion coefficient O and Hb of extinction coefficient D, and the
total extinction coefficient in the arterial blood, , is related DC

Pulse Oximetry
to its SaO2 by:

O
SaO2 D
(1 – SaO2), (2)
Time
so that light-absorption measurements can provide assess- Figure 2 The photoplethysmography signal.
ment of SaO2. Note: DC denotes the pulse baseline and AC the pulse amplitude.

• Objectives • 232
References
submit your manuscript | [Link]

Dovepress
Medical Devices: Evidence and Research 2014:7

– Meir Nitzan, Ayal Romem and Robert Koppel, Pulse

– The goal of this project is to implement a system to oximetry: fundamentals and technology update, Medical
Devices: Evidence and Research 2014:7 231–239.
acquire PPG/Pulse oximeter information for
measuring perfusion of blood and indirectly the – Geert Langereis, Photoplethysmography (PPG) system,
heart rate to quantify the activity of the Version 2, February 2010.
Autonomous Nervous System (ANS) and estimate – Photoplethysmography - (IR Heart Rate Monitor) by
the respiration function. SteveQuinn in arduino
– Ar8cle Explains Importance of Heart Rate Variability for
Your Health,, January 26, 2015.
– An experimental protocol to illustrate the concept
should be designed and tests with a small number – Toshiyo Tamura 1,*, Yuka Maeda 2, Masaki Sekine 1 and
Masaki Yoshida, Wearable Photoplethysmographic
of subjects should be performed.
Sensors—Past and Present,

– A numerical real time score should be proposed to

quantify sympathetic activation aiming at assessing
and comparing different emotional states in healthy
subjects, such as attention, drowsiness, stress,
fatigue and exhaustion.

– A final operational prototype should be prepared to

a demo session. A final report containing the
software and hardware details as well as the
physiological/biomedical underlying basic
knowledge that supports the system.

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 9

 SURFARM
Urban sustainnability
• Objec&ves
• a modular 3D structure that uses
hydroponic technique, which allows the
producDon of fresh vegetables not using
land or addiDves due to a development
under nutriDous soluDons in a closed
circuit

Our)solu<on)is)a)
Light) modular)3D)structure)
that)uses)hydroponic)
Water)and) technique,)which)allows)
Plant)Pot) Nutrients)
the)produc<on)of)fresh)
Obtain)Assorted) vegetables)not)using)
Vegetables)
land)or)addi<ves)due)to)
Electric)Power)
a)development)under)
nutri<ous)solu<ons)in)a)
closed)circuit)

Cork)Structure)
$$$$$$72)vegetables/unit/year)
)

6.480)L/water)conven<onal)produc<on)
)

Automa<c)System) $$$$216$L/water)by)our)solu<on)95%$
APP)Info) )

starts)at)185)euros))
IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 10
 Electromyography (EMG)
Muscle Fatigue
• Objectives • References
– Mohamed R. Al-Mulla, Francisco Sepulveda and Mar8n Colley,
A Review of Non-Invasive Techniques to Detect and Predict
– The goal of this project is to implement a system Localised Muscle Fa8gue, Sensors 2011, 11(4), 3545-3594;
to acquire electromyography signals and doi:10.3390/s110403545
– Allman BL1, Rice CL, Neuromuscular fa8gue and aging: central
measuring neuromuscular activation. and peripheral factors, Muscle Nerve. 2002 Jun;25(6):785-96.
– Deanna H. Gates and Jonathan B. Dingwell, The Effects of
– An experimental protocol to illustrate the Neuromuscular Fa8gue on Task Performance During
Repe88ve Goal-Directed Movements, Exp Brain Res. 2008
system working should be designed and tests Jun; 187(4): 573–585.
with a small number of subjects should be – Inês Freitas and Ana Fred, Fa8gue detec8on in EMG signals,
performed. MSc Thesis.

– A numerical score should be proposed to

quantify neuromuscular fatigue aiming at
assessing and comparing different exercises
plans in healthy subjects or therapeutic
strategies in patients (e.g. in neuro-degenerative
diseases).

– A final operational prototype should be

prepared to a demo session. A final report
containing the software and hardware details as
well as the physiological/biomedical underlying
basic knowledge that supports the system.

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 11

 Non-invasive Impedance Plethysmography (IPG)
Respira(on/Circula(on
• References
• Objec&ves – C. Corciova, R. Ciorap, D. Zaharia and D. Matei, "On using impedance
– “impedance plethysmography (IPG), is a non-invasive plethysmography for esGmaGon of blood flow," 2011 IEEE InternaGonal
Symposium on Medical Measurements and ApplicaGons, Bari, 2011, pp.
medical test that measures small changes in electrical
84-87, doi: 10.1109/MeMeA.2011.5966672 (URL).
resistance of the chest or other regions of the body”
– C. Raja Rao,Sujoy K. Guha, Principles of Medical Electronics and
Biomedical InstrumentaGon, UniversiGes Press (URL).
– The goal of this project is to implement a system to – Jaakko Malmivuo & Robert Plonsey: BioelectromagneGsm - Principles and
acquire the respira8on signal using IPG (or the peripheral ApplicaGons of Bioelectric and BiomagneGc Fields, Oxford University
circula8on in the limbs). Press, New York, 1995 (URL) - Impedance Plethysmography
– J. M. Porter, I. D. Swain, and P. G. Shakespeare, Measurement of limb
blood flow by electrical impedance plethysmography, Ann R Coll Surg
– An experimental paradigm to illustrate the system
Engl. 1985 May; 67(3): 169–172 (URL).
working should be designed and tests with a small
number of subjects should be performed to validate it. – Jüri Vedru, ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE METHODS FOR THE MEASURE-
MENT OF STROKE VOLUME IN MAN: STATE OF ART
– A final opera8onal prototype should be prepared to a – JAN NYBOER, Electrical Impedance Plethysmography, A Physical and
Physiologic Approach to Peripheral Vascular Study, Circula8on, Volume
demo session. A final report containing the soGware and
II, December, 1950 (URL).
hardware details as well as the physiological/biomedical
underlying basic knowledge that supports the system. – R. L. Gaw, B. H. Cornish and B. J. Thomas, "The Electrical Impedance of
Pulsa8le Blood Flowing Through Rigid Tubes: A Theore8cal
Inves8ga8on," in IEEE Transac8ons on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 55,
no. 2, pp. 721-727, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2007.903531(URL).
– Wade D. Peterson, Phoenix Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitor
Project, Sub-project: Impedance Plethysmograph Sensor (URL).

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 12

Es;ma;on of Peripheral Vascular Resistance
using a Miniature Piezoelectric Sensor

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 13

 Past projects
• Electromyography (EMG)
• Photoplethysmography
• Electrocardiography (ECG)
• Gait Analysis
• Ionic conductance
• Enzyma;c reac;on

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 14

 Measurement protocols

Electromyography
The aim of this study is to observe muscle fatigue in the biceps brachii. This was performed by attaching
three surface electrodes which were connected to the rest of the system to the upper arm of the
subject. Two electrodes were placed close to each other at the beginning of the biceps muscle and the
third electrode was attached on the bone at the back of the elbow. This way the electrodes applied on
the muscle conducted the actual muscle signal whereas the third electrode was the reference or ground

Electromyography
electrode. This electrode configuration on the subject can be observed in Figure 6a.

System validation
To validate the measurement systems, first simple muscle contraction must be observed. To achieve this
the subject tensed the biceps brachii without any extra weights by lifting the forearm while making a fist
with fatigue
The measurement of muscle the hand and flexing the muscle. This exact set-up is shown in Figure 6a. The subject tensed
the muscle repetitively during three seconds, followed by 3 seconds of rest. This was repeated 3 times.

Linde Hesse ist188295

Sara Biller ist188559

Figure 6a Measurement without weights with Figure 6b Set-up with backpack on forearm applied
electrodes applied to the arm as weight

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022

Muscle fatigue 15
To be able to observe muscle fatigue, the measurement protocol had to be adapted. In this case it is
 Prof. João Sanches (IST) and Luís Rosário
Arduino(FMUL)
board (Fig. 11)
2nd Semester 2016-2017

PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY (PPG)
Figure 7. Initial configuration of the sensor.

This sensor presented several limitations that led to its substitution.

PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY lacked mechanical stability, since the position of the LEDs was changed
Figure 21. The montage of the circuit on the bread board (PPG)
and the output connection to Arduino board. Afterwards, a
green led was placed in order to blink everything fingertip
the heart ratewas placedabetween
was between them,
favorable range compromising
of values (60-100 Hz). their alignment and, ther
biosignal acquisition. The analog signal had a greater amplitude and a mor
waveform if the two LEDs were compressed against the fingertip during the ac
PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHYThe (PPG)
data from the analog input However,
was sent this compression
serially to the PC induced
and was other
plottedproblems,
using not only because it aff
the Arduino tool Serial Plotter. To guarantee alignmentthat of the
the LEDs, but alsosignal
same analog because
wasthe contact with the LEDs induced m
correctly
visualized in Arduino, the oscilloscope physiological
was used asartifacts
a control(namely
(Fig.12). due to the presence of another biosignal when
were compressed using the fingertips of the other hand). In addition, the need to
the LEDs would make the sensor user-dependent and unable accurate comparis
results obtained for different individuals. Finally, our group verified that the ana
obtained with this sensor was significantly affected by the interference of the 50
line. This artifact was intensified by the illumination of the laboratory, whose
also received by the LED.
Joana Carmona, nr.78743
[Link]@[Link]

Joana Carmona, nr.78743 Figure 12. TheSilva,

output signal from the analogic circuit seen in the oscilloscope
Ana Carolina nr.79093
[Link]@[Link]
[Link]@[Link]
Figure 13 shows the signal from the analog circuit, represented in blue, and the
output of the filtering step with a fourth order Butterworth low-pass filter with a cut-off
Ana Carolina Silva, nr.79093
frequency of 25Hz, represented in red. Even though the filtered signal had a lower
Figure 8. Oxytip sensor used in the final configuration of the system.
[Link]@[Link]
amplitude, almost all the noise associated with the power line (f=50 Hz) was successful
removed, which was Lisbon, June goal
the main 2017of its implementation.
IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 16
 Bioengineering
(ECG) is one of the most widely studied topics. The easy recording and visual
interpretation of the non-invasive electrocardiogram signal is a powerful way for
medical professionals to extract important information about the clinical condition of
their patients.

Electrocardiography (ECG)
The ECG is a measure of the electrical activity associated with the heart. It is
characterized by a time-variant cyclic occurrence of patterns with different frequency
content (QRS complexes, P, and T waves). The P wave corresponds to the contractionof
Integrated Master’s
and amplitude scales, in Biomedical
it was Engineering
possible to visualize the amplified and filtered biosignal.
the atria, the QRS complex to the contraction of the ventricles and the T wave to their
repolarization. Because the ventricles contain more muscle mass than the atria, the QRS
Although this signal is not perfect, we can easily distinguish the QRS complex, which
complex is more intensive than que P wave. The QRS wave is therefore the most
2nd Semester 2016/17
represents the most intense part of the signal; although it is still visible some of the
representative feature of the ECG. Furthermore, once the QRS complex has been
identified, other features of interest can be more easily detected.[1]
Figure
mentioned 50Hz noise, the most part of it was filtered with the10analog
– Schematic prototype
low-pass representation
filter of
the circuit.
Real Prototype

Electrocardiography (ECG) The actual board, with all the circuitry, is represented in Fig. 11. Because it is reaso
perceivable, the previous scheme was added for a better understanding.

Marc Golub, nº76084

Joana Moreira, nº79143
Fig. 1 – Heart chambers and tissues associated to electrical heart
activity. [2]

Fig. 2 – The origin of the different waves on the ECG.[3]

essors:
The aim of this project was to build a simple analog circuit capableof non-invasively
Sanches – IST recording the ECG of healthy subjects and analyze its output with aINSTRUMENTATION
micro-processor. AND SIGNAL ACQUISITION IN BIOENGINEERING
Rosário – FMUL For that, an experimental protocol was designed to illustrate the system
FINALworking
PROJECT and
some tests were performed in order to validate it. LISBON, PORTUGAL, JUNE 17, 2017

Portable Electrocardiograph (E
3

GONÇALO FRAZÃO1 & LUÍS RITA2

Figure 11 - Actual prototype aspect

1
78136, [Link]@[Link]

2
78680, [Link]@[Link]
nd rd
IAB, DBE/IST,
Fig. 16 – Oscilloscope screen displaying 2 Sem.,
the measured 3
signal. Qtr., 2021/2022 17
As a result of ageing population and a progressively greedy will of better healthcar
 Characteriza7on of Gait Analysis
• Mid-Swing: The thigh continues to advance as the knee begins to extend. Foot clearance is maintained
Pinto Joana (78358)
• Terminal
Saraiva AnaSwing: The leg reaches out to achieve step length.
(79613)

June 9, 2017

Figure 1: Phases of the gait cycle

To understand this periodic walking course better and easier, the gait phase must be used to describe an entire
walking period.[2]
The following information applies to walking gait phases. However, running gait is similar to walking gait in
that the same phases exist, though the percentages of time spent in each phase and stage of the phase differ
between the two. Running also has an additional “float phase.”[5]
With the development of sensor technology and the analysis method, gait analysis using wearable sensors is
expected to play an increasingly important role in clinical applications.[2]
Gait analysis has used different types of motion sensors and systems, such as the accelerometer, gyroscope, mag-
Figure 20: Personal Gait Signature obtained for Patient 1.
netoresistive sensors, flexible goniometer, electromagnetic tracking
Figure system (ETS),
7: Sensor sensing
mounted fabric,
on the bodyforce sensor,
during the gait analysis and the reference axis
and sensors for electromyography (EMG). Based on these sensors, a single type or a combined sensor system of
multiple types of sensors may be used for various IAB,
gait analysis
DBE/IST,applications.[2] The2021/2022
2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., specific intrumentation used 18
in this
riment 2 project is going to be further detailed in Section 2.
verificando-se que o sensor era fiável e funcional. Os valores das resistências,
no entanto variavam ligeiramente devido às capacidades limitadas do Arduino,
pois os valores de tensão medidos eram muito pequenos (1.7 V no output do

Ionic Conductance
amplificador para uma resistência de 20K Ohm). Também pode ser devido ao
funcionamento do amplificador não estar otimizado e o seu erro associado.
Nas medições da resistência da água começou por se medir a água
destilada que, segundo o multímetro, apresentava um valor perto dos 70K Ohm,
o que estava acima da gama de medições possíveis pelo nosso sensor. Após
adição de sal à agua destilada, a sua resistência iria diminuir o que foi verificado
pelo sensor. À medida que se adicionava mais sal, mais a sua resistência
diminuía o que corrobora o nosso teste e prova que o sensor estava operacional.

Figura 6. Sensor/aparelho devidamente ligado;

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd Qtr., 2021/2022 19

 250.0

RED GREEN BLUE

200.0

150.0
Enzyma7c reac7on
RGB number

100.0

50.0
t=1 a b t=2 a b t=3 a b

0.0
0 50 100 150
c 200
d 250 300 350 400
c 450 d500 c d
Time, min

Figure 12 – Variation of the RGB colour channels along the time of reaction

Example: Image acquisi,on and processing for the quan,fica,on of an enzyma,c reac,on.
250.0

blue channel RED GREEN BLUE

200.0

​ 250

​ 200 RGB number 150.0

​ 150
100.0
​ 100
z=160

​ 50
z=110
50.0
z=61 green
z=62 channel
z=22
z=25 ​ 50
z=21
red channel ​ 100 0.0

​ 150
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
​
50 ​ ​ 200 Time, min
100 ​
150 ​
​ ​ 250
200
250

IAB, DBE/IST, 2nd Sem., 3rd12

Figure Qtr., 2021/2022
– Variation of the RGB colour channels along the time of reaction 20