Grade 10 Science
TALAVERA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
What are electromagnetic waves?
How electromagnetic waves are formed?
How electric charges produce
electromagnetic waves?
Properties of electromagnetic waves?
Is it still possible for them to travel In a
medium?
How is vibration possible specifically in a
vacuum where no matter exist?
Also known as EM wave or radiant wave, how
fast?
Also known as EM wave or radiant wave
Do not need matter to transfer energy. Carry
energy from one place to another but unlike
other waves, electromagnetic waves DO NOT
CARRY ENERGY BY CAUSING MATTER TO
VIBRATE.
Yes, it does not need matter to transfer
energy.
By means of vibrating electric charges and
can travel through space by transferring
energy between vibrating electric and
magnetic fields.
Any moving electric charge is surrounded by an
electric field and a magnetic field.
A changing magnetic field creates a changing
electric field.
A changing magnetic field creates a changing
electric field.
Moves back and forth to create vibrations
A changing electric field causes vibration and
vice versa
One example of this is a transformer which
transfers electric energy from one circuit to
another circuit. How?
In the main coil changing electric current
produces a changing magnetic field
Then creates a changing electric field in
another coil producing an electric current
Nick Strobel's Astronomy Notes
[Link]
When an electric charge vibrates, the
electric field around it changes creating a
changing magnetic field.
The magnetic and electric fields create each
other again and again.
An EM wave travels in all directions. The
figure only shows a wave traveling in one
direction.
The electric and magnetic fields vibrate at
right angles to the direction the wave
travels so it is a transverse wave.
All matter contains charged particles that are
always moving; therefore, all objects emit EM
waves.
All matter contains charged particles that are
always moving; therefore, all objects emit EM
waves.
The wavelengths become shorter as the
temperature of the material increases.
All matter contains charged particles that are
always moving; therefore, all objects emit EM
waves.
The wavelengths become shorter as the
temperature of the material increases.
EM waves carry radiant energy.
All EM waves travel 300,000 km/sec in
space. (speed of light-nature’s limit!)=
speed of light
‘ Light from the sun travels 150 million
kilometers to earth in about 8 minutes’
Will the speed vary or it is the same in all
medium?
All EM waves travel Material Speed
300,000 km/sec in (km/s)
space. (speed of
Vacuum 300,000
light-nature’s limit!)
How will you describe Air <300,000
the behavior of EM
waves in varying Water 226,000
densities? Glass 200,000
Diamond 124,000
Wavelength= distance from crest to crest.
Wavelength= distance from crest to crest.
Frequency= number of wavelengths that pass
a given point in 1 s.
Wavelength= distance from crest to crest.
Frequency= number of wavelengths that pass
a given point in 1 s.
As frequency increases, wavelength
becomes….
Wavelength= distance from crest to crest.
Frequency= number of wavelengths that pass
a given point in 1 s.
As frequency increases, wavelength becomes
smaller.
What is the relationship of frequency and
wavelength? Inversely proportional or directly
proportional?
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that
shining light on a metal caused electrons to
be ejected.
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that
shining light on a metal caused electrons to
be ejected.
Whether or not electrons were ejected
depended upon frequency not the amplitude
of the light! Remember energy depends on
amplitude.
Years later, Albert Einstein explained Hertz’s
discovery: EM waves can behave as a particle
called a photon whose energy depends on the
frequency of the waves.
Electrons fired at
two slits actually
form an
interference pattern
similar to patterns
made by waves
Electrons fired at
two slits actually
form an
interference pattern
similar to patterns
made by waves
Electromagnetic Waves
How they are formed Kind of wave Sometimes behave as
Electromagnetic Waves
How they are formed Kind of wave Sometimes behave as
Waves made by Transverse with Waves or as
vibrating electric alternating electric
Particles (photons)
charges that can and magnetic fields
travel through space
where there is no
matter
1. They are produced by accelerated or
oscillating charge
2. They do not require any material or medium
for propagation
3. They travel in free space at the speed of
300000000 meters per second
4. They are known to be as transverse waves
Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequencies is called the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Frequencies is called the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Different parts interact with matter in
different ways.
Frequencies is called the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Different parts interact with matter in
different ways.
The ones humans can see are called visible
light, a small part of the whole spectrum.
Antennae of a radio detects radio waves.
Antennae of a radio detects radio waves.
Radio waves are low frequency EM waves with
wavelengths longer than 1mm.
Antennae of a radio detects radio waves.
Radio waves are low frequency EM waves with
wavelengths longer than 1mm.
These waves must be turned into sound
waves by a radio before you can hear them.
Microwaves are radio waves with wavelengths
less than 30 cm and higher frequency &
shorter wavelength.
Microwaves are radio waves with wavelengths
less than 30 cm and higher frequency &
shorter wavelength.
Cell phones and satellites use microwaves
between 1 cm & 20 cm for communication.
Microwaves are radio waves with
wavelengths less than 30 cm and higher
frequency & shorter wavelength.
Cell phones and satellites use microwaves
between 1 cm & 20 cm for communication.
In microwave ovens, a vibrating electric
field causes water molecules to rotate
billions of times per second causing
friction, creating TE which heats the food.
Radio Detecting And Ranging or radar is used
to find position and speed of objects by
bouncing radio waves off the object.
MRI was developed in the 1980s to use radio
waves to diagnose illnesses with a strong
magnet and a radio wave emitter and a
receiver. Protons in H atoms of the body act
like magnets lining up with the field. This
releases energy which the receiver detects
and creates a map of the body’s tissues.
EM with wavelengths between 1mm & 750
billionths of a meter.
Used daily in remote controls, to read CD-
ROMs
Every objects gives off infrared waves; hotter
objects give off more than cooler ones.
Satellites can ID types of plants growing in a
region with infrared detectors
Range of EM humans can see from 750
billionths to 00 billionths of a meter.
You see different wavelengths as colors.
◦ Blue has shortest
◦ Red is the longest
◦ Light looks white if all colors are present
In order of increasing frequency
and decreasing wavelength,
the EM spectrum consists of:
very long wave radio, used for
communication with
submarines; long, medium and
short wave radio (used for AM
broadcasting); FM radio,
television and radar; infra-red
(heat) radiation, which is
recorded in the Earth
photographs taken by survey
satellites; visible light;
ultraviolet light, which, while
invisible, stimulates
fluorescence in some
materials; x rays & gamma
rays used in medicine and
released in radioactive decay
EM waves with wavelengths from about 400
billionths to 10 billionths of a meter.
Have enough energy to enter skin cells
◦ Longer wavelengths – UVA
◦ Shorter wavelengths – UVB rays
◦ Both can cause skin cancer
Helps body make vitamin D for healthy bones
and teeth
Used to sterilize medical supplies & equip
Detectives use fluorescent powder (absorbs
UV & glows) to find fingerprints
20-50 km above
earth
Molecule of 3 O
atoms
Absorbs Sun’s
harmful UV rays
Ozone layer
decreasing due to
CFCs in AC,
refrigerators, &
cleaning fluids
And other life on Earth if the ozone layer is
destroyed?
EM waves with
shortest wavelength
& highest frequency
High Energy- go
through skin &
muscle
High level exposure
causes cancer
EM with The composite
wavelengths image shows the all
shorter than 10 sky gamma ray
trillionths of a background.
meter.
Highest energy, can
travel through
several centimeters
of lead.
Both can be used in
radiation therapy to
kill diseased cells.
A. Gamma rays are low frequency waves.
B. X rays are high-energy waves.
C. Gamma rays are used to treat diseases.
Less harm than X rays?
F
Fill in the
boxes with the
waves of the
EM spectrum.
Chp. 12 Section 3 Radio Communication
Radio stations
change sound to
EM waves & then
your radio receiver
changes the EM
waves back to
sound waves again.
Each station broadcasts at a certain frequency
which you tune in by choosing their
frequency.
Carrier wave- the frequency of the EM wave
that a station uses
Microphones convert sound waves to a
changing electric current or electronic signal
containing the words & music.
Microphones convert sound waves to a
changing electric current or electronic signal
containing the words & music.
The modified carrier wave vibrates electrons
in the station’s antennae creating a radio
wave that travels out in all directions at the
speed of light to your radio antennae.
The modified carrier wave vibrates electrons
in the station’s antennae creating a radio
wave that travels out in all directions at the
speed of light to your radio antennae.
The vibrating electrons produce a changing
electric current which your radio separates
the carrier wave from the signal to make the
speakers vibrate creating sound waves….
In AM amplitude changes but frequency does
not. AM frequencies range from 540,000 Hz
to 1,6000,000 Hz usually listed in kHz.
In FM radio stations transmit broadcast information
by changing the frequency of the carrier wave. The
strength of FM waves is always the same and is in
megahertz. Mega=million
Uses radio waves to send electronic signals in
a carrier wave.
Sound is sent by FM; color and brightness is
sent at the same time by AM signals.
Many TVs and computer monitors display
images on a CRT, a sealed vacuum tube in
which beams of electrons are produced.
Color TV produces 3 electron beams inside
the CRT which strike the inside of the screen
that is covered with more than 100,000
rectangular spots.
There are 3 types of spots, red, green and
blue. The electron beams move back and
forth across the screen.
The signal from the TV station controls how
bright each spot is. Three spots together can
form any color.
You see a full color image on the TV.
Sound waves→ microphone→ electric
signal→ radio waves→ transmitted to and
from microwave tower → receiver→ electric
signal → speaker→ sound wave
Mobile Phone BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station
Controller MSC Mobile services Switching Centre VLR Visitor
Location Register HLR Home Location Register
Cell phones and cordless telephones are
transceivers, device that transmits one signal
& receives another radio signal from a base
unit.
You can talk and listen at the same time
because the two signals are at different
frequencies.
A pager is a small radio receiver with a phone
number. A caller leaves a message at a
terminal with a call-back number.
At the terminal, the message is turned into an
electronic signal transmitted by radio waves.
Newer pagers can send and receive
messages.
Thousands of
satellites orbit Earth.
A radio or TV station
sends microwave
signals to the
satellite which
amplifies the signal
and sends it back to
a different place on
Earth. Satellite uses
dif freq to send &
receive.
GPS is a system of 24 satellites, ground
monitoring stations and portable receivers
that determine your exact location on Earth.
GPS receiver measures the time it takes for
radio waves to travel from 4 different
satellites to the receiver. The system is
owned and operated by the US Dept of
Defense, but the microwaves can be used by
anyone.
Section 3: Electromagnetic Wave Theory
