I. GAJEWSKA-SKRZYPCZAK B.

SAWICKA

Iwona GAJEWSKA-SKRZYPCZAK
Barbara SAWICKA

ENGLISH
FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ENGLISH FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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 Iwona GAJEWSKA-SKRZYPCZAK
Barbara SAWICKA

ENGLISH
FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Publisching House
of Poznan Uniwersity of Technology
of Poznan 2013

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 Reviewer
dr inż. KRZYSZTOF SROKA
dr Liliana SZCZUKA-DORNA

Cover design
MAREK DERBICH

Typesetting
WIESŁAWA BRZEZOWSKA

Drawings in Part I made by PRZEMYSŁAW SAWICKI

Photos in Part II taken by inż. HENRYK SZYMAŃSKI

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing
from the author

ISBN 978-83-7775-264-7

Edition I

Copyright © by Poznan University of Technology 2013

PUBLISHING HOUSE OF POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
phone +48 61 665 3516, fax +48 61 665 3583
e-mail: office_ed@[Link]
[Link]

Orders should be sent to:

Poznańska Księgarnia Akademicka
ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
phone +48 61 665 2324, fax +48 61 665 2326
e-mail: politechnik@[Link]
[Link]

Binding and duplication in Perfekt Druk

ul. Świerzawska 1 60-321 Poznań
phone +48 61 8611181-83

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 CONTENTS

Part I. Selected Topics in Electrical Engineering for English Language

Learning.......................................................................................... 7
Unit 1. The atom, conductors, semiconductors and insulators................ 9
Unit 2. Electric charge ........................................................................... 13
Unit 3. Electric circuit ............................................................................ 19
Unit 4. Potential difference .................................................................... 23
Unit 5. Resistance .................................................................................. 27
Unit 6. Ohm’s law .................................................................................. 31
Unit 7. Electrical power ......................................................................... 37
Unit 8. Protective devices ...................................................................... 41
Unit 9. Cells and batteries ...................................................................... 45
Unit 10. Magnetism................................................................................ 51
Unit 11. DC motor ................................................................................. 57
Unit 12. The generator ........................................................................... 63
Unit 13. Transformers ............................................................................ 69
Unit 14. Power transmission and distribution ........................................ 75
Additional exercises ............................................................................... 79
Key: part I .............................................................................................. 85
Bibliography: part I .............................................................................. 107
Part II. 3R Exercises – to Relax, to Remember, to Revise..................... 109
Unit 1. The atom, conductors, semiconductors and insulators............. 111
Unit 2. Electric charge ......................................................................... 117
Unit 3. Electric circuit .......................................................................... 121
Unit 4. Potential difference .................................................................. 125
Unit 5. Resistance ................................................................................ 131
Unit 6. Ohm’s law ................................................................................ 137
Unit 7. Electrical power ....................................................................... 143
Unit 8. Protective devices .................................................................... 149

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 4 Contents

Unit 9. Cells and batteries .................................................................... 153

Unit 10. Magnetism.............................................................................. 157
Unit 11. DC motor ............................................................................... 163
Unit 12. The generator ......................................................................... 169
Unit 13. Transformers .......................................................................... 173
Unit 14. Power transmission and distribution ...................................... 177
Additional exercises ............................................................................. 181
Key: part II ........................................................................................... 189
Bibliography: part II............................................................................. 213
Glossary ............................................................................................... 215

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 INTRODUCTION

English for Electrical Engineering is a technical course at A2/B1 level of

Common European Framework prepared for students of Technical Universities.
It aims at acquainting students with the basic vocabulary and language structures
necessary for communication for electrical and energy engineers. The book is
divided into two related parts which may be dealt with independently.
In part I texts are followed by numerous exercises enabling students to
practice their language skills. Part I includes optional listening – the texts labeled
with sign are accompanied by reading prepared by the lecturers of the Centre
of Languages and Communication at Poznan University of Technology. They
are available on the web page of CLC in the didactics section
[Link].
A wide variety of exercises in part II gives students an opportunity to revise
material from part I and to develop professional language. Their range
corresponds with the topics covered in part I and highlights the most significant
grammar problems indispensable for communication at the suggested level.
Group work exercises aim at encouraging students to work with people who
might express their own opinions as well as at developing communication skills.
The choice of the activities is intended to be dependent on the language level of
students and their interests and professional needs, as well as requirements.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to say THANK YOU to all who contributed to this course
book.
We would like to express our thanks to Liliana Szczuka-Dorna, Ph.D., for the
support offered during writing the course book.
We would like to express our gratitude to the reviewer Krzysztof Sroka,
Ph.D. Eng., for his constructive advice.
A special word of thanks goes to our colleague from Centre of Languages
and Communication at Poznan University of Technology, Barbara Tarko for her
proof-reading and many professional and friendly hints.
We are grateful to Henryk Szymanski, thanks to whom we could include
some photos taken in the laboratories of Poznan University of Technology and
to Przemysław Sawicki who is the author of all drawings in part I of this book.
And finally we would also like to thank all students of Electrical Engineering
Faculty at PUT who inspired us and made us write a book suitable for their
needs and requirements.

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 Barbara Sawicka

Part I

Selected Topics in Electrical Engineering

for English Language Learning

“We live at the level of our language.

Whatever we can articulate we can imagine or understand or explore”.
(Ellen Gilchrist)

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 UNIT 1. THE ATOM, CONDUCTORS, SEMICONDUCTORS
AND INSULATORS

I. Pre-reading
Check the meaning of the words below
and find three examples of chemical
elements, three examples of particles
and three examples of adjectives

balanced
charged
conductor
copper
current
electron Fig. 1.1. Bohr's model of an atom
germanium
helium
retain
hydrogen
semiconductor
insulator
shell
neutron
silver
nucleus
tightly
outermost
uncharged
particle
whereas
proton
wool
randomly

II. Reading

A. Read the text about the structure of an atom and the properties of
materials and then complete the blanks with the appropriate
sentences. There is one extra sentence you do not need to use

a. Coils are used to store energy in electromagnetic field.

b. Protons are positively charged particles, electrons are negatively
charged.
c. The last shell, the one which is outermost has one electron.
d. Therefore, they do not carry current so easily.
e. Typical examples of insulators are wood, glass and ceramic.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its
characteristics. It consists of a nucleus in the middle and electrons which

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 10 Part I

orbit around the nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. (1)
_________ . Hydrogen atom has 1 electron which orbits the nucleus. Helium
atom has two electrons. Normally an atom has an equal number of protons
and electrons and so the overall charge on a material is zero. We call such
atoms balanced atoms. However, when you rub the material with another
material some electrons may move from one material to the other and
consequently they become charged, e.g. when you rub a polyethylene rod
with wool, some electrons from wool move to the polyethylene rod and it
becomes negatively charged.
Some materials let the electrons pass through them easily, others prevent
the flow of charge. The former are called conductors, the latter are called
insulators.
Conductors are materials which make the flow of current possible. The
most popular conductor in electrical applications is copper. Copper atom has
29 electrons which orbit the nucleus in different orbits called shells. (2)
________. This electron is called the valence electron. Valence electrons can
become free electrons when they receive enough energy and free electrons
are necessary for the flow of current to take place.
Conductors are used to carry current, whereas insulators are used to
prevent current flow. Their electrons are tightly held to atoms and they have
very few free electrons. (3) ________.
Semiconductors have fewer free electrons than conductors but more than
insulators. (4) ________. But they are the basis for modern electronic
devices, for example the diode or integrated circuit. Silicon and germanium
are examples of semiconductors.

B. Read the sentences and decide if they are true or false and then
correct the false sentences

1. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the

characteristics of the element.
2. The electron is the basic particle of positive charge.
3. When electrons in the innermost shell of an atom (valence electrons)
break away, they become ions.
4. Free electrons make current possible.
5. Silver and copper are the best conductors.
6. Silicon and germanium are common insulating materials.
7. Insulators can carry current because they have very few free
electrons.

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 Unit 1. The atom, conductors, semiconductors and insulators 11

III. Vocabulary

A. Free electrons and ions. Fill in with the words from the table. There
are two extra words that you do not need to use

break atom ion shell gets energy current can

When an electron in the outer __________ of the copper atom

__________ enough energy from the surrounding media, it can __________
away from the parent atom and become a free electron. The free electrons in
the copper material __________ move from one atom to another in the
material. In other words, they drift randomly from atom to ___________
within the copper. The free electrons make electrical ___________ possible.
B. Definitions. Read the definitions and decide what they describe

1. The smallest particle of an element that retains its characteristics.

2. A positively charged particle.
3. The positively charged central part of an atom, composed of protons
and neutrons.
4. A substance that conducts heat, light, sound, or especially an electric
charge.
5. An electron in the outermost shell of an atom.
6. A substance that stops the flow of current, heat, light or sound.

C. Decide which word does not belong to the category and say why

1. copper, rubber, glass, polythene

2. proton, neutron, electron, insulator
3. randomly, loosely, tiny, poorly
4. silicon, woolen, silver, copper
5. rod, conduct, flow, let pass through
D. Antonyms. Match the words that have opposite meanings

carry current more

charged lose
fewer uncharged
former negative
less loosely
positive latter

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 12 Part I

randomly prevent current

retain more
tightly regularly

IV. Grammar: Let and Make

Analyze the examples in the table below and then complete the
sentences

What/ allow somebody/ to do something

Who something through them
Conductors allow the electrons to pass easily.
What/ let somebody/ do something
Who something through them
Conductors let the electrons pass easily.

1. Copper wires allow electrical current to …..

2. Water does not let light …..easily.
3. Optic fibers let electromagnetic waves ……
4. Modern technology allows ……. live more comfortable lives.
5. Computers allow ……communicate quickly.
6. Road signs let …….safely.
7. Microwave ovens allow ……..
8. Airplanes let …..
9. Helmets ……
10. Road sidewalks ……

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 UNIT 2. ELECTRIC CHARGE

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the words

below
B. Find and mark all the verbs
C. Find 2 words that you like (+)
and 2 words that you dislike (-)
and explain why
e.g. I don’t like ‘ash’ because you get
ash after you burn something. I associate
‘ash’ with ruin, damage or death.
as induction
appear ink
appliance leaf A Leyden jar. It is a device that "stores"
attach like charges static electricity between two electrodes
below measure on the inside and outside of a glass jar.
build up melt It was the original form of the capacitor.
coulomb inkjet printer It was invented independently by
droplet plate German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist
dust power plant on 11 October 1745 and by Dutch
scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek of
earth precipitator
Leiden (Leyden) in 1745-1746
electroscope prevent [Link]
enough principle File:Leyden_jar.png
flow away pull Retrieved 23 November, 2012
flowchart quantity
gold remove
ground sphere touch
induce through unit

II. Reading

A. Read the text below and decide if the sentences are true or false.
Correct the false ones
1. The extra electrons on the computer monitor make the electrons in
the particles of dust move away because like charges attract.

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 14 Part I

2. If enough charge is built up on the surface of an object, the charge

can flow through the air and cause an electric arc.
3. We can earth an object to cause an electric arc.
4. If a charged object is put near an uncharged object, it will cause
positive charge on the uncharged object.
5. We induce electric charge by touching an object with an electrically
charged object.
6. The unit of charge is Columb.

You have certainly noticed that your computer monitor gets dusty quicker
than other furniture in your room. This is because electric charge builds up on it
and attracts the particles of dust. But why is uncharged dust attracted to the
charged monitor? Well, when we use the computer, extra electrons on the
surface build up. Then these electrons make the electrons in the particles of dust
move away because like charges repel. As a result there are more positive
charges in the dust particles close to the monitor and as opposite charges attract,
the dust is attracted to the monitor.

Fig. 2.1. A charged monitor screen attracts uncharged particles of dust

Charges which ‘appear’ on the particles of dust are called induced charges
and the process is called electrostatic induction. Gold-leaf electroscope is an
instrument for detecting charge. Its principle of operation is based on the
phenomenon of electrostatic induction. This instrument has a gold-leaf which, if
the instrument is charged, moves away from the central rod it is attached to. The
instrument is charged by induction, which means ‘at a distance’ that is when the
charged body does not touch the instrument but only is put closely to it.

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 Unit 2. Electric charge 15

If enough charge builds up on an object, electrons may be pulled through the

air by another object causing an electric arc. This can sometimes be dangerous.
In order to prevent charge build-up many appliances are earthed, that is, they are
connected to the ground with a conductor to make the extra charge flow away to
the earth.
Other appliances that make use of forces between charges are photocopiers,
inkjet printers and precipitators which remove bits of ash from chimneys in
power plants and factories.
The SI unit of electric charge is coulomb. It is the quantity of electricity
transported in one second by a current of 1 ampere. Its symbol is C.

B. Read the text about an inkjet printer and analyze the diagram.
Then put the sentences in the correct order

Fig. 2.2. Inkjet printer operation

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 16 Part I

Inkjet printer operation

___ Positively charged droplets are attracted by the negatively charged bottom
plate. The droplets go downwards and hit the sheet below the first point.
___ Positively charged droplets are attracted by the negatively charged top
plate. The droplets go upwards and hit the sheet above the first point.
_1_ Positively charged ink droplets are shot between uncharged plates.
___ The charge on the plates is changed.
___ The top plate is positively charged, the bottom plate is negatively charged.
___ Then the plates are charged.
___ The droplets go straight and hit the sheet in the middle.
___ The top plate is negatively charged and the bottom plate is positively
charged.

III. Grammar

A. Analyze the picture and the flowchart which explains the operation
of a gold leaf electroscope and complete the description using
Passive Voice.

Passive Voice in Present Simple

Who/What Verbs: is, are, Past Participle Object

may be, can be,
should be, etc.
Dust is attracted to the monitor.
The instrument is charged.
The charged body is put closely to the
uncharged body.
Electrons may be pulled through the air
by another
object.
Many appliances are earthed.
are earthed
An electric arc can be avoided by earthing.

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 Unit 2. Electric charge 17

Gold-leaf electroscope operation

1. A Perspex rod __________ (rub) with a woolen cloth and positive charges
appear on it.

2. The positively charged rod _________ (bring) near the top plate of gold-leaf
electroscope.

3. The charge on the plate __________ (separate). The electrons move towards
the positively charged rod. As a result there are more positive charges on the
lower part of the rod.

4. Therefore the metal rod and the leaf __________ (charge) positively.

5. The leaf rises because positive charges on the leaf __________ (repel) by the
positive charges on the rod.

Fig. 2.3. Gold leaf electroscope operation

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 18 Part I

B. Revision of plural forms

1. Write the plural forms of the nouns below
e.g. 1 wife – 2 wives, 1 plate – 2 plates, 1 property – 2 properties
ash bit
can chimney
coulomb dust
gold image
ink leaf
sphere study
2. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the nouns in
brackets
a. Precipitators remove bits of _______ (ash) from the smoke.
b. Precipitators are filters which are installed in most factory
_______ (chimney).
c. An ______ (image) of the original picture was scanned and sent
by email.
d. Used aluminum beer ______ (can) should be segregated and
recycled.
e. Tom met his girlfriend during his _______ (study) at PUT.
f. The _______ (leaf) of this electroscope is made of gold.

IV. Vocabulary. Word search: There are nine words which are names of
devices or appliances hidden in the grid below. Try to find as many of
them as possible in 5 minutes. The words may be printed in any
direction
R P C H F S U D E B M Q K Z U
Y E C C N D K B P P P G B J H
O H T A H V G S O N E E R C S
W W B L P P R T C Y P U R E O
L N J Y I A L E S M R O O H Y
Z N Y P K F C I O M T N N Y I
K V E D H F C I R A I F J C G
M J M L J J P L T T E Z X O S
R U X Q A R H I C O S O S M I
Q Y M P I L P A E X R L V P H
Y A G N B I X N L T O N W U N
D Z T H C M C E E G J J A T V
O E I E P H O T O C O P I E R
R M R T X V C U G N Z M G R M
S P T O O R V P T K U P J A U

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 UNIT 3. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the following words below

B. Look through the words and mark
1. all the verbs (V) which describe actions
2. all electrical components (C)
C. Name the circuit components in Fig. 3.1

ammeter
bulb
cell
circuit
conducting
consist of
current
deliver
device
EMF
flow
gap
load
measure Fig. 3.1. A simple circuit
path
scientist
source
switch
terminal
wire

II. Reading

A. In each pair decide who will be student A and who will be student B,
then read the text “A Simple Circuit” and answer the questions
B. Next in pairs ask and answer the questions

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 20 Part I

A Simple Circuit
A simple circuit consists of the source of EMF (electromotive force),
a conducting path, a switch and a load. The source of EMF can be a cell.
A common word for a cell is a battery. A battery, in fact, is a set of cells.
A conducting path is usually a wire and a load is an electric component to which
power is delivered, for example, a light bulb. A switch is a device which is used
for closing or opening a circuit. If the circuit is closed, the electrons can flow from
the negative cell terminal to the positive cell terminal. If the circuit is open, there
is a gap in the wire and the electrons cannot flow.
Electrons flow from the negative cell terminal to the positive one. However,
the conventional current direction is from the positive terminal to the negative one.
This is because scientists defined the direction of current flow before they
discovered the electron. Mathematically, the processes are the same.
The flow of electrons in a circuit is called current. The SI unit of current is
ampere (A). One ampere is equal to a flow of one coulomb per second, or a flow
of 6.24 × 1018 electrons per second. Currents are measured with a measuring
device called an ammeter. In order to measure current we have to open the
circuit and connect the ammeter in the current path: The positive ammeter
terminal should be on the same side as the positive cell terminal and the negative
ammeter terminal should be on the same side as the negative cell terminal. This
is called a series connection.

Student A:
a. What does a switch do to a circuit?
b. What is another name for a battery?
c. What is the real direction of current flow?
d. What is 1 ampere?
e. How do you connect an ammeter to a circuit?
Student B:
a. What does a circuit consist of?
b. What is a load?
c. What is current?
d. What is the conventional direction of current flow?
e. What does an ammeter measure?

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 Unit 3. Electric circuit 21

III. Vocabulary: Do the crossword puzzle

Across
2. a path of wire
with an EMF source
and load
5. a device for
measuring current
6. a point at which
current enters or
leaves an electrical
device, such as a
battery or a circuit
7. a device used to
break or open an
electric circuit
Down
1. a device used for
producing light
2. a flow of
electrons in a circuit
3. an electric
component, e.g.
a bulb.
4. a tool, instrument
or machine
7. a person who has
expert knowledge of
one or more
sciences, especially
a natural or physical
science

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 22 Part I

IV. Grammar

A. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. Check with the
text if necessary
1. a conducting path / consists of / A simple circuit / the source of EMF /
a switch / and a load
2. is used for / A switch / a circuit / a device / which / closing or opening
/ is /
3. the positive one / Electrons / from / the negative / flow / battery
terminal / to
4. electrons / current / in / a circuit / The flow of / is called
5. The positive / should be / ammeter terminal / on the same side / the
positive / as
B. Simple Present Passive: Write the correct form of the verbs in
brackets
1. If the circuit ______ (close), the electrons can flow from the negative
cell terminal to the positive cell terminal.
2. If the circuit ______ (break), the electrons cannot flow.
3. The flow of electrons in a circuit _______ (call) current.
4. Currents ______ (measure) with a measuring device called an
ammeter.
5. Electric power _______ (deliver) to the battery through a wire.
6. Two resistors ________ (connect) in series.
7. This radio _______ (can power) with a battery or with 230 V from
the mains.

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 UNIT 4. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the words and mark all adjectives (Adj.)
although loss
apply marked
cell parallel
coil principle
common scientific
compressed series
connected (in series, in parallel) spring
dissipated state
drop voltage
heat voltmeter
joined wastage
B. Find two pairs of synonyms
C. Find three examples of devices

II. Reading

Read “Potential difference” and answer the questions below. Potential

Difference

Fig. 4.1. A simple circuit

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 24 Part I

When the circuit on the right is closed, electrons flow from the negative cell
terminal to the positive cell terminal. The electrons repel each other, so they are
like coils in a compressed spring. Therefore they have potential energy. When
they go round the circuit, they transfer this energy to the bulbs where it is
radiated in the form of light and heat.
The difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit is called
potential difference (PD). The SI unit of PD is volt (V). 1 volt is the potential
difference between two points on a conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere,
when the power dissipated between these points is 1 watt. A common word for
potential difference is voltage. The symbol for voltage in English is V. However,
in Polish U is used. The instrument used for measuring voltage is called
a voltmeter. In order to measure voltage, the voltmeter has to be connected
across the terminals of a cell. This type of connection is called a parallel
connection.
The higher the PD across the cell, the more energy it gives to the electrons.
A cell produces its highest potential difference when it is not connected to any
circuit. This maximum PD is the electromotive force (EMF) of the cell.
EMF is the force which causes the movement of electrons in a conductor; it is
the difference in potential between the terminals of an electric source.
1. What is potential difference?
2. What is the common name for potential difference?
3. How can PD be measured in a circuit?
4. When does a cell produce the highest PD? What is this maximum PD’s
name?
5. What are the units of the following electrical quantities?
a. PD b. EMF c. charge d. current
e. energy
6. Describe the circuit diagram in Fig. 4.1 at the top of the page. Name the
components and the types of connections.

III. Grammar

A. Read the example and complete the following sentences

e.g. The higher the PD across the cell, the more energy it gives to the
electrons.
1. The higher the current, the greater the flow of …
2. The closer you put a charged rod to aluminum foil, the stronger it
…
3. The harder I learn, the …
4. The more you eat, the …

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 Unit 4. Potential difference 25

5. The more I listen to the news, the …

6. The quicker you get up, …
7. The more things I buy, …
8. The …
9. The …
B. Read “Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws” then complete it with the correct
Past Simple forms of the verbs in brackets. Then analyze the two
laws and draw appropriate circuits and equations to illustrate them

Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws

The scientist who contributed
(contribute) to the fundamental
understanding of electrical circuits was (be)
a German physicist Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff.
He (1)________ (be) born on 12 March
1824 in Königsberg in East Prussia. His
father, Friedrich Kirchhoff, was a lawyer.
His mother was Johanna Henriette Wittke.
Kirchhoff was married twice. First in 1847,
he (2)________ (marry) Clara Richelot, the
daughter of his mathematics professor,
Friedrich Julius Richelot. They (3)________
(have) three sons and two daughters. In
1869 Clara (4) ________ (die) and he had to
raise the children on his own. In 1872 Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887)
Kirchhoff married Luise Brömmel. He died [Link]
on October 17, 1887 in Berlin. _Kirchhoff.
Retrieved 23 November, 2011
Gustav Kirchhoff (5)________ (study) at
the Albertus University of Königsberg
where he (6)________ (attend) the mathematics and physics seminar directed by
Franz Ernst Neumann and Friedrich Julius Richelot. He (7)________ (receive)
his teaching credentials at the University of Berlin and professorship at Wrocław
University. His greatest achievements (8)________ (be) the contribution to the
understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission and
absorption of radiation. In 1862 he (9)________ (award) the Rumford Medal for
his research in spectroscopy.
It was while he was studying with Neumann that Kirchhoff (10)________
(make) his first outstanding research contribution in the area of electrical
currents. He (11)________ (announce) Kirchhoff's laws in 1845. They
(12)________ (allow) scientists and engineers to calculate currents, voltages and

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 26 Part I

resistances in electrical circuits with multiple loops. This discovery

(13)________ (extend) the work of Georg Simon Ohm.
Kirchhoff's current law
The first law states that the sum of the currents going into a given node equals
the sum of the currents coming out of that node.
Kirchhoff's voltage law
The second law states that the sum of electromotive forces in a loop in the
network equals the sum of voltage drops, or voltages across each of the
resistances, in the loop.
Based on:
[Link]
Retrieved 23 November, 2011
[Link]
Retrieved 23 November, 2011

IV. Speaking
Making definitions: Make a definition of a word in the box below for
your partner to guess. Then change roles – listen to your partner’s
definitions and try to guess the word
e.g. It’s an instrument for measuring potential difference.

ammeter ampere bulb cell circuit conductor coulomb

earth filament flowchart ink in series insulator
precipitator voltmeter

Useful phrases

It allows…
It consists of …
It means…
It prevents…
It’s a device for …ing
It’s a part of…
It’s a thing you use…
It’s a unit of …
It’s a verb/ noun/adjective/adverb which means…
It’s an instrument for …ing
It’s made of…

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 UNIT 5. RESISTANCE

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the

words below
B. Find 4 examples of
electrical components
C. Find 2 verbs which describe
movement
D. Find 2 adjectives which
describe size

affect A resistor
collide [Link]
File:[Link]
component
Retrieved 11 January, 2012
contain
cross-sectional area
device thin
diode thick
factor tungsten
high useful
length value
LDR (light dependent resistor) variable resistor
low variety
resistive vibrate
rheostat whenever
thermistor

II. Reading

A. Read the text and answer the questions

1. Why is copper wire a better conductor of current than tungsten wire?
2. How do we calculate resistance?
3. What factors affect resistance?
4. What happens when we double the length of wire?
5. Has thick wire got more resistance than thin wire?

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 28 Part I

6. What happens to resistance when we increase temperature in

metals/in semiconductors?
7. Why is there heating effect when current flows through a wire?
8. Why is a bulb filament made of a thin tungsten wire?
Current flows through a conductor when there is a potential difference across
it. Copper connecting wire is a good conductor and current passes through it
easily. However, a similar piece of tungsten wire is not such a good conductor
and less current flows for the same voltage. The tungsten wire has more
resistance than the copper one. In other words tungsten wire resists current more
than copper wire.
The SI unit of electrical resistance is ohm (Ω). One ohm of resistance is the
resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential
difference of 1 volt, applied to these points, produces in the conductor a current
of 1 ampere. The resistance of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across
it to current through it:

In a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical resistance R is

constant for a given temperature.
Besides the type of material that the wire is made of, resistance in a circuit
depends also on the length of the wire, the cross-sectional area and the
temperature. The longer the wire, the higher the resistance. Resistance is directly
proportional to the length of wire. Cross-sectional area affects resistance in
a different way. When wire cross-sectional area is doubled, the resistance goes
down by 50%. Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of
a wire. Another factor which influences resistance is temperature. In metals, the
higher the temperature, the larger the resistance. In semiconductors, however,
resistance decreases with temperature.
When current flows through a wire, it produces heat. This is because
electrons which go along the wire collide with atoms. The electrons lose energy
and the atoms gain energy and vibrate faster. The vibration causes the
temperature to increase.

B. Read the descriptions of different types of resistive components

and match them with pictures and names

Resistors are devices which are used to provide resistance in a circuit and to
control the level of current and PD. There are some examples of different types
of resistive devices below.

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 Unit 5. Resistance 29

Diodes
Light-dependent resistors
Thermistors
Variable resistors (rheostats)

1. They are used for varying current.

2. They have high resistance when it is
cold and lower resistance when it is
hot. They contain semiconductor
materials.
3. They have high resistance when it is
dark and lower resistance when
there is light.
4. They have low resistance in one
current direction and very high
resistance in the opposite current
flow direction. As a result the
current can flow only in one
direction.

III. Vocabulary

Complete the table below with appropriate words; if necessary look

back at the Reading part
No Adjective Noun Verb
1 conductive
2 long lengthen
3 collision
4 height
5 cross-section
6 use
7 …………………,
resist
………………….
8 various vary
9 applied application
10 flow
11 influential

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 30 Part I

Table cont.
No Adjective Noun Verb
12 vibrational
13 productive
14 depend

IV. Grammar: Prepositions

A. Match the beginnings and endings of sentences to make proper

sentences
B. Try to memorize the sentences in 1 minute. Then in pairs take turns
to check how well you remember them by reading the beginning of
a sentence for your partner to complete it

1. An atom consists a. across the terminals of a cell.

2. In order to measure b. for detecting charge.
voltage, the voltmeter c. of a nucleus and electrons
has to be connected which orbit around it.
3. Gold-leaf electroscope is d. of electrical resistance is the
an instrument ohm (Ω).
4. Resistance is directly e. to the length of wire.
proportional f. by moving a charged object
5. The SI unit near an uncharged one.
6. In semiconductors g. on the type of material, the
resistance decreases length of the wire, the cross-
7. Precipitators remove bits -sectional area and the
of ash temperature.
8. Resistance in a circuit h. with temperature.
depends i. from the smoke.
9. The vibration of atoms j. to increase.
causes the temperature
10. We induce electric charge

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 UNIT 6. OHM’S LAW

I. Pre-reading
A. Check the meaning of the words below and
mark all the verbs
Resistance equation triangle
B. Change the verbs into Past Simple [Link]
forms org/wiki/1
C. Find 4 pairs of synonyms Retrieved 12 November,
D. Find 3 jobs 2012

appoint fall recently

axis (pl. axes) increase relationship
chair knowledge remarkable
change lecturer respectively
decrease linearly rise
directly locksmith stand at
electrochemical mathematician tailor
experience obey triangle
go down/up opportunity vary
grow reach
II. Reading and Grammar

A. Read the text ”Georg Simon Ohm and Ohm’s Law” and do the
tasks that follow
Georg Simon Ohm and Ohm’s Law
Georg Simon Ohm was born on the 16th of
March 1789 in Erlangen, Bavaria and died on
the 6th of July 1854 in Munich. His father,
Johann Wolfgang Ohm, was a locksmith and
his mother, Maria Elizabeth Beck, was the
daughter of a tailor. Although his parents had
not been formally educated, Ohm's father was
a rather remarkable man who educated himself
to a high level and was able to teach his

Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854)

[Link]
_Ohm3.jpg
Retrieved 11 January, 2012

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 32 Part I

children on his own and to bring their knowledge to a high university standard.
Johann and Maria had 7 children but only 3 survived: Georg, Martin (who
became a well-known mathematician) and Elizabeth Barbara.
In 1805 Georg Simon Ohm entered the University of Erlangen. However,
student life was so attractive to him that rather than concentrate on his studies he
spent a lot of time dancing, ice skating and playing billiards. Ohm's father
became angry that his son was wasting the educational opportunity that he
himself had never experienced. He made Ohm leave the university after three
semesters and take up a post as a mathematics teacher in a school in Gottstadt
bei Nydau in Switzerland.
In April 1811 Georg Ohm returned to the University of Erlangen where he
received a doctorate. After three semesters of work as a mathematics lecturer he
left the university and started work as a teacher of mathematics and physics at
a poor quality school in Bamberg.
In 1817 Ohm received an offer of the post of a teacher of mathematics and
physics at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne. The school physics laboratory was
well-equipped, so Ohm could make experiments in physics. In 1820s Ohm
began his research with the electrochemical cell recently invented by Alessandro
Volta. Ohm used the equipment which he made by himself and noticed that there
is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied
across a conductor and the resulting electric current. This relationship is known
as Ohm's law.
He first presented this law in “The Galvanic Circuit Investigated
Mathematically” (Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet) in 1827.
In 1849 Ohm became a lecturer at the University of Munich. In 1852, two
years before his death, he was appointed to the chair of physics at the University
of Munich.
Based on:
[Link]
Retrieved 12 November, 2012

1. Complete the questions with was, were, did or leave the space empty
2. Look through the text again and find answers to the following
questions
a. When ________ George Ohm born?
b. What ________ his father’s job?
c. How many brothers and sisters ________ he have?
d. What ________ G.S. Ohm do in 1805?
e. ________ he a good student there?
f. Who ________ made Ohm leave the university after three semesters
and take up a post as a mathematics teacher in Switzerland?

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 Unit 6. Ohm’s law 33

g. When ________ Ohm receive his doctorate degree?

h. Where ________ he start his experiments with PD and current which
led to the formulation of Ohm’s Law?
i. What ________ his last post?

B. Ohm’s Law: Analyze the graph and read its description

For DC current the law can be written using the following symbols:

where I = current, U = voltage and R = resistance

For AC current the quantity of impedance is required and the calculations are
more complex.
Metal conductors obey Ohm’s law, provided their temperature does not
change. In other words, the resistance of a metal conductor is constant if the
temperature does not change.
Example:

Voltage against current in nichrome wire

1,2

0,8
I[A]

0,6
Voltage against
0,4 current in nichrome
wire
0,2

0
0 2 4 6
U [V]

Fig. 6.1. A line graph showing voltage against current values in nichrome wire

The horizontal axis of the graph presents the changes in voltage, which are
expressed in volts. The vertical axis shows the changes in current which are

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 34 Part I

expressed in amperes. At the beginning of the experiment current stood at 0.2 A

with voltage of 1 V. When voltage increased to 2 V, the current went up to
0.4 A. When voltage grew to 3 V, the current reached 0.6 A. After that voltage
rose to 4 and then 5 V and current reached 0.8 and 1 A respectively. This
experiment shows that current and voltage are directly and linearly proportional
when resistance is at the same level.
Based on:
[Link]
Retrieved 12 November, 2012

C. Voltage and Current in Tungsten Filament

1. Read the description below and calculate the resistance using

Ohm’s law. Then read the calculation aloud
2. Draw the graph. Is it a straight line?
Tungsten filament inside a light bulb is not kept at a constant temperature.
Therefore, as the current increases, the temperature goes up and the resistance
grows too. As a result current is not directly proportional to voltage.

Voltage and Current in Tungsten Filament

1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
I [A]

0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
U [V]

The horizontal axis of the graph presents the changes in voltage, which are
expressed in volts. The vertical axis shows the changes in current which are
expressed in amperes. At the beginning of the experiment current and voltage
values stood at 0. After that, current rose to 0.5 A and voltage went up to 0.8 V.

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 Unit 6. Ohm’s law 35

Then, current increased to 1 ampere and voltage reached 2 volts and the
temperature of the wire grew to 1500°C. When voltage increased to 4 V, current
reached 1.65 A. Next, voltage reached 6 V and current grew to 2.15 A. When
voltage went up to 8 V, the current reached 2.5 A. At voltage of 10 V and 12 V,
current rose to 2.8 A and 3 A respectively. After that, the temperature of the
conductor rose and reached the value of 3000°C and the rise in current became
slower. The graph line is not a straight line; it is a curved line.

No Current [A] Voltage [V] Resistance [Ω]

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

D. Ohm’s Law. Complete the law by choosing the correct form in

italics

For a constant resistance, if the voltage in a circuit is increasing

/increases/decreases, the flow of current is declining/rises/remains constant.
Voltage and current in a resistive circuit are directly and linearly proportional.
However, for a constant voltage, if we increase/are increased the resistance,
more/less/fewer current will flow. Current is inversely proportional to resistance.

III. Vocabulary. The words and phrases below are scrambled. All of them
can be used to describe changes and trends. Unscramble each of the
clue words or phrases. Take the letters that appear in boxes and
unscramble them for the final message

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 36 Part I

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 UNIT 7. ELECTRICAL POWER

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning

of the words and
mark all electrical
appliances

according to
dissipate
dissipation
drill
hairdryer
household
iron
kettle Drawing of Thomson recording wattmeter, invented
loudspeaker by Elihu Thomson in 1888, made by the Thomson
measure -Houston Co. around 1900. This is still the most
power rating common design for electric meters
rate [Link]
_wattmeter.jpg
various
Retrieved 11 July, 2012
B. Match the words with their synonyms

appliance go in different directions

dissipate electrical machine
figure get
gain number
rate provide
supply speed

II. Reading

A. Read “Energy and Power” and put the headings in appropriate

spaces

Can it be lost?
How is it measured?

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 38 Part I

What is power?
What types are there?

B. Read the text again and answer the questions below

1. What are the five types of energy according to the text?

2. Can energy be lost?
3. What kind of energy do human bodies produce?
4. What energy is transformed by a microphone?
5. What energy is transformed by a loudspeaker?
6. What is power?
7. What is power rating?
8. Can you think of an example of energy dissipation?

Energy and Power

1. ______________
We need energy to do many things: listen to the radio, watch TV, play
computer games and iron clothes. This energy is called electrical energy. But
there are various other types of energy, heat energy, light energy, sound energy,
chemical energy, kinetic energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential
energy and nuclear energy.
2. ______________
According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, energy cannot be lost.
When we use energy we just transform it into another form of energy. For
example, when we eat, the chemical energy which is stored in food is changed
into heat, kinetic and chemical energy by our bodies. When we speak to the
microphone, sound energy is transformed into electrical energy by the
microphone which is then amplified and transformed back into sound energy by
a loudspeaker.
3. ______________
In a direct-current circuit, the rate at which electrical energy is fed into or
taken from a device or system is called power. It is the multiplication product of
current and voltage (P = I × V). The SI unit of power is watt W. If an electric
drill has a power rating of 400 W, it changes 400 J of electrical energy into
mechanical, heat and sound energy every second. Power rating of a device is
information given by the manufacturer of a maximum power which can be used
with the device. In this case the useful energy is mechanical energy but some of
the supplied energy is changed into heat and sound energy. Scientifically
speaking, some of the electrical energy is dissipated in the drill as heat and
sound. Power rating is marked on all electrical appliances such as irons,

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 Unit 7. Electrical power 39

hairdryers and kettles in watts or kilowatts; 1 kilowatt of power is equal to 1000

watts.
4. ______________
An electricity supplier measures the electrical energy that we use at home in
kilowatt-hours. In order to do this each house is equipped with a meter. The
number of kilowatt-hours used in a household is calculated using the following
formula:

Energy = Power × time (E = P × t)

III. Grammar: Write the sentences in Active or Passive Voice in Simple

Present

e.g. The plates inside the printer are charged (charge). We do not know
or it is not important who
or what does this action.
The vibration of atoms causes (cause) the temperature to increase.
This is what vibration
does. Vibration does the
action and is the subject of
the sentence.
1. The flow of electrons _________ (call) current.
2. Current _________ (measure) in amperes.
3. The greater the PD across a battery, the more potential energy
__________ (give) to each electron.
4. Chemical energy __________ (transform) into electrical energy in
a battery.
5. This figure _________ (tell) the power rating of this electrical drill.
6. Power rating __________ (mark) on electrical appliances.
7. Power rating __________ (say) how much energy an appliance needs
to operate.
8. When current___________ (flow) through a resistor this has a heating
effect.
9. Energy _________ (dissipate) in a resistor.
10. When one bulb __________ (remove) in series connection all the
other bulbs go out.

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 40 Part I

IV. Vocabulary: Do the crossword puzzle

Across
2. an electrical appliance used for drying hair
6. speed
7. a device used for converting electrical signals into sound waves
9. waste or change into another form
10. an electrical appliance used for making holes
Down
1. an electrical appliance used for boiling water
2. a place together with the family living there
3. an electrical appliance used for smoothing clothes
4. determine the amount or size of something
5. the information about the maximum power that a device can use placed on
the device by its manufacturer (two words)
8. of many different kinds

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 UNIT 8. PROTECTIVE DEVICES

I. Pre-reading
A. Check the meaning of the words and mark all the words which
describe activities (verbs)
B. Find 2 examples of chemical elements
C. Find 4 examples of devices

appliance
back and forth
branch into
cancel
circuit breaker
copper
core
device
fit with
fuse High Voltage Safety Sign
household [Link]
signs_symbol/safety_signs/
imbalance
safety_signs_2/safety_sign
iro _high_voltage.[Link]
lawnmower Retrieved 12 November, 2012
mains
obligatorily socket
replace stray
residual current device trip
D. Match the words on the left with the words on the right to make
meaningful phrases
transmit a protective device
branch into back and forth
cancel several circuits
fit with classes
flow along the lines
household dog
imbalance duties
mains electricity
replace of charge
stray a worker

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 42 Part I

II. Reading

A. Read the text below and answer the following questions

1. What protective devices are described in the text?
2. What are they used for?
3. What is the difference between them?
4. What is RCD construction and operation similar to?
5. Where can RCD be used?

Electrical power is produced at a power plant, then transmitted along the

lines and distributed to households. The electricity is supplied to a household
through a consumer unit, or in other words a fuse box. At this unit the wires
branch into several parallel circuits for the lights, cooker, electric heater and
mains sockets on the walls.
In a consumer unit each circuit passes through a circuit breaker or a fuse.
A circuit breaker is an automatic switch which trips (breaks the circuit) when
a fault occurs and the current rises above a specified value. It can be reset by
turning the switch on or pressing a button. A fuse is a thin piece of wire which
overheats and melts if the current is too high. It blows and breaks the circuit
before the cable overheats and catches fire. When a fuse blows it has to be taken
out from the circuit and replaced with a new one.
For extra safety, some appliances, e.g. lawnmowers, are fitted with a residual
current device (RCD) which automatically shuts off stray currents before they
can electrocute the user of the appliance or cause fire. This device compares the
currents in the live and neutral wires. These currents should be the same. If they
are not, electric charge must flow to earth. The RCD senses the difference in the
currents and brakes the circuit. Residual current device is used obligatorily for
underwater swimming pool lights, at construction sites, at hotel bathrooms, in
spas, in lawnmowers and in many other places.
Inside an RCD, the live and neutral cables from the electric supply are wound
around an iron core. The live cable goes around one side of the core and the
neutral cable goes around the other side. The diagram below shows how an RCD
works:

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 Unit 8. Protective devices 43

Fig. 8.1. Residual Current Device operation

1. Alternating current flows through the live wire.

2. As it flows back and forth, it induces a magnetic field in the iron core,
just like in a transformer.
3. At the same time, an opposite alternating current is also flowing back
and forth through the neutral wire.
4. The neutral current induces an equal and opposite magnetic field in the
core.
5. Under normal conditions, the magnetic fields induced by the live and
neutral wires cancel out. Consequently there is no overall magnetic field
in the core and current can flow to the appliance.
If the currents in the live and neutral wires are not the same, there is
imbalance in magnetic fields and a relay breaks the circuit so that the stray
current cannot harm anyone.
Based on:
[Link]
Retrieved 11 July 2012
B. Read the text again and decide if the sentences are true or false and
correct the false ones
1. The electricity is supplied to a household through a fuse box.
2. At consumer unit the wires branch into several series circuits for the
lights, cooker, electric heater and mains sockets on the walls.
3. In consumer unit most circuits pass through a circuit breaker or
a fuse.
4. A fuse can be reset by turning the switch on or pressing a button.
5. RCD compares the currents in the live and neutral wires and if they
are not the same it switches off the appliance.

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 44 Part I

6. Inside an RCD, the live and neutral cables from the electric supply
are wound around a copper core.

III. Grammar

Put the words in the correct order to form sentences

1. is supplied – to – through – Electricity – household – a consumer

unit – a
2. is – an – switch – A circuit breaker – automatic
3. a – thin – is – piece – wire – A fuse – of
4. is – overheats – It – and – if – the – high – current – too – melts
5. with – new – fuse – When – a – blows – we – to – replace – it – a –
one – have
6. off – automatically – RCD – stray – shuts – currents

IV. Vocabulary. Unscramble the tiles to reveal 3 phrases

A.

B.

C.

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 UNIT 9. CELLS AND BATTERIES

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the words below

B. Put the words into four categories: chemical compounds, metals,
gases and adjectives
acid
absorbent
ammonium chloride
battery charger
cadmium
carbon dioxide
cell
copper
discharged
dispose of
dissolve
electrolyte
flat
hydrogen
lead
leakage
lithium
manganese dioxide
nickel
oxygen
plate
prevent Drawing of Alessandro Volta's voltaic
recharge pile, invented in 1800, the first electric
release battery. A 23 cell pile like this would
restore have produced around 36 volts
reverse [Link]
reversible File:Voltaic_pile_battery.png
Retrieved 12 August, 2012
store
submerge
zinc
sulphuric acid
zinc sulfate
upright

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 46 Part I

II. Reading

A. Read the text “Cells and batteries” and answer the questions

1. What kind of current are cells a source of?

2. What is the difference between cells and batteries?
3. What does the simple cell consist of?
4. How does current flow in the simple cell?
5. What are the advantages of the dry cell?
6. What kind of cells are the simple cell and the dry cell?
7. What are the differences between primary and secondary cells? Give
examples of secondary cells.
8. Why is overcharging dangerous?

Cells are a source of direct current produced as a result of chemical action

called electrolysis. They are used in watches, torches, mobile phones and other
portable devices. In order to receive higher EMF they are joined in series. Such
sets of several cells are called batteries.
The simple cell consists of two plates called electrodes which are submerged
in electrolyte and connected with a conductor. One example of such a simple
cell is a zinc and copper cell. One plate in this cell is made of copper (Cu) and
the other plate is made of zinc(Zn). The electrolyte is sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
The metals behave differently in the acid: zinc dissolves in the acid and
releases positive ions into the acid (Zn2+). Copper releases electrons into the
acid. Positive ions of hydrogen (H+) in the sulphuric acid combine with the
electrons from copper and as a result hydrogen gas is released (H2). Zink
positive ions (Zn2+) combine with negative sulphuric acid ions (SO42-) and
produce zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Consequently, zinc plate is negatively charged
and copper plate is positively charged. When they are connected with a wire,
current can flow from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate trying
to restore charge balance.
Not all cells have liquid electrolyte. Zinc and manganese dioxide cell is an
example of dry cell whose electrolyte, ammonium chloride is in absorbent paper.
Such cells do not have to be kept upright and there is no danger of electrolyte
leakage.
The simple cell and dry cell are primary cells. They are ready for use but the
chemical reactions in such cells are difficult to reverse and when the cell is flat,
which means fully discharged, we must dispose of it (there are special places
where batteries are collected) and replace it with a new one.
Batteries in cars and mobile phones have to be charged before the first use
but then they can be recharged over and over again because chemical reactions
are reversible in them. This type of batteries is called secondary cells. Zinc-

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 Unit 9. Cells and batteries 47

-cadmium, lithium-polymer and lead-acid batteries belong to this group. In order

to recharge such a battery, current must be passed through it in the opposite
direction, that is the positive electricity supply terminal should be connected
with the positive battery terminal and the negative supply terminal with the
negative battery one. Such batteries are charged using a device called a battery
charger which has an electronic sensor preventing overcharging. Overcharging is
dangerous because if too much current is passed through the discharged battery,
gases can be produced and the battery can be destroyed.

B. Read the text again and label the simple cell components in the
diagram

Fig. 9.1. The simple cell

III. Speaking

Complete the diagram below and then describe the simple cell structure
and operation. Look at the Useful phrases table

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 48 Part I

The simple cell

structure operation

Copper releases
Zinc ....
electrons into H2SO4

Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Negative zinc plate

Current flows

Useful phrases:
…consists of…
…is made of…
…is (are) released…
…go (goes) to …
… react (reacts) with..
As a result we get…
Consequently we get…
When the plates are connected with…

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 Unit 9. Cells and batteries 49

IV. Vocabulary. Match the names of elements and compounds with their
symbols

ammonium chloride Cd
cadmium CO2
carbon dioxide Cu
copper H
hydrogen Li
lithium MnO2
manganese dioxide Ni
nickel O
oxygen NH4Cl

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 UNIT 10. MAGNETISM

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the words and find 6 pairs of antonyms

B. Write 3 sentences using some words from the box

appear
arrangement
bar
closely
disappear
explain
fact
far apart
loadstone
line up
magnetized
motion The magnetic field of a bar magnet revealed by iron filings
on paper. A sheet of paper is laid on top of a bar magnet
permanent and iron filings are sprinkled on it. The needle shaped
point filings align with their long axis parallel to the magnetic
pole field
property [Link]
put in Retrieved 15 August, 2012
saturated suggest temporary
shape suspend theory
steel take out unmagnetized
substance temperature

II. Reading

A. Read the text about magnetism. Some of the sentences have been
removed from the text. Put them back in appropriate places

a. It also explains the fact that when the bar is broken, the poles appear
at the breaks.

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 52 Part I

b. He said that each and every molecule of a magnetic substance is

a magnet itself.
c. We can check if a material is a permanent or temporary magnet.
d. The second method is to rub the bar in one direction with
a permanent magnet.
e. The end which points to the north is called the north pole.
f. The lines are directed away from the north pole and towards the
south pole.

B. Read the text again and decide if the sentences are true or false.
Correct the false ones

1. If we put two magnets closely to each other with like poles next to
each other, they will attract each other.
2. Substances that can be magnetized are iron, nickel, steel, cobalt
and certain iron salts.
3. The area around a magnet where the effects of the magnet can be
felt by other magnetic materials is called magnetic flux.
4. Wilhelm Weber said that each molecule of a permanent magnet is
a temporary magnet.
5. When the bar is fully magnetized the molecules are arranged in
parallel lines pointing from south to north.
6. Saturated means partly magnetized.
7. When a magnetized bar is broken, the poles appear at the breaks.
8. If a magnet is heated above Curie temperature is becomes
unmagnetized.
9. The material that can be used to make permanent magnets is soft
iron.
10. If one end of the bar is repelled by another magnet it is a temporary
magnet.

Permanent and Temporary Magnets

There are two basic kinds of magnets – permanent magnets and

temporary magnets. When permanent bar magnets are freely suspended, they
will point from the north to the south. (1) _____ The end which points to the
south is called the south pole. If we put two magnets closely to each other
with like poles next to each other, the poles will repel each other. If we put
two magnets closely to each other with unlike poles next to each other, the
poles will attract each other. The substance that has magnetic properties is
loadstone. Temporary magnets act as magnets only as long as they are in the

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 Unit 10. Magnetism 53

magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet or an electric current. Iron,

nickel, steel, cobalt and certain iron salts are temporary magnets.
Magnetic Field
The area around a magnet where the effects of the magnet can be felt by
other magnetic materials is called magnetic field. The shape of the magnetic
field around a bar magnet is called magnetic flux lines. (2) ______

Fig. 10.1. Magnetic flux lines

Molecular Theory of Magnetism

Wilhelm Weber, a 19th century German physicist, formulated the

molecular theory of magnetism. (3) ______ In the unmagnetized state
molecules of the substance are arranged randomly. When the substance is
fully magnetized (saturated) the molecules line up and point from the south to
the north. The ends of the bar become the south and the north poles. This
theory helps to explain why we cannot have a bar with only the north or only
the south pole. (4) _______ If a magnet is heated above a certain
temperature, called Curie temperature, the molecules start to vibrate, break
out of the parallel lines and go back to the random arrangement and become
unmagnetized again.

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 54 Part I

Fig. 10.2. The molecular theory of magnetism

Magnetization methods

There are two methods of magnetization. One is to put a metal bar in

a strong magnetic field produced by a coil of wire which carries an electric
current. (5) ________ This rubbing arranges the molecules in parallel lines.
The material that can be used to make permanent magnets is steel. When it is
magnetized in a strong magnetic field, it has magnetic properties even when
it is taken out of the magnetic field. On the other hand, soft iron is easily
magnetized but loses its magnetic properties easily when it is taken out of
magnetic field. Soft iron is attracted to a permanent magnet if it is in its
magnetic field. It is called magnetization by induction. (6) ______ If one end
of the bar is repelled by another permanent magnet, it is a permanent magnet.
Temporary magnets magnetized by induction can only be attracted by
another magnet.

C. Read the text and complete it with the words from the table

right rate generators conservation opposite motion

force loops

Electromagnetic Induction

If a bar magnet is pushed into a coil of wire, it will induce electromotive

(1) ____________ and result in the flow of current. If the bar is withdrawn,
this will cause the flow of current in the (2) _____________ direction. The
faster the magnet is moved, the larger the current. However, the larger current
flows for a shorter time. The effect is bigger if the coil has more
(3) _____________.

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 Unit 10. Magnetism 55

Fig. 10.3. Electromagnetic induction

Laws of magnetic induction:

There are three basic laws of electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s Law,

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule and Lenz’s Law. The discovery of these laws was
very important in technological progress because alternating and direct current
(4) ____________ were constructed on the basis of these rules.
Faraday’s law: the induced electromotive force is proportional to the
(5) ___________ at which the lines of the magnetic field are cut. Thus
the faster the movement, the stronger the magnetic field; and the bigger
the number of loops, the bigger the electromotive force.
Lenz’s law: the direction of the induced electromotive force is opposite
to the movement that causes it. This follows from the law of
(6) ____________ of energy. To produce electrical energy mechanical
energy must be used up.
Fleming’s right-hand rule: If the thumb and the first two fingers of the
fist are held at (7) ____________ angles to each other and the first
finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb points
in the direction of motion, the second finger will point in the direction of
induced current. Magnetic field and motion produce current while
magnetic field and current produce (8) _____________.

III. Grammar: Complete the questions about the underlined

sentences with appropriate question words

Who Whose What How What kind of When Where

1. A moving magnetic field can induce voltage in a conductor.

...................... can induce voltage in a conductor?
2. A moving magnetic field can induce voltage in a conductor.
...................... field can induce voltage in a conductor?

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 56 Part I

3. A moving magnetic field can induce voltage in a conductor.

...................... can a moving magnetic field induce voltage?
4. Wilhelm Weber lived in 19th century.
...................... lived in 19th century?
5. Wilhelm Weber lived in 19th century.
...................... did Wilhelm Weber live?
6. He formulated the molecular theory of magnetism.
...................... formulated the molecular theory of magnetism?
7. He formulated the molecular theory of magnetism.
...................... theory did he formulate?
8. Faraday’s law states that the induced electromotive force is proportional
to the rate at which the lines of the magnetic field are cut.
...................... law states that the induced electromotive force is
proportional to the rate at which the lines of the magnetic field are cut?
9. The bar is fully magnetized.
...................... is the bar magnetized?
10. The bar is fully magnetized.
...................... is the bar like?

IV. Vocabulary. Word search: There are seven words which refer to
magnets or magnetic substances hidden in the grid below. Try to
find as many of them as possible in 5 minutes. The words may be
printed in any direction
M G G V H M Q S T F P D T R W
F S I B L V W B U D E G E I U
T Q V V N A S G B S H S M E V
J P M A G N E T I S E D P G F
Y T E I N Q C T H S E N O E Y
S S G R Z B E K A H S L R P W
W W D Y M N P T Q L Z H A F D
S S N Z G A U H W T E J R B F
Y M C A F R N Y O P T P Y M V
S X M Q A U Q E U H Z R E X K
Q N A T K Q U F N A H R M R V
U J E F T O B Z G T Y I C J O
V D T C A R T T A R N S A L L
O P K V U B B Z A Q T V Z M D
F R A Z M S P K C F G E U O D

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 UNIT 11. DC MOTOR

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the words: stationary magnet, finger, apply

current (across), external, perpendicular, thumb, at right angle, quantity,
motion, armature, commutator, split ring, turns on the coil, soft iron
core, spoke, axis (pl. axes), wind (wound, wound), rate, orthogonal,
assign (to).
B. Look at the words on the list and find: body parts, mathematical
terms and DC motor components

Electric motor, 1876, patent model by

Edward Weston (US). Exhibit in
National Museum of American History,
Washington, DC, USA
[Link]
NMAH_DC_IMG_8832.JPG
Retrieved 3 August, 2012

II. Reading

A. Read “A simple DC Motor” and do the exercises that follow

A simple DC Motor
A simple DC motor is composed of a stationary magnet, coil of wire,
commutator and brushes. The stationary magnet produces magnetic field. When
we place a coil of wire in the magnetic field and apply current across the coil,
the coil starts rotating. The direction of the rotation is described by Fleming’s
left-hand rule:

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 58 Part I

“When an electric current flows in a wire, and an external magnetic field is

applied across that flow, the wire experiences a force perpendicular both to that
field and to the direction of the current flow. A left hand can be held, as shown
in the illustration, so as to represent three mutually orthogonal axes on the
thumb, first finger and middle finger. Each finger is then assigned to a quantity
(electric current, magnetic field and mechanical force). The right and left hand
are used for generators and motors respectively”.
[Link]
Retrieved 19 April, 2012

Fleming’s left-hand rule

The coil of wire is also called armature. The commutator is a split ring which
reverses the current direction in the coil and makes the rotating motion in one
direction possible. The brushes are two carbon contacts which rub against the
commutator ring and supply the coil with current from the battery.

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 Unit 11. DC Motor 59

1. Label the components in the picture below

Fig. 11.1. A Simple DC motor

2. Look at the picture of a simple DC electric motor above and put the
sentences in the correct order to describe its operation
a. The north pole of the electromagnet is attracted by the south pole
and repelled by the north pole of the field magnet.
b. The poles of the armature are reversed and the turn continues.
c. The armature turns a quarter of a turn and the coil is nearly vertical,
the forces cannot turn it much further.
d. When current flows through the brushes and the commutator, the
armature becomes an electromagnet.
e. When the commutator comes back in contact with the brushes,
current flows through the armature in the opposite direction.
f. Then electric contact is broken because of the gap in the
commutator.

B. Read “Practical Motors” and find two differences between a simple

DC motor described above and practical motors which are
produced and used

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 60 Part I

Practical Motors
In order to make a simple DC motor turn more quickly, we can increase
current or the strength of the field magnet. Another method to cause the
armature to rotate faster is to increase the number of turns on the coil or the
area of the coil. The former means higher forces, the latter gives the forces
more leverage (turning effect).
In reality, practical motors coils of wire are wound around a soft iron core.
The armature becomes magnetized and this increases the strength of the
magnetic field and consequently makes the motor more powerful.
Several coils of wire are wound on the same axis like spokes in a bicycle
wheel and replace a single coil. This makes the motor run more smoothly and
become more powerful.
Finally, the stationary magnet is replaced with an electromagnet. The
advantage of using electromagnets is that the motor can be supplied with AC
current. Then, the current flows backwards and forwards which in turn causes
the changes in the magnetic field and makes the turning effect stable.

C. Read part A and B again and answer the questions

1. A coil which is lying between the poles of the field magnet moves
upwards when current passes through it. What will happen to the
coil if:
a. The direction of the magnetic field changes?
b. The direction of the current changes?
c. The direction of the magnetic field and the current change?
2. What is leverage?
3. What device changes the direction of the current in an electric field
every half-turn?
4. How can the rate of rotation in an electric motor be increased?
5. Why are several coils used instead of a single coil in a practical
electric motor?
6. Why are electromagnets used rather than stationary magnets in
practical electric motors?

III. Grammar: Read Reading B and finish the sentences that follow

CAUSE + SOMEBODY/SOMETHING + TO DO + SOMETHING

e.g.

subject cause somebody/something to do something

Increasing the causes the motor to turn faster.
current in
armature

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 Unit 11. DC Motor 61

1. Decreasing the strength of the field magnet causes the motor to turn
………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………
2. Increasing the number of turns on the coil causes
………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………
3. Decreasing the area of the coil causes
………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………
4. Soft iron core causes the magnetic field to become
………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………
5. Winding several coils on the same axis causes the motor to
………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………
6. Replacing the stationary magnet with electromagnets causes
………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………

IV. Vocabulary. Match the words with their definitions

assign composed of right angles

external movement
motion to refer to something
particular
orthogonal outer
quantity a property of a thing that
can be measured or
compared, e.g. resistance

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 UNIT 12. THE GENERATOR

I. Pre-reading

Check the meaning of the words and find the ones which are defined
below
amplify
alternator
attach
brushes
commutator
dynamo
every half-turn
generator
magnet
mains
move (backwards
and forwards)
output Tesla's Polyphase Alternating Current 500 horse power
pole generator, in Westinghouse exhibit in the Electricity
rectifier building of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in
reverse Chicago
[Link]
slide _polyphase_AC_500hp_generator_at_1893
slip ring _exposition.jpg
split ring Retrieved 29 March, 2012
stationary
stationary magnet unlike
turns of wire wind-up

1. a component which conducts current between rotating and stationary

parts of a generator or motor
2. a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
3. a metal ring installed on a rotating part of a machine to provide
a continuous electrical connection between brushes and stationary
contacts
4. an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current
5. a device for reversing the direction of an electric current
6. different from
7. loops of wire

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 64 Part I

8. make something, e.g. frequency, larger

9. the power, voltage, or current delivered by a circuit or component
10. to change the direction to the opposite one

II. Reading

A. Read the text “AC and DC Generators” and answer the questions:

1. What is the difference between AC and DC?

2. What is a dynamo? Where is it used?
3. What does a simple AC generator consist of?
4. What happens when the coil is rotated?
5. Why is alternating current generated in a simple AC generator?
6. What does rotating the coil faster cause?
7. What is the difference between a simple AC generator and a simple
DC generator?
8. How is DC produced?
9. What do cars need DC for?
10. What device changes AC current into DC current?

AC and DC Generators
Electricity is produced in power plants by big generators. Steam or gas
moves blades of turbines which in turn drive the generator to produce
electric current using electromagnetic induction. There are also small
generators, which are used in bicycles or wind-up radios, called dynamos.
A simple AC generator is composed of a stationary magnet, a coil of
wire, slip rings and brushes. The coil is made of insulated copper wire, the
slip rings are fixed to the coil. The coil together with the slip rings are placed
between the stationary magnet poles. The brushes touch the slip rings on
both sides and are connected to electrical circuit. They are made of carbon
which is a good conductor of electricity.
When the coil is rotated, e.g. by the movement of a steam turbine, it cuts
magnetic field lines produced by the stationary magnet. As a result EMF is
generated in the wire and flows into the electrical circuit through the
brushes. When the coil goes up, current flows in one direction; when the coil
goes down, current flows in the opposite direction. As the rotation continues
current keeps on flowing backwards and forwards, backwards and forwards.
In other words alternating current (AC) is produced.

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 Unit 12. The generator 65

Fig. 12.1. A simple AC generator

In order to increase the EMF output, the number of turns of the wire
should be increased or a stronger magnet can be used. Also the larger the
area of the coil the larger the EMF. Another method of increasing current is
to rotate the coil faster.
A simple DC generator is built in a similar way. It is composed of
a stationary magnet, a coil of wire and brushes. However, it also has
a commutator which is a split ring. The two different halves of the
commutator are fixed to the ends of the wire – each half to the different
end. When the coil moves, after each half-turn the contact between the
brushes and the half ring is broken and then the brushes touch the other
half-ring attached to the other end of the moving coil wire. In this way the
current is reversed and it flows only in one direction. The current which is
produced is DC current.
Most devices use AC current, e.g. refrigerators, washing machines or
dishwashers. Mains current is also AC. DC current is used in, e.g. car
batteries. When they become flat, we can recharge them with DC current
using a device called rectifier.

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 66 Part I

B. Read the text again and match the components with their functions

1. coil of wire a. allow the flow of current from the coil to the
2. slip ring circuit
3. split ring b. creates magnetic field
/commutator c. is rotated in the magnetic field
4. stationary magnet d. is the moving contact between the wire end
5. brushes and the brush
e. reverses the current direction and is
responsible for DC induction

C. Read the definition of AC current and complete the definition of

DC current
Alternating current (AC) flows alternately backwards and forwards.
Its voltage values vary all the time.
It is used in many devices like dishwashers, refrigerators and in mains
electricity.

Direct Current (DC) ....

....
....

III. Speaking

A. Complete the diagrams and describe them

A simple AC/DC generator consists of...

A simple AC/DC generator is composed of...

A Simple AC
generator

Stationary
magnet

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 Unit 12. The generator 67

A Simple DC
generator

Stationary
magnet
B. Look at the diagrams below. They show the operation of an
alternator. Read the description of the first step and describe step 2,
3 and 4

Fig. 12.2. The operation of an alternator

Step 1: When the south pole of the magnet is at the top and the north pole is at
the bottom and the magnet is in the vertical position, no EMF is induced and no
current flows.
Step 2: …
Step 3: …
Step 4: …

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 68 Part I

IV. Vocabulary. The words and phrases below are scrambled. All of them
are verbs which can be used to describe generator operation.
Unscramble each of the clue words or phrases. Take the letters that
appear in boxes and unscramble them for the final message

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 UNIT 13. TRANSFORMERS

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the

words
B. Find 3 pairs of antonyms.
C. Find 3 electrical
components
D. Find 2 phenomena

allow
coil
continuously
core
device
eddy current
efficiency
efficient Drawing of the first transformer, built by
British scientist Michael Faraday in the
enclosure
1830s. It consisted of an iron ring with two
induce windings of insulated wire around it.
induction Faraday attached one winding to
layer a sensitive galvanometer. When he touched
loss the other winding to a single cell battery,
moisture the winding created a changing magnetic
mutual field in the ring which induced
prevent a momentary current in the second winding
primary due to electromagnetic induction, which
provide was registered by the galvanometer
[Link]
ratio
Faradays_transformer.png
scientific Retrieved 13 July, 2012
secondary
step down
step up wind (wound, wound)
turns ratio winding

II. Reading

A. Read the text and answer the questions below

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 70 Part I

1. What do transformers allow?

2. What do transformers consist of?
3. What two basic types of transformers are there?
4. What is turns ratio?
5. Why are windings made of thick copper wire?
6. Why are transformers put into enclosures filled with oil?

Transformers are electric devices which allow to increase or decrease AC

voltages. They operate on the basis of mutual induction principle. A simple
transformer consists of two coils of wire, primary coil and secondary one, which
are wound on a soft iron core.
When alternating current flows through the primary coil, it produces
a magnetic field which is continuously changing because of the nature of
alternating current. This changing magnetic field cuts across the windings of the
secondary coil and induces alternating current across it.
Transformers which are used to decrease voltage are called step-down
transformers, transformers which are used to increase voltage are called step-up
ones. The type of the transformer and the size of the output voltage depends on
the size of the voltage across the primary coil, the number of turns of wire on the
primary coil and the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil, and is
expressed by the formula:
=

where V1 is voltage across the primary coil, V2 is voltage across the secondary
coil, n1 is the number of turns of wire on the primary coil and n2 is the number of
turns of wire on the secondary coil. The ratio of the number of turns in
a secondary winding of a transformer to the number of turns in the primary
winding is called turns ratio and it is equal to the ratio of voltage in the
secondary winding of this transformer to the voltage in the primary winding.

Fig. 13.1. Transformer ratio

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 Unit 13. Transformers 71

If the number of turns on the primary coil is 10, the number of turns of wire
on the secondary coil is 50. Thus, turns ratio is 5. The ratio of voltages must be
the same, so if the voltage across the primary coil is 25 V, then the voltage
across the secondary coil must be 125 V.
=

= 125 V

Transformers are very efficient devices. In some of them efficiency reaches

even 97–99%. The energy losses are caused by heating effect, hysteresis and
eddy currents. In order to minimize the losses:
1. Windings are made of thick copper wire which has less resistance
and as a result produce less heat.
2. Core is laminated, which means that it is made of thin pieces of soft
iron insulated from each other in order to avoid eddy currents.
3. Layers of windings are insulated from each other with sheets of
paper.
4. Transformers are put into enclosures filled with dielectric oil which
provides cooling and prevents moisture.
B. Complete the questions with question words from the table (there is
1 extra question word), then read the text again and answer the
completed questions

What Where When How How much How many Why

1. ______ is the principle of operation of transformers?

2. ______ is magnetic field produced by alternating current in the
primary coil changing?
3. _______ is current induced in the secondary coil?
4. _______ does the output voltage of a transformer depend on?
5. _______ turns does the transformer in the picture above have on the
primary winding?
6. _______ are there paper sheets in a transformer?
7. _______ is transformer core laminated?

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 72 Part I

III. Grammar: Match the sentences with corresponding questions about the
underlined phrases

1. Transformer coils are magnetically linked.

2. Transformer coils are magnetically linked.
3. Transformer coils are magnetically linked.
4. Alternating current flows through a copper conductor.
5. Alternating currents flow through copper conductors.
6. Alternating current flows through a copper conductor.
7. Alternating current flows through a copper conductor.
8. The copper conductor is thick.
9. The copper conductor is thick.

a. What flows through copper conductors?

b. How are transformer coils linked?
c. What coils are magnetically linked?
d. What current flows through a copper conductor?
e. What does alternating current flow through?
f. What is magnetically linked?
g. What is the copper conductor like?
h. What flows through a copper conductor?
i. What is thick?

IV. Vocabulary. Unscramble the tiles to reveal 3 phrases related to

transformers

A.

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 Unit 13. Transformers 73

B.

C.

D.

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 UNIT 14. POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

I. Pre-reading

A. Check the meaning of the words below

B. Find the names of the Transmission and Distribution System
components
C. Mark all the verbs
D. Find 3 types of
transformers

distribution bus
feed (fed, fed)
lattice tower
overhead
pole mounted
power line
power plant
pylon
respectively
Detail of the insulators (the vertical string of
significantly
discs) and conductor vibration dampers (the
step-down weights attached directly to the conductors) on
step-up a 275,000 volt suspension tower near
substation Thornbury, South Gloucestershire, England,
supply United Kingdom
suspend [Link]
the grid [Link]
underground Retrieved 13 July, 2012

II. Reading

A. The paragraphs of the text “The Grid” have been jumbled. Read
them and decide on the correct order (1–5)
The Grid
a._____ Electrical power is usually transmitted through overhead
power lines. The lines are suspended from pylons. Underground power
transmission has a significantly higher cost because cables are expensive
to lay in the ground and they need more insulation than overhead lines.

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 76 Part I

However, they are often used in cities and areas of exceptional natural
beauty.
b._____ When power is sent along the grid some of it is dissipated in
the form of heat. In order to minimize energy losses during transmission,
we have to reduce the resistance of the cables. We can do it by using thick
cables. This, however, would be expensive and dangerous. We can also
increase voltage and in this way reduce resistance of the cables. In this
way thinner, cheaper and less expensive cables can be used.
c._____ Electrical power is generated at power plants. In most power
plants, the generators are turned by turbines which are moved by high
pressure steam. In order to produce the steam, water is heated in a boiler.
The thermal energy comes from burning various kinds of fuel, for
example, coal, oil, natural gas or from chemical reactions in a nuclear
reactor.
d._____ The device which allows an easy change of voltage from
generation level (usually up to 25 kV) to transmission level (110 kV or
above) is the AC transformer. Therefore electricity is transmitted at high
AC voltages. This very high voltage is very dangerous so after
transmission, before it is supplied to factories and customers it is
decreased by a step-down transformer for safe use.
e._____ After generating power is transmitted along cables and
a series of step-up and step-down substations to industrial and commercial
users and households. Cables (power lines) are suspended on lattice
towers also called pylons. The network of cables and substations across
a country is called the national grid.

B. Read the text again and find the words which are defined below

paragraph a
put, put down or place somewhere
paragraph b
wasted or lost
paragraph c
the gas which is obtained when water is boiled
paragraph d
for that reason, thus
paragraph e
system, arrangement

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 Unit 14. Power transmission and distribution 77

III. Grammar. Analyze the diagram below and complete the description of
the process of electricity transmission from generation stage through
transmission one to distribution one in Poland. The words which have
been removed are verbs in Active or Passive Voice

Fig. 14.1. Power generation, transmission and distribution system in Poland

Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution in Poland

1. First, electricity _________ at voltages from 6.3 kV to 27 kV.

2. Then, voltage _________ at a substation by a step-up transformer to
transmission level of 750 kV, 400 kV or 220 kV.
3. Next, it _________ through transmission lines.
4. After that it is fed to a substation where a step-down transformer
_________ the voltage to distribution level of 110 kV.
5. Then, distribution bus _________ power in many directions to
industrial and commercial customer where it is decreased to 30 kV
and 10 kV respectively.
6. Finally, voltage _________ by underground substations or pole
mounted transformers to 230 V for safe use by domestic customers.

Based on:
[Link]
Retrieved 10 July, 2012
[Link]
Retrieved 10 July, 2012

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 78 Part I

IV. Vocabulary. Match the phrases from A with the ones from group B to
make meaningful phrases

A B
exceptional steam
high pressure plant
power power lines
overhead higher cost
significantly natural beauty

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 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

I. Space Chemical Bond

Read the text and complete it with words from the table

found out such as conditions result responsible

White dwarfs are stars that have used their fuel. They are not dead, however.
Their mass is similar to the mass of our Sun and they create a strong magnetic
field – 10 billion times stronger than the field of the Earth. And this magnetic
field is (1) ______ for the unusual behaviour of electrons which build chemical
bonds.
Under ordinary (2) ______ on Earth atoms bond to make chemical
compounds by covalence or transferral of electrons caused by static electricity.
The electrons are governed by Pauli exclusion principle which says that two
fermions of a given type, (3) ______ electrons, protons, or neutrons, cannot be in
the same quantum state which means that electrons in bonds normally form pairs
of opposing spin. However, a magnetic field causes the spin to interact with the
field. As a (4) ______ the spins of both electrons line up in the direction of the
magnetic field. Normally this would make the bond break.
Kai Lange and colleagues at the University of Oslo in Norway (5) ______
that molecular physics becomes very different in the presence of strong magnetic
fields like this of White dwarfs. They called these unusual chemical type of
bonding ‘perpendicular paramagnetic bonding’.

Based on: Chemical bond discovered that only exists in space by Nicola Guttridge
[Link]
-[Link]
Retrieved 22 August, 2012

Glossary
bond – łączyć, wiązać, wiązanie
covalence – kowalencyjność, kowartościowość
fermion – cząstka o połówkowym spinie
ordinary – zwykły, normalny
Pauli exclusion principle – zakaz Pauliego
perpendicular – prostopadły

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 80 Part I

II. Graphene

Read the text and complete it with words from the table

piece permeable applications properties award

On 5 October 2010 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided to

(1) _____ the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 to Andre Geim University of
Manchester, UK and Konstantin Novoselov University of Manchester, UK for
the experiments with graphene.
Graphene is a thin flake of ordinary carbon, very thin, just one atom thick.
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov extracted it from a piece of graphite
using a (2) _____ of adhesive tape. Although the material is very thin, graphene
is exceptionally strong. It also has other unique (3) ______: It is almost
transparent but so dense that it is impermeable to all gases. Surprisingly it is
(4) ________ to water. It is two-dimensional and a good conductor of electricity.
When mixed into plastics, it can make them conductive and more heat resistant,
when mixed into polymers, its electrical properties can be controlled by light.
These unusual properties result in a vast variety of potential (5) ________.
Graphene could be used for producing transparent touch screens and light
panels, strong lightweight and conductive materials for spacecraft, airplanes and
cars as well as for optoelectronic devices.

Based on: Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 for Graphene – 'Two-Dimensional' Material
[Link]
Retrieved 22 August, 2012

Glossary
adhesive tape – taśma klejąca
award – przyznać (nagrodę)
conductive – przewodzący
dense – gęsty, zwarty, ścisły
lightweight – lekki
permeable – przepuszczalny
property – właściwość
spacecraft – pojazd kosmiczny
transparent – przezroczysty
vast variety – duża różnorodność, rozmaitość

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 Additional exercises 81

III. A New Cutting Edge Battery

Read the text and complete it with words from the table

as for in of onto through with with

Prof. Dr. Reinhard Baumann and her research team of the Fraunhofer
Research Institution for Electronic Nano Systems ENAS in Chemnitz together
(1) _______ colleagues from TU Chemnitz and Menippos GmbH have
developed a battery which is thinner than a millimeter and lighter than 1 gram.
The battery consists of several layers of paste which is printed (2) _______
a screen (3) ______ the substrate. The anode and cathode are made
(4) ________ zinc and manganese respectively. Its voltage is 1.5 V. Such
batteries can be connected (5) ________ series in order to achieve 3 V, 4.5 V or
even 6 V.
Zinc and manganese react chemically (6) ________ each other and produce
electricity. As a result they dissipate gradually. Therefore the newly developed
battery is suitable (7) _______ applications which have limited life span such
(8) _______ bank cards, watches or greeting cards. It is also relatively
environmentally friendly because it does not contain mercury.

Based on: Inexpensive Thin Printable Batteries Developed

[Link]
Retrieved 22 August, 2012

Glossary
colleague – współpracownik
develop – stworzyć, opracować
dissipate – rozpraszać, rozkładać się
gradually – stopniowo
layer – warstwa
life span – długość życia
manganese – mangan
mercury – rtęć
relatively – stosunkowo
research – badania, badawczy
respectively – odpowiednio
substrate – podłoże
suitable – odpowiedni

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 82 Part I

IV. Thermoelectric Generators

Read the text and find words which are synonyms of the ones in the
table
statistics cell appliance changes concentrated reduce
as a result exploit

66% of energy produced in power plants and electrical generators is lost as

waste heat. 35% of energy is dissipated as heat in a car exhaust pipe only. These
shocking figures caused researchers to work on a device that converts heat into
electricity – a thermoelectric generator. This device converts heat into electrical
energy by using a temperature gradient. The greater the temperature difference,
the more current a thermoelectric generator can produce.
Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques
IPM have focused on heat lost in car exhaust pipes. According to Dr. Harald
Böttner, the difference between the temperature of exhaust fumes and car
cooling system fluid can be several hundred degrees Celsius. His module to
harness the heat makes use of a special semiconductor layer which separates the
cool side from the hot side. The charge carriers pass through the semiconductor
layer driven by the flow of heat from the hot exhaust gases to the cold coolant.
Consequently electricity is produced just like in a battery. If the project is
successful, the scientist hopes to decrease petrol consumption by 5–7%.

Based on: Electricity From The Exhaust Pipe

[Link]
Retrieved 22 August, 2012

Glossary
according to – zgodnie z (informacją, wypowiedzią itd.)
charge carrier – nośnik ładunku
coolant – chłodziwo, czynnik chłodzący
dissipated – rozproszony
driven – napędzany
exhaust pipe – rura wydechowa
fumes – spaliny
harness – wykorzystywać
power plant – elektrownia
researcher – badacz
thermoelectric generator – termoelektryczny generator prądu

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 Additional exercises 83

V. The Smallest Electronic Circuit

Read the text and complete it with words from the table

wires behavior research carries scientists

Guillaume Gervais from McGill's Physics Department and Mike Lilly from
Sandia National Laboratories with colleagues have engineered one of the world's
smallest electronic circuits. It is composed of two wires separated by only about
150 atoms.
The studies of the circuit have revealed astonishing facts. The scientists
observed that when one wire (1) _______ current, it has either a positive or
negative effect on the other wire. In other words it can induce current in the
second wire either in the same or the opposite direction. This discovery gives an
insight into electronic circuit (2) ________ at nanoscale.
Some (3) ________ also claim that the new invention might also help to
solve one of the major problems which computer designers have to face:
harnessing energy dissipated as heat. Markus Büttiker from Département de
Physique Théorique of Université de Genève put forward a theory that it may be
possible to use the energy lost as heat in one wire in neighbouring (4) _______.
The (5) ________, funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada, could have a significant influence on the development of
new small and fast electronic devices such as smartphones, notebooks and GPS
systems.

Based on: One of the World's Smallest Electronic Circuits Created

[Link]
Retrieved 22 August, 2012

Glossary
claim – twierdzić
discovery – odkrycie
influence – wpływ
insight – wgląd, postrzeganie, spostrzeżenie
major – główny
neighbouring – sąsiadujący
reveal – odkryć, pokazać
significant – znaczny

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 84 Part I

VI. Solar Power from Space

Read the text and find words which are synonyms of the ones in the
table
stable no matter/despite potential problem says

Dr Massimiliano Vasile, of the University of Strathclyde's Department of

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering claims that the biggest hindrance in
solar power use is the fact that it is difficult to transmit solar energy from the
place where it can be easily generated, e.g. on the Sahara desert, to the places
where it can be used.
He claims that space provides even better solar energy generation
possibilities than the Sahara desert because solar energy can be collected at any
time of the day and regardless of the weather conditions. In order to achieve this
the scientist together with his colleagues has designed a platform for solar panels
to collect energy in space and then to send it to earth by a microwave or laser
system. The system could beam the collected energy back down to earth,
directly to specific areas. This would provide a reliable source of energy and
would eliminate the need for storing energy coming from renewable sources on
earth because the system would provide a constant supply of solar energy. The
platform is currently being tested.

Based on: Bright Future for Solar Power from Space

[Link]
Retrieved 22 August, 2012

Glossary
achieve – osiągnąć
beam – przesyłać
hindrance – przeszkoda, utrudnienie
provide – dostarczać
regardless of – bez względu na
reliable – niezawodny, pewny
renewable sources of energy – odnawialne źródła energii

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 KEY: PART I

Unit 1. The atom, conductors, semiconductors and insulators

I. Chemical elements: helium, hydrogen, copper; particles: electron,

neutron, proton; adjectives: charged, balanced, uncharged
II.
A. 1b, 2c, 3e, 4d
B.
1 T
2 F – The electron is the basic particle of negative charge.
3 F – When electrons in the innermost shell of an atom (valence
electrons) break away, they become free electrons.
4 T
5 T
6 F – Silicon and germanium are common semiconducting
materials.
7 F – Insulators cannot carry current because they have very few
free electrons
III.
A. shell, gets, break, can, atom, current
B. C.
1 atom 1 copper
2 proton 2 insulator
3 nucleus 3 tiny
4 conductor 4 woolen
5 valence electron 5 rod
6 insulator
IV. Possible answers:
1. Copper wires allow electrical current to flow through it easily.
2. Water does not let light pass through it easily.
3. Optic fibers let electromagnetic waves travel through them.
4. Modern technology allows us to live more comfortable lives.
5. Computers allow people to communicate quickly.
6. Road signs let drivers travel safely.
7. Microwave ovens allow people to cook food quickly.
8. Airplanes let us travel fast.
9. Helmets allow us to ride bikes more safely.
10. Road sidewalks let people walk along streets safely.

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 86 Key: part I

Unit 2. Electric charge

II. A. 1. F, 2. T, 3. F, 4. F, 5. F, 6. T
B.
1. Positively charged ink droplets are shot between uncharged
plates.
2. The droplets go straight and hit the sheet in the middle.
3. Then the plates are charged.
4. The top plate is negatively charged and the bottom plate is
positively charged.
5. Positively charged droplets are attracted by the negatively
charged top plate.
6. The droplets go upwards and hit the sheet above the first point.
7. The charge on the plates is changed. The top plate is positively
charged, the bottom plate is negatively charged.
8. Positively charged droplets are attracted by the negatively
charged bottom plate. The droplets go downwards and hit the
sheet below the first point.
III. A.
1. is rubbed
2. is brought
3. is separated
4. are charged
5. are repelled
B.
1.
ash gold
bits images
cans ink
chimneys leaves
coulombs spheres
dust studies
2.
a. Precipitators remove bits of ash from the smoke.
b. Precipitators are filters which are installed in most factory
chimneys.
c. An image of the original picture was scanned and sent by email.
d. Used aluminum beer cans should be segregated and recycled.
e. Tom met his girlfriend during his studies at PUT.
f. The leaf of this electroscope is made of gold.

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 Key: part I 87

IV. Word search

R + + + + + + + E + + + + + +
+ E C + + + + + P + + + + + +
+ + T A + + + + O N E E R C S
+ + + L P + + + C + + + R + +
+ + + + I A + + S + + O + + +
+ + + + + F C + O + T + + + +
+ + + + + + + I R A + + + C +
+ + + + + + P + T + + + + O +
+ + + + + R + I C O + + + M +
+ + + + I + P + E + R + + P +
+ + + N + I + + L + + + + U +
D + T + C + + + E + + + + T +
O E + E P H O T O C O P I E R
R + R + + + + + + + + + + R +
+ P + + + + + + + + + + + + +

(Over,Down,Direction)
CAPACITOR(3,2,SE)
COMPUTER(14,7,S)
ELECTROSCOPE(9,12,N)
FILTER(6,6,NW)
PHOTOCOPIER(5,13,E)
PRECIPITATOR(2,15,NE)
PRINTER(7,8,SW)
ROD(1,14,N)
SCREEN(15,3,W)
Unit 3. Electric circuit
I.
3. a – battery/cell; b – switch; c – (light) bulb; d – ammeter
II.
Student A:
a. A switch opens/breaks or closes a circuit.
b. Another name for a battery is a cell.
c. The real direction of current flow is from the negative to the positive
terminal of the EMF source.
d. 1 ampere is a flow of 1 coulomb per second, or a flow of 6.28 × 1018
electrons per second.
e. An ammeter is connected to a circuit in series.
Student B:
a. A circuit consists of the source of EMF (electromotive force),
a conducting path, a switch and a load.

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 88 Key: part I

b. A load is an electric component to which power is delivered, for

example, a light bulb.
c. Current is the flow of electrons in a circuit.
d. The conventional direction of current flow is from the positive to the
negative battery terminal.
e. An ammeter measures current values.
III.
Across Down
2. circuit 1. bulb
5. ammeter 2. current
6. terminal 3. load
7. switch 4. device
7. scientist
IV.
A.
1. A simple circuit consists of the source of EMF, a conducting path,
a switch and a load.
2. A switch is a device which is used for closing or opening a circuit.
3. Electrons flow from the negative battery terminal to the positive one.
4. The flow of electrons in a circuit is called current.
5. The positive ammeter terminal should be on the same side as the
positive battery terminal
B.
1. If the circuit is closed, the electrons can flow from the negative cell
terminal to the positive cell terminal.
2. If the circuit is broken, the electrons cannot flow.
3. The flow of electrons in a circuit is called current.
4. Currents are measured with a measuring device called an ammeter.
5. Electric power is delivered to the battery through a wire.
6. Two resistors are connected in series.
7. This radio can be powered with a battery or with 230V from the
mains.

Unit 4. Potential difference

I. A. adjectives: common, compressed, connected, dissipated, joined,
marked, parallel, scientific, series
B. connected-joined, loss-wastage
C. cell, spring, voltmeter

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 Key: part I 89

II.
1. The difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit is
called potential difference (PD).
2. Voltage
3. A cell produces its highest potential difference when it is not
connected to any circuit. This maximum PD is called electromotive
force (EMF).
4. PD: volt; EMF: volt; charge: coulomb; current: ampere; energy:
joule
5. voltmeter: parallel connection; ammeter: series connection; bulbs:
series connection; batteries: series connection
6. The circuit consists of three cells connected in series, an ammeter
connected in series, three resistors connected in series and
a voltmeter which is connected in parallel.
III.
A.
1. The higher the current, the greater the flow of electrons.
2. The closer you put a charged rod to aluminum foil, the stronger it
attracts the foil.
Other answers will vary.
B.
1. was 8. were
2. married 9. was awarded
3. had 10. made
4. died 11. announced
5. studied 12. allowed
6. attended 13. extended
7. received
Unit 5. Resistance
I.
B. el. components: diode, LDR, rheostat, thermistor, variable resistor
C. verbs of movement: collide, vibrate
D. size adjectives: high, thick, thin, low
II.
A.
1. Copper wire a better conductor of current than tungsten wire
because it resists current more.
2. The resistance of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across
it to current through it. Voltage is divided by current.

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 90 Key: part I

3. Factors that affect resistance are: the type of material that the wire
is made of, the length of the wire, the cross-sectional area and the
temperature.
4. When we double the length of wire, the resistance also doubles.
5. Thick wire got less resistance than thin wire.
6. When we increase temperature in metals, resistance goes up.
When we increase temperature in semiconductors, resistance goes
down.
7. When current flows through a wire, moving electrons collide with
atoms in the wire and this produces heat.
8. A bulb filament is made of a thin tungsten wire because it has
quite high resistance, it produces a lot of heat and has high melting
point. We need a high temperature to produce light.
B.
1. variable resistor (rheostat) – b
2. thermistor – d
3. LDR – a
4. diode – c
III.
No Adjective Noun Verb
1 conductive conductor conduct
2 long length lengthen
3 collision collide
4 high height heighten
5 cross-sectional cross-section
6 useful use use
7 resistive resistance, resistor resist
8 various variety vary
9 applied application apply
10 flow flow
11 influential influence influence
12 vibrational vibration vibrate
13 productive production produce
14 dependent dependence depend

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 Key: part I 91

IV.
B.
1c, 2a, 3b, 4e, 5d, 6h, 7i, 8g, 9j, 10f
Unit 6. Ohm’s law
I.
B. verbs: appoint, change, decrease, experience, go up/down, grow, fall,
increase, obey, reach, rise, stand at, vary
C. past simple: appointed, changed, decreased, experienced, went
up/down, grew, fell, increased, obeyed, reached, rose, stood at,
varied
D. lecturer, locksmith, mathematician
II.
A.
1.
a. was f. -
b. was g. did
c. did h. did
d. did i. was
e. was
2.
a. in 1789 f. his father
b. a locksmith g. in 1811
c. 7 h. at the Jesuit Gymnasium
d. He entered Erlangen of Cologne
University. i. the chair of physics at the
e. No, he wasn’t. University of Munich
C.
1.
Resistance [Ω]
No Current [A] Voltage [V]
R=U/I
a 0 0 0
b 0.5 0.8 1.6
c 1 2 2
d 1.65 4 2.42
e 2.15 6 2.79
f 2.5 8 3.2
g 2.8 10 3.57
h 3 12 4

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 92 Key: part I

2.

PD against Current in
Thungsten Wire
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0 5 10 15

D. For a constant resistance, if the voltage in a circuit increases, the

flow of current rises. Voltage and current in a resistive circuit are
directly and linearly proportional. However, for a constant voltage, if
we increase the resistance, less current will flow. Current is inversely
proportional to resistance.
III.
ESRICENA – INCREASE
PGUO – GO UP
ERIS – RISE
GRWO – GROW
DECSERAE – DECREASE
GDNOWO – GO DOWN
FLLA – FALL
NECLIDE – DECLINE
TUCTUFELA – FLUCTUATE
LOEVELFF – LEVEL OFF
PEAKEARACH – REACH A PEAK
LIDTYASE – STEADILY
RAALYDLUG – GRADUALLY
LIHSYGLT – SLIGHTLY
Final message: GRAPH

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 Key: part I 93

Unit 7. Electrical power

I.
A. el. appliances: drill, hairdryer, iron, kettle, loudspeaker
B.
appliance electrical machine
dissipate go in different directions
gain get
figure number
supply provide
rate speed

II.
A.
1. What types of energy are there?
2. Can it be lost?
3. What is power?
4. How is it measured?
B.
1. Electrical energy, heat energy, light energy, sound energy,
chemical energy, kinetic energy, elastic potential energy,
gravitational potential energy and nuclear energy
2. Energy cannot be lost, it can be transformed into another form of
energy.
3. Chemical energy which is stored in food is changed into heat,
kinetic and chemical energy.
4. When we speak to the microphone, sound energy is transformed
into electrical energy by the microphone.
5. Electrical energy is transformed into sound energy by
a loudspeaker.
6. The rate at which energy is changed from one type to another type
is called power.
7. Power rating of a device is the information given by the
manufacturer of a maximum power which can be used with the
device.
8. Energy which is dissipated in a drill is heat and sound.
III.
1. The flow of electrons is called current.
2. Current is measured in amperes.
3. The greater the PD across a battery, the more potential energy is
given to each electron.

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 94 Key: part I

4. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy in a battery.

5. This figure tells the power rating of this electrical drill.
6. Power rating is marked on electrical appliances.
7. Power rating says how much energy an appliance needs to operate.
8. When current flows through a resistor this has a heating effect.
9. Energy is dissipated in a resistor.
10. When one bulb is removed in series connection, all the other bulbs
go out.
IV.
Across
2. hairdryer
6. rate
7. loudspeaker
9. dissipate
10. drill
Down
1. kettle
2. household
3. iron
4. measure
5. power rating
8. various
Unit 8. Protective devices
I.
A. verbs: branch into, cancel, fit with, replace, trip
B. chemical elements: copper, iron
C. devices: circuit breaker, lawnmower, residual current device, socket
D.
transmit electricity imbalance of charge
cancel classes mains electricity
fit with a protective replace a worker
device stray dog
flow back and forth
household duties
II.
A.
1. Fuse, circuit breaker and residual current device
2. Protective devices are used to break the circuit when a fault
occurs.

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 Key: part I 95

3. A fuse blows and has to be replaced, a circuit breaker and an

RCD can be switched on again.
4. It is similar to a transformer.
5. RCD can be used in underwater swimming pool lights, at
construction sites, at hotel bathrooms, in spas, in lawnmowers.
B.
1. The electricity is supplied to a household through a fuse box. T
2. At consumer unit the wires branch into several series circuits for
the lights, cooker, electric heater and mains sockets on the walls.
F (parallel)
3. In consumer unit most circuits pass through a circuit breaker or
a fuse. F (each)
4. A fuse can be reset by turning the switch on or pressing a button.
F (circuit breaker)
5. RCD compares the currents in the live and neutral wires and if
they are not the same, it switches off the appliance. T
6. Inside an RCD, the live and neutral cables from the electric
supply are wound around a copper core. F (iron)
III.
1. Electricity is supplied to a household through a consumer unit.
2. A circuit breaker is an automatic switch.
3. A fuse is a thin piece of wire.
4. It overheats and melts if the current is too high.
5. When a fuse blows, we have to replace it with a new one.
6. RCD automatically shuts off stray currents.
IV.
A. circuit breaker
B. stray currents
C. flow back and forth
Unit 9. Cells and batteries
I.
B.
chemical compounds: ammonium chloride, carbon dioxide,
manganese dioxide, sulphuric acid, zinc sulfate,
metals: cadmium, copper, lead, lithium, nickel, zinc
gases: carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen
adjectives: adsorbent, discharged, flat, reversible, sulphuric, upright
II.
A.
1. Direct current
2. A battery is a set of several cells connected in series.

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 96 Key: part I

3. The simple cell consists of two plates called electrodes which are
submerged in electrolyte and connected with a conductor.
4. Current flows from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper
plate.
5. Dry cells do not have to be kept upright and there is no danger of
electrolyte leakage.
6. primary cells
7. Secondary cells can be recharged over and over again. Examples:
zinc-cadmium, lithium-polymer and lead-acid
8. Overcharging is dangerous because if too much current is passed
through the discharged battery, gases can be produced and the
battery can be destroyed.
B.
a – positive copper plate/positive electrode; b – negative zinc
plate/negative electrode; c – sulphuric acid/electrolyte
III.

The simple cell

structure operation

Copper releases Zinc releases positive

Zinc plate
electrons into H2SO4 ions into H2SO4

Copper electrons
combine with Zink positive ions
Copper plate Hydrogen positive combine with SO42-
ions

Sulphuric acid Positive copper plate Negative zinc plate

Current flows

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 Key: part I 97

IV.
ammonium chloride NH4Cl
cadmium Cd
carbon dioxide CO2
copper Cu
hydrogen H
lithium Li
manganese dioxide MnO2
nickel Ni
oxygen O

Unit 10. Magnetism

I.
A. appear – disappear, closely – far apart, fact-theory, magnetized
– unmagnetized, put in – take out, permanent – temporary
II.
A.

1. e 4. a
2. f 5. d
3. b 6. c
B.
1. If we put two magnets closely to each other with like poles next
to each other they will attract each other. F (repel)
2. Substances that can be magnetized are iron, nickel, steel, cobalt
and certain iron salts. T
3. The area around a magnet where the effects of the magnet can be
felt by other magnetic materials is called magnetic flux. T
4. Wilhelm Weber said that each molecule of a permanent magnet is
a temporary magnet. F
5. When the bar is fully magnetized the molecules are arranged in
parallel lines pointing from south to north. T
6. Saturated means partly magnetized. F (fully)
7. When a magnetized bar is broken, the poles appear at the breaks.
T
8. If a magnet is heated above Curie temperature it loses its
magnetic properties. T
9. Soft iron is the best material that can be used to make permanent
magnets. F (steel)
10. If two bars repel, then both of them are temporary magnets. F
(permanent)

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 98 Key: part I

C.
1. force 5. rate
2. opposite 6. conservation
3. loops 7. right
4. generators 8. motion
III.
1. A moving magnetic field can induce voltage in a conductor.
What can induce voltage in a conductor?
2. A moving magnetic field can induce voltage in a conductor.
What/What kind of field can induce voltage in a conductor?
3. A moving magnetic field can induce voltage in a conductor.
Where can a moving magnetic field induce voltage?
4. Wilhelm Weber lived in 19th century.
Who lived in 19th century?
5. Wilhelm Weber lived in 19th century.
When did Wilhelm Weber live?
6. He formulated the molecular theory of magnetism.
Who formulated the molecular theory of magnetism?
7. He formulated the molecular theory of magnetism.
What theory did he formulate?
8. Faraday’s law states that the induced electromotive force is
proportional to the rate at which the lines of the magnetic field are
cut.
Whose law states that the induced electromotive force is
proportional to the rate at which the lines of the magnetic field are
cut?
9. The bar is fully magnetized.
How is the bar magnetized?
10. The bar is fully magnetized.
What is the bar like?

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 Key: part I 99

IV.
+ + + + + + + + + + + D T + +
+ + + + + + + + + + E + E + +
+ + + + + + + + + S + + M + +
+ P M A G N E T I S E D P + +
+ + E + + + + T + S + + O + +
+ + + R + + E + A + + + R + +
+ + + + M N + T + L + + A + +
+ + + + G A U + + + E + R + +
+ + + A + R N + + + + P Y + +
+ + M + A + + E + + + + E + +
+ N + T + + + + N + + + + R +
U + E + + + + + + T + + + + +
+ D T C A R T T A + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
(Over,Down,Direction)
ATTRACT(9,13,W)
MAGNETISED(3,4,E)
PERMANENT(2,4,SE)
REPEL(14,11,NW)
SATURATED(10,5,SW)
TEMPORARY(13,1,S)
UNMAGNETISED(1,12,NE)

Unit 11. DC motor

I.
B. body parts: finger, thumb; mathematical terms: perpendicular, right
angle, quantity, axis, orthogonal; DC motor components: stationary
magnet, armature, commutator, split ring, coil, soft iron core
II.
A.
1. a – stationary magnet, b – armature, c – commutator/split ring,
d – brushes, e – core
2.
a. The north pole of the electromagnet is attracted by the south pole
and repelled by the north pole of the field magnet. 2
b. The poles of the armature are reversed and the turn continues.6
c. The armature turns a quarter of a turn and the coil is nearly
vertical, the forces cannot turn it much further. 3
d. When current flows through the brushes and the commutator, the
armature becomes an electromagnet. 1

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 100 Key: part I

e. When the commutator comes back in contact with the brushes,

current flows through the armature in the opposite direction. 5
f. Then electric contact is broken because of the gap in the
commutator. 4
B.
1. practical motors coils of wire are wound around a soft iron core
(there are several coils of wire)
2. electromagnets instead of stationary magnets
C.
1.
a. The coil will move downwards.
b. The coil will move downwards.
c. The coil will move upwards.
2. Leverage is turning effect of the forces acting on the armature.
3. Commutator
4. By increasing the number of turns on the coil or the area of the
coil
5. To make the motor run smoothly and become more powerful
6. To make the turning effect stable
III.
1. Decreasing the strength of the field magnet causes the motor to turn
more slowly.
2. Increasing the number of turns on the coil causes the motor to turn
faster.
3. Decreasing the area of the coil causes the motor to turn more slowly.
4. Soft iron core causes the magnetic field to become stronger.
5. Winding several coils on the same axis causes the motor to run
smoothly and become more powerful.
6. Replacing the stationary magnet with electromagnets causes
magnetic field to be stable.
IV.
assign – to refer to something particular
external – outer
motion – movement
orthogonal – composed of right angles
quantity – a property of a thing that can be measured or compared,
e.g. resistance
Unit 12. The generator

I.
1. brushes

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 Key: part I 101

2. dynamo, generator
3. slip ring
4. rectifier
5. split ring/commutator
6. unlike
7. turns of wire
8. amplify
9. output
10. reverse
II.
A.
1. AC current flows backwards and forwards, DC current flows in
one direction only.
2. A dynamo is a small generator used in bicycles or in wind-up
radios.
3. A simple AC generator consists of a stationary magnet, a coil of
wire, slip rings and brushes.
4. When the coil is rotated it cuts magnetic field lines of the
stationary magnet and EMF is induced in the coil.
5. When the coil goes up, current flows in one direction; when the
coil goes down, current flows in the opposite direction. As the
rotation continues, current keeps on flowing backwards and
forwards, backwards and forwards. In other words alternating
current (AC) is produced.
6. Rotating the coil faster increases the EMF output.
7. A simple DC generator has a split ring (a ring made of 2 separate
halves) instead of a slip ring. It is called commutator.
8. When the coil moves, after each half-turn the contact between the
brushes and the half ring is broken and then the brushes touch the
other half-ring attached to the other end of the moving coil of
wire. In this way the current is reversed and it flows only in one
direction. The current which is produced is DC current.
9. Cars need DC current for batteries.
10. A device which changes AC current into DC current is called
rectifier.
B.
1c, 2d, 3e, 4b, 5a

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 102 Key: part I

C.
Direct Current (DC) flows in one direction. Its voltage is constant. It
is used in batteries, car batteries and in many electronic devices.
III.
A. A simple AC generator consists of/ is composed of a stationary
magnet, a coil of wire, slip rings and brushes. A simple DC generator
consists of/ is composed of a stationary magnet, a coil of wire, split
ring/commutator and brushes.
B. The operation of an alternator: When the south pole of the magnet is
at the top and the north pole is at the bottom and the magnet is in the
vertical position, no EMF is induced and no current flows. When the
magnet turns right and is in horizontal position with the south pole on
the right and the north pole on the left, current is induced in the
circuit. When the magnet moves up and is in vertical position with the
north pole at the top and the south pole at the bottom, no current
flows. When the turn continues and the north pole is on the right and
the south pole is on the left the current flows in the opposite direction.
IV.
AMFPIL – AMPLIFY
VERRESE – REVERSE
HTTACA – ATTACH
NERAETEG – GENERATE
PIUDNW – WINDUP
TARTOE – ROTATE
final message: POWER

Unit 13. Transformers

I.
B. antonyms: allow-prevent, primary-secondary, step down-step up
C. components: coil, enclosure, core
D. phenomena: eddy current, induction
II.
A.
1. Transformers are electric devices which allow to increase or
decrease AC voltages.
2. A simple transformer consists of two coils of wire, primary coil
and secondary one, which are wound on a soft iron core.
3. Step-up and step-down
4. Turns ratio is the ratio of the number of turns in a secondary
winding of a transformer to the number of turns in the primary
winding.

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 Key: part I 103

5. Windings are made of thick copper wire because it has less

resistance and as a result produces less heat.
6. Transformers are put into enclosures filled with dielectric oil which
provides cooling and prevents moisture.
B.
1. What is the principle of operation of transformers? (mutual
induction)
2. How is magnetic field produced by alternating current in the
primary coil changing? (continuously)
3. When is current induced in the secondary coil? (when this
continuously changing magnetic field cuts across the windings of
the secondary coil)
4. What does the output voltage of a transformer depend on? (the
size of the voltage across the primary coil, the number of turns of
wire on the primary coil and the number of turns of wire on the
secondary coil)
5. How many turns does the transformer in the picture above have on
the primary winding? (10)
6. Where are there paper sheets in a transformer? (between layers of
windings)
7. Why is transformer core laminated? (to avoid eddy currents)
III.
1c; 2f; 3b; 4h; 5a; 6d; 7e; 8i; 9g
IV.
A. mutual induction
B. primary winding
C. secondary winding
D. turns ratio

Unit 14. Power transmission and distribution

I.
B. transmission and distribution components: distribution bus, power line,
power plant, pylon, lattice tower, substation
C. feed, supply, suspend
D. step-down, step-up, pole mounted
II.
A.
order of paragraphs: a.5, b.3, c.1, d.4, e.2

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 104 Key: part I

B.
paragraph a
lay
paragraph b
dissipated
paragraph c
steam
paragraph d
therefore
paragraph e
network
III.
1. First, electricity is generated at a power plant at voltages from
6.3 kV to 27 kV.
2. Then, voltage is increased at a substation by a step-up transformer to
transmission level of 750 kV, 400 kV or 220 kV.
3. Next, it passes/goes trough transmission lines.
4. After that, it is fed to a substation where a step-down transformer
reduces/decreases the voltage to distribution level of 110 kV.
5. Then, distribution bus supplies/feeds/distributes power in many
directions to industrial and commercial customer where it is
decreased to 30 kV and 10 kV respectively.
6. Finally, voltage is decreased by underground substations or pole
mounted transformers to 230 V for safe use by domestic customers.
IV.
exceptional natural beauty
high pressure steam
power plant
overhead power lines
significantly higher cost

Additional exercises

I. Space Chemical Bond

1 – responsible, 2 – conditions, 3 – such as, 4 – result, 5 – found out
II. Graphene
1 – award, 2 – piece, 3 – properties, 4 – impermeable, 5 – applications

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 Key: part I 105

III. A New Cutting Edge Battery

1 – with, 2 – through, 3 – onto, 4 – of, 5 – in, 6 – with, 7 – for, 8 – as
IV. Thermoelectric Generators
statistics – figures, cell – battery, appliance – device, changes – converts,
concentrated – focused, reduce – decrease, as a result – consequently,
exploit – harness
V. The Smallest Electronic Circuit
1 – carries, 2 – behaviour, 3 – scientists, 4 – wires, 5 – research
VI. Solar Power from Space
problem – hindrance
says – claims
potential – possibilities
no matter/despite – regardless
stable – reliable, constant

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY: PART I

1. Arnold, B., GCSE Physics Success Guide, UK: Letts Educational, 2001
2. Haynie, W-J., Electricity and Electronics Today, USA: EMC/Paradigm Publishing,
1987
3. Pople, S., Complete Physics, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999
4. Barnhart, C. and R. Barnhart, The World Book Dictionary, USA: Doubleday &
Company, 1982
5. Skrzyńska, M. et al., Słownik naukowo-techniczny, Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Tech-
niczne, 1997
6. Rundell, M. and G. Fox, Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners,
Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2002

Websites:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

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 Iwona Gajewska-Skrzypczak

Part II

3R Exercises – to Relax, to Remember, to Revise

“Electricity is really just organized lightning”

(George Carlin)

I would like to thank my husband for his inspiring hints and practical help

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 UNIT 1. THE ATOM, CONDUCTORS, SEMICONDUCTORS
AND INSULATORS

“Faith is like electricity. You can't see it, but you can see the light”.
Anonymous
1. Choose the words which may be used to
discuss atoms and molecules:
tiny, orbit, withstand, artificial, charged,
arrange, properties, track, matter,
fermentation, decomposition, consist of,
supply, steam, solid, variety, positive, to form,
anion, shell, to resemble, diameter
[Link]
Make some sentences describing atoms and Retrieved 12 June, 2013
molecules using the words from the list.

2. Jigsaw sentences: put the words in the correct order to make logic
sentences:
a. if / electron / ion / an / it / an / loses / a / atom / becomes / (cation) /
positive /.
b. parts / are / of / compound / molecules / the / a / smallest /.
c. an / consisting / the/ at /of / protons / centre / nucleus / atom / is / a / of /.
d. a / as / most / a / solid / can / substances / a / liquid / exist / or / gas /.
e. element / that / of / an / is /atoms / a / consists of / one / type / substance
/ only /.
3. Write characteristics of the conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
Give examples of materials used as conductors, semiconductors and
insulators.

CONDCUTORS .............................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
GOOD CONDUCTORS ................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
POOR CONDUCTORS .................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................

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 112 Part II

SEMICONDUCTORS ...................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
INSULATORS ................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................

4. Grammar: Which tense is used in each sentence? Write Present Simple,

Present Continuous, Simple Past or Present Perfect:
a. We always go to the seaside for holidays. ..............................................
b. I’m listening to the radio at the moment. ................................................
c. She has written a fantastic book on animal life. ......................................
d. My mother works at the bank. ................................................................
e. We have seen this theatre performance three times. ................................
f. Metals contain free electrons. .................................................................
g. All atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons. .....
h. A battery produces direct current. ...........................................................
i. He came back home at about midnight. ..................................................
j. I like swimming in the sea. .....................................................................
k. I bought a beautiful picture of old Cracow. ............................................
l. She is painting a landscape. ....................................................................
m. They moved to Poznan two years ago. ....................................................
n. Van der Graff generator generates static electricity. ...............................
o. They are playing the rugby match. ..........................................................
Write questions and negative sentences to the sentences above.

a. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
b. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
c. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................

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 Unit 1. The atom, conductors, semiconductors and insulators 113

d. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
e. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
f. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
g. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
h. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
i. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
j. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
k. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
l. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
m. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
n. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................
o. Q. .........................................................................................................
N. .........................................................................................................

Glossary
charged – naładowany
coil – cewka

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 114 Part II

conductor – przewodnik
copper – miedź
current – prąd
device – urządzenie
electron – elektron
equal – równy
flow – przepływać; przepływ
germanium – german, germanium
helium – hel
hydrogen – wodór
insulator – izolator
integrated circuit – obwód scalony
neutron – neutron
nucleus – jądro
outermost – najbardziej oddalony od centrum
particle – cząstka
prevent – zapobiegać
proton – proton
randomly – losowo
retain – zachowywać
rub – pocierać
semiconductor – półprzewodnik
shell – skorupa, muszla
silver – srebro
sufficient – wystarczający
uncharged – nienaładowany

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

be
go
write
saw
come
fell
give
got

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 Unit 1. The atom, conductors, semiconductors and insulators 115

UNBELIEVABLE!
“An atomic clock was used to prove that the higher you live above sea level,
the faster you age”.
It’s the truth that a person living on a mountain ages faster than someone living
on the beach. This idea was first discussed by a physicist Albert Einstein. In his
theory of relativity he claimed that time is relative, not constant. In 2010 an
experiment testing Einstein’s reasoning was conducted by James Chin-Wen
Chou and his colleagues from the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST). First they put two atomic clocks about 30 cm apart above
sea level, then they discovered that both clocks ran at different speed – the
higher one was a bit faster. Fortunately, the real difference doesn’t seem
remarkable – someone who lives in the mountains would age 90 billionths of
a second faster over a 79-year lifetime.
Based on: Howstuffworks;10 Strange Facts About Atomic Clocks
[Link]
Retrieved 12 April, 2012

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 UNIT 2. ELECTRIC CHARGE

“Electricity is the power that causes all natural

phenomena not known to be caused by
something else”.
Ambrose Bierce

1. Put the following words under the

correct heading:
induction / attract / repulsion / touch /
prevent / dangerous / rub / quick / detect / [Link]
attach / huge / discharging / woolen / /wiki/File:Leyden_jar.png
earthing Retrieved 23 November, 2012

Phenomena Verbs Adjectives

2. Match the words of the opposite meaning:

pull vanish
melt disconnect
drop push
appear join
connect freeze
separate put up

3. Find synonyms to the following words (all the words should be placed in
the table):
alter / arouse / article / initiate / result in / transform / carry / commodity /
convey / begin

To move To transport Object To change To cause

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 118 Part II

Group work: Create your own sentences using at least 6 words

from the list.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

4. Grammar: Complete each sentence with a correct form of the verb in

Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple or Present Perfect:
a.
He…………………. in Australia for six months in 1999. (live)
b.
He always ……………… late on Sundays. (get up)
c.
You …………………. too much sweets. (eat)
d.
Ann ………………….. a biography of Maria Curie-Skłodowska now.
(read)
e. He ………………… the last night party. (enjoy)
f. Our team ………………. five matches since March. (win)
g. We …………….. our parents to Spain last week. (take)
h. I …………………… many times at jazz concerts because I ……… this
kind of music. (be, like)
i. They ……………….. home tonight. (come back)
5. Write plural forms of the following nouns:
phenomenon .............................................................................................
electron ......................................................................................................

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 Unit 2. Electric charge 119

battery .......................................................................................................
leaf.............................................................................................................
factory .......................................................................................................
instrument..................................................................................................
building .....................................................................................................
conductor...................................................................................................
chimney .....................................................................................................
unit ............................................................................................................
nucleus ......................................................................................................

Glossary

appear – pojawić się

appliance – urządzenie
below – poniżej
build up – wzmacniać, rozwijać; nasilenie
coulomb – kulomb
droplet – kropelka
dust – kurz, pył
Earth, the – ziemia (planeta)
electroscope – elektroskop
enough – wystarczająco
flowchart – blokowy schemat działania
gold – złoto
ground – ziemia
induce – indukować, wzbudzać
induction – indukcja
ink – atrament
inkjet printer – drukarka atramentowa
leaf – liść
measure – mierzyć
melt – topić (się)
plate – płytka, okładzina kondensatora
power station – elektrownia
precipitator – filtr elektrostatyczny
prevent – zapobiegać
principle – zasada
pull – ciągnąć
quantity – ilość
remove – usuwać

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 120 Part II

sphere – kula
through – poprzez
touch – dotykać
unit – jednostka

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

break
ran
done
spoke
put
met
know
left

UNBELIEVABLE!
The first man who may have studied electricity was Thales of Miletus, circa
600 B.C. He was a Greek philosopher and one of the legendary Seven Wise Men.
He experimented with rubbing amber. Amber is a fossilized tree resin. Rubbed
amber attracts small, light objects, e.g. fur and dust. The Greek word for amber
is electron, hence the origin of the word electricity.

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 UNIT 3. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

“I believe talent is like electricity. We don't understand

electricity. We use it”.
Maya Angelou
[Link]
1. Decide if the following sentences are hold/lights/.cache/electrical
true (T) or false (F). Correct the false _outlet_warning.png
Retrieved April, 2012
statements.
a. An electric circuit must have at least the following components:
a source of electrical energy, conducting wires joining components,
resistors, and switches. …………..
b. Resistance is measured in siemens. ……………………
c. In AC circuits there is only one passive element – a resistor. …………
d. A switch is a device used for opening a circuit. …………….
e. An ammeter is a device used to measure the flow of current.
……………………..
2. Circuit symbols. Label the following symbols:
switch, resistor, battery, ammeter, voltmeter, single cell, variable resistor

...........................................

...........................................

...........................................

...........................................

...........................................

...........................................

...........................................

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 122 Part II

3. Match the definitions and names of various types of circuits.

a. A short circuit
has two or more branches, each branch gets the full voltage from the
source.
b. An open circuit
all components are connected one after another, they share the voltage of
the source.
c. A closed circuit
is a low-resistance path, usually made unintentionally, that bypasses part
of a circuit. This can happen when two bare wires in a circuit touch each
other.
d. A parallel circuit
has a complete path for current to flow.
e. A series circuit
doesn’t have a complete path for current to flow.

Group work: Give examples of the use of parallel and series

circuits. What happens if one of the elements is
broken down in each circuit?
4. We may compare the flow of current through a circuit to the blood
circulation system. Match the parts of an electric circuit to the parts of
the blood system in a human body:
blood battery, generator
blood vessels electrons
artery, vein parallel circuits
heart wires
5. Match units, definitions and symbols:
Definition Unit Symbol
unit of electric potential difference the ampere Hz
and electromotive force
unit of electric current the hertz C
unit of a charge the watt V
unit of electric power the coulomb
unit of resistance the volt A
unit of frequency of alternating current the ohm W

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 Unit 3. Electric circuit 123

6. Grammar: Put the following verbs into the correct Passive form.
a. Radium …………………. by Maria Curie-Skłodowska (discover).
b. English …………………….. in Great Britain. (speak)
c. A new road ………………. recently. (open)
d. “As you like it” …………………. by Shakespeare. (write)
e. We cannot play on the football pitch this week because the grass
……………………….. .(cut)
f. He ………………………… for a drunk-driving last night. (arrest)
g. It’s very cold here because the window ……………… .(break)
h. He’s satisfied because his latest painting ……………for over 10 000
pounds. (sell)
i. I went to work by bus because my car ……………. . (repair)
j. We …………………. an invitation for our friend Ann’s wedding.
(send)

Glossary
bulb – żarówka
cell – ogniwo
circuit – obwód
conduct – przewodzić
consist of – składać się z
current – prąd
deliver – dostarczać
device – urządzenie
EMF – electromotive force – siła elektromotoryczna
flow – przepływ; płynąć
gap – luka
load – obciążenie, odbiornik
measure – mierzyć
path – ścieżka
scientist – naukowiec
source – źródło

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 124 Part II

switch – przełącznik
terminal – zacisk
wire – drut; kabel

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle
become
had
bring
taken
cut
made
spend
teach

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 UNIT 4. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

“Ampere was the Newton of Electricity”.

James C. Maxwell
1. Make at least two sentences about each
device. Use expressions from the list below
or use other words:
a. voltmeter [Link]
b. ammeter Retrieved October, 2012
c. resistor
d. bulb
e. hammer
f. a pair of pliers
g. screwdriver
h. rectifier
i. switch
j. fuse
k. torch
l. voltage tester
m. knife
It’s used to / it’s used for
It helps
It enables
It consists of
It’s made up of
It comprises
[Link]/
Thanks to
[Link]?q=electrician
Retrieved October, 2012 It makes
It measures
It prevents
It allows
It’s necessary
By means of

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 126 Part II

2. Choose words which can replace the word DEVICE:

tool / drill / instrument / rubber / utensil / capacitor / grapheme / gear /
piston / equipment / facility / tube / appliance / transducer / apparatus /
socket /
3. Match the discoveries/inventions with the correct name:

Names Discoveries/inventions
1. B. Pascal a. Car radio
2. Hypatia b. Tungsten
3. A. Einstein c. Electric motor (AC)
4. Watson, Crick, Wilkins d. Nonreflective glass
5. L. Meitner e. Magnetic field
6. R. Levi-Montalcini f. Inventor of a petroleum refining method
7. A. Volta g. Generator
8. H. Oersted h. Transformer (induction coil)
9. S. Perlmutter, B.P. Schmidt, i. Identification of the process of nuclear
A. Riess fission
10. H. Lippershey j. Aspirin
11. T. Savery k. Steam pump
12. F. Hoffman l. Refrigerator
13. W. Lear, E. Wavering m. DNA’s double helix structure
14. Z. Gramme n. Proton
15. N. Tesla o. Electric motor (DC)
16. Piciontti p. Electric battery
17. E. Rutherford q. Discovery of the accelerating expansion
of the Universe through observations of
distant supernovae
18. J. Harrison r. The concept of the telescope
19. W. Stanley s. Theory of relativity
20. J.J. Elhuyar, L.F. de Elhuyar t. Plane astrolabe
21. E. Flanigen u. Discovery of nerve growth factor
22. K. Blodgett v. Adding machine

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 Unit 4. Potential difference 127

Put your answers in the following diagram:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

What is the difference between the verbs to

discover and to invent?
Choose three scientists from the list above and
find some more information about them.
Present your report to your group. Which
scientists from the list above are women?
Can you name some other famous woman
inventors or discoverers? [Link]
famous/science/science_3/
4. Put the following inventions and discoveries cache/Marie_Curie.png;
in the order of their appearance from the Retrieved 12 June, 2013
earliest to the latest. Do you know any dates?
airplane
antiseptic
ballpoint pen
bullet
burglar alarm
cement
clock (pendulum)
diesel engine
electromagnet
[Link]
electromagnetic induction armed_services/airplanes/
food frozen cache/B-1B_Lancer.png
laser Retrieved 12 June, 2013
maps
night club
paper
radar
rubber (waterproof)
safety pin
streetcar (electric)
telephone
transistor
vitamin A
wheel

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 128 Part II

xerography
zero (in number system)
What does the following acronym mean: LASER?

5. Grammar: Put the following adjectives in the comparative and

superlative forms:
a. big .................................. .......................................
b. clean ............................... .......................................
c. dirty ................................ .......................................
d. late .................................. .......................................
e. small ............................... .......................................
f. smart ............................... .......................................
g. hard ................................. .......................................
h. intelligent ........................ .......................................
i. lazy ................................. .......................................
j. laborious ......................... .......................................
k. famous ............................ .......................................
l. high ................................. .......................................
m. strange ............................ .......................................
n. dangerous ....................... .......................................
o. hot ................................... .......................................

6. Write some sentences using the adjectives in their comparative and

superlative forms.
7. Choose one of the adjectives from the list and try to show/mime its
meaning without words. The rest of the group will guess the word:

cross / delighted / boring / happy / expensive / amusing / clever / painful /

hot / embarrassing / interesting / odd /

8. Find in the dictionary the meaning of the following words. Remember,

they sound familiar, but their meaning very often differs from what you
guess. Such words are called False friends.
a. actual
b. fatal

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 Unit 4. Potential difference 129

c. eventual
d. atmospheric
e. sympathetic
f. specious
g. complex
h. concrete
i. consequently
j. data
k. revision
l. physician
m. economical
n. hazard
o. momentum

Group work: Try to write a short story using at least 8 words from
the list of False friends.

Glossary
although – chociaż
apply – stosować
cell – ogniwo
coil – cewka
common – powszechny
compressed – ściśnięty
connected (in series, in parallel) – połączony (szeregowo, równolegle)
dissipated – rozproszony
drop – kropla
heat – ciepło
joined – połączony
laborious – pracowity
loss – strata
marked – oznaczony
parallel – równoległy
principle – zasada
scientific – naukowy
spring – sprężyna
state – stan

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 130 Part II

voltage – napięcie
voltmeter – woltomierz
wastage – strata, ubytek

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle
learn
built
lost
buy
chose
cost
eat
drink

UNBELIEVABLE

There are some differences between laser light and

normal light. The main properties of laser light are as
follow:
monochromatic light – it means that there is
only one wavelength of light – only one specific
colour; the amount of the released energy
determines the wavelength;
coherent light – all photons move in step with each other;
directional light – light given by lasers is strong and concentrated; but
a flashlight sends light in many directions, therefore light is weak.
Based on: [Link]
Retrieved June, 2012

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 UNIT 5. RESISTANCE

“Benjamin Franklin may have discovered

electricity, but it was the man who invented the
meter who made the money”.
Earl Wilson A resistor
[Link]
wiki/File:[Link]
Retrieved 11 January, 2012
1. Complete the sentences:
a. Resistance may be defined as ...................................................................
b. For a given temperature, resistance is ......................................................
c. Resistors are used to .................................................................................
d. Diodes, light-dependent resistors …………………………... and
…………..…….... are so called ……………………….……. devices.
e. Some devices lose electrical resistance when they are ............................

Group work:
2. Prepare short descriptions of different types of resistors. Use some
expressions from the list. Include the following ideas: their use, types,
composition. In your description use at least two Passive sentences.

basic component, electrical circuit, to produce, to set, to regulate, electric

power, light, heat, a coil, tungsten, platinum, nichrome, layer, integrated
circuit, carbon, fixed, variable, rheostats, terminal, potentiometer
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

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 132 Part II

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….

3. Ohm’s law is very important for electricians. Read the formula of the
law and explain the relations:

4. What ideas come into your mind when you hear these words:
a. metal
b. variety
c. depend on
d. direction
e. factor
Complete the table with other parts of speech derived from the words
above:

No Words Noun Verb Adjective

1. metal
2. variety
3. depend on
4. direction

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 Unit 5. Resistance 133

5. Grammar: Put the following prepositions of time under the correct

heading.

At On In

four o’clock / April / 1990 / summer / Easter Monday / XX century / night /

dinner time / Christmas / the age of 6 / the moment / 18th August / winter
evening / the morning / weekend / the afternoon / the evening / the same time
/ Sunday

Group work
6. Tell your partner about your daily routines, habits and activities. Use
the following expressions:
never, rarely, seldom, often, usually, from time to time, sometimes, every
day, always.
7. Articles. Write a, an, the, some or any where necessary:
a. I don’t like ……………… coffee.
b. My sister is ……………. bank manager.
c. This cake is very tasty. Please take ……………. more.
d. …………. Paris is ……….. capital of ………… France.
e. We often listen to ………… jazz music.
f. He doesn’t like playing ……… tennis because it’s too difficult for
him.
g. This chest of drawers is made of ……….. wood.
h. They speak ………. Spanish fluently.

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 134 Part II

i. Do you know ……….. interesting museums in Poznan well worth

visiting?
j. ……. Finland is ………… European country in ……. North.
k. She was ………… first woman to reach this peak.
l. Let’s go to ………… theatre to see ………… performance directed by
W. Allen.
m. We have lived in ……….. small town for 5 years.
n. It’s very hot today, ……… sun is shining and ………… sky is
cloudless.
o. Tell me …….. truth! Who is responsible for breaking ……… window
in my room?
p. She is wearing ………….. beautiful red dress.
q. ………….. whales are one of ……….. biggest animals.
r. His son was in ……………. hospital for ……. few days, he was badly
injured in ………. car accident.
s. I usually drink tea for ………… breakfast.
t. Our Mother went to ……… school to meet with our teacher.

8. Divide the following nouns into two groups: countable and uncountable
nouns.
man / apple / paper / salt / money / conductor / petrol / bicycle / beer /
music / river / snow / rain / bottle / copper / blood / love / chair / girl /
circuit

Countable nouns: ………..………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

Uncountable nouns: …………………………………………………….....

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

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 Unit 5. Resistance 135

Glossary
affect – wpływać
collide – kolidować
component – składnik
contain – zawierać
cross-sectional area – przekrój poprzeczny
device – urządzenie
diode – dioda
factor – czynnik
fixed resistor – rezystor o stałej rezystancji
length – długość
LDR (light dependent resistor) – rezystor
resistivity – opór właściwy
rheostat – opornik regulowany, opornica
thermistor – termistor
tungsten – wolfram
value – wartość
variable resistor – rezystor o regulowanej rezystancji
variety – różnorodność
vibrate – wibrować
whenever – kiedykolwiek

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle
sit
drew
wind
caught
won
keep
read
sold

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 UNIT 6. OHM’S LAW

“What is a soul? It`s like electricity - we don`t really know

what it is, but it`s a force that can light a room”.
Ray Charles

1. Complete the diagram with the words and

expressions from the list:
Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854)
heat / voltage / electric devices / electronic [Link]
devices / resistance / ohms / electrical energy / Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg.
current / Retrieved 11 January, 2012

Group work
2. Ohm’s law refers mainly to direct current (DC) and conductors made
of copper and tungsten. In case of alternating current (AC) two other
factors are taken into consideration: capacitance and inductance. Work
in pairs and answer the following questions about the basic facts:
Student A:
a. How can capacitance be defined?
b. What is the unit of capacitance?
c. What does the capacitance of a system depend on?
d. What is the symbol of capacitance?

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 138 Part II

Student B:
a. How can inductance be defined?
b. What is the unit of inductance?
c. How can we add inductance to the circuit?
d. What is the symbol of inductance?

3. Divide these words into 7 groups of synonyms:

increase / repeat / waste / familiarity / expand / consider closely / keep on /
enlarge / diminish / stay / grow / decrease / reduce/ reuse / remain / misuse /
ruin / concentrate / understanding / decay / focus / think hard/ experience /
knowledge / wisdom
4. Write 5 sentences with the words from the previous exercise. Leave
gaps for the words and exchange the sentences with your colleague.
Complete his/her sentences, then check yours.

5. Grammar: Linking words (1). Linking words are used to join sentences
or ideas.
Here are some examples:
adding information
o and
o as well as
o moreover
o besides
o also
o apart from
contrasting ideas
o but
o however
o although
o whereas
o despite/despite of
o in spite of
o unlike
giving examples
o for example
o for instance

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 Unit 6. Ohm’s law 139

Complete the sentences with the linking words from the list. Each
linking word may be used only once:
a. We went for a walk …………. the rain.
b. …………. the bus was late, she managed to get on time.
c. She tried to find some information on this problem in the internet
……… specialist magazines, ……. finally she found it in the book from
the library.
d. …………… to Chris, I don’t like coffee.
e. He is very keen on training tennis. ………….., he didn’t win any
tournament.
f. He didn’t buy a new tie …………. he didn’t like its pattern.
g. They succeeded in winning the tournament in Brazil ………… in China.
(and)
h. ……… Bolivia we managed to go to Peru.
i. They prepared a really detailed schedule. ………., they managed to
persuade their boss to start a serious discussion about the future of their
factory.
j. She started packing the suitcase, …………. her husband cleaned the car.
and / because / despite of / but / although / however / as well as / whereas /
moreover / apart from / unlike
6. Look at the pictures and match with them the right words.
bored/boring interested/interesting amused/amusing
surprised/surprising terrifying/terrified

a. b.

c. d. e.
[Link]
Retrieved April, 2012

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 140 Part II

7. Complete the sentences:

a. The book was really …………… (amused/amusing)
b. He’s going for a long cruise, that’s why he’s ………… .
(excited/exciting)
c. The lesson was too long and most students were ……….
(bored/boring)
d. That was the most ………………….. performance I’ve ever seen.
(excited/exciting)
e. Her behaviour seems a bit ……… (surprised/surprising)
f. He couldn’t find his favourite pair of shoes, at last he was really
………………. . (annoyed/annoying)

Glossary
appoint – wskazywać
axis (pl. axes) – oś
directly – bezpośrednio
experience – doświadczenie
grow – rosnąć
fall – opadać
increase – zwiększać
knowledge – wiedza
lecturer – wykładowca
linearly – linearnie
locksmith – ślusarz
mathematician – matematyk
obey – słuchać (np. rozkazu)
opportunity – sposobność
reach – osiągnąć
recently – ostatnio
relationship – związek
remarkable – godny uwagi
respectively – odpowiednio
rise – rosnąć
tailor – krawiec
triangle – trójkąt
vary – różnić się

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 Unit 6. Ohm’s law 141

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

think
threw
felt
forgot
hit
fly
hear
show

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 UNIT 7. ELECTRICAL POWER

“With electricity we were wired into a new

world, for electricity brought the radio, a
"crystal set" and with enough ingenuity, one
could tickle the crystal with a cat`s whisker and [Link]
pick up anything”. animals/birds/_miscellaneous/
Theodore H. White other_birds/.cache/power_lines
_bird_hazard.png
1. Define the following forms of energy: Retrieved June, 2013
kinetic, potential,
Choose some of the given forms of energy and give examples:
electrical, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, solar, sound, light, heat,
gravitational, magnetic, elastic.
2. In physics, how can you define ENERGY?
Energy ...........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

Group work
3. Energy conversion. Complete the tables with a suitable
word(s)/phrase(s):
Examples of energy conversion:
Chemical energy is converted

into by
Thermal energy
Fuel cell
muscle

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 144 Part II

Mechanical energy is converted

into by
Electric energy
matches
Thermal energy
Electric energy is converted

into by
Thermal energy
transformer
Chemical energy

brakes / chemical / energy dynamo / electric energy / electric energy /

electrolysis / fire / hot objects / matches / mechanical energy /mechanical
energy / resistor

4. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences to obtain true

statements:

1 Light energy a is a form of potential energy.

2 The unit of energy b indicates that mass is related to
energy.
3 Chemical energy c is joule.
4 Electrical energy d is the result of the movement of
molecules.
5 The energy stored in the food e transformation of energy into
people eat useful work
6 Heat energy f comes from the sun.
7 Einstein’s equation g is called chemical energy.
8 Thermodynamics deals with h is transferred by moving
electrons.

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 Unit 7. Electrical power 145

Group work
5. Look at the pictures and discuss what forms of energy and what types of
energy conversion are applied:

a. b.

c. d.
Pictures a, b, c: [Link]
Picture d: [Link]
Retrieved May, 2012

Group work
6. Complete the following diagram. Use words from the list:
wind energy / solar energy / nuclear energy / renewable / coal /
hydropower / nonrenewable / tidal and wave energy / petroleum and
natural gas / geothermal power
energy
sources

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 146 Part II

7. Work in pairs – find some more

information on one of the energy sources
from the list. Present the most significant
facts to the group

[Link]
wikipedia/commons/thumb/
0/00/%C3%89oliennes
_Caen.jpg/120px-%C3%89
8. Grammar: Past Simple Tense oliennes_Caen.jpg
vs. Present Perfect Tense – choose the Retrieved June, 2013
correct tense.
a. I …………………. them for ten years. (know)
b. The lesson ………………….. 10 minutes ago. (begin)
c. He ………………… for a plumber yesterday. (wait)
d. She ……………….. to the seaside for holiday. She is coming back in
two days. (go)
e. The weather …………………. changeable during the Olympic Games
in London. (be)
f. It’s a very inspiring book so I ……………….. it twice.(read)
g. They ………………… never to jazz, they don’t like this kind of music.
(listen)
h. I remember, it ………………….. last winter. (happen)
i. We ……………………… Ann and Peter to see their new garden.
(visit)
j. Newton ………………. the theory of relativity. (discover)
9. Present Prefect Tense – use of since and for. Put the following
expressions under the right heading.
my childhood / 5 o’clock / 2010 / last summer / 20 minutes / early morning /
the beginning of the lesson / 8 years / a long time / August / dinner time /
yesterday / Saturday / last month / 3 hours / the whole year / a few days

SINCE FOR
.............................. .............................
.............................. .............................
.............................. .............................
.............................. .............................
.............................. .............................

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 Unit 7. Electrical power 147

10. Word formation: complete the table with the suitable forms of the
words.

Verbs Nouns Adjectives

dissipate
transformation
convert
appliance
heat –
generational
transfer
store

Glossary
according to – według
dissipate – rozpraszać
drill – wiertarka
hairdryer – suszarka do włosów
household – gospodarstwo domowe
iron – żelazo; prasować
kettle – czajnik
loudspeaker – głośnik
measure – mierzyć

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

begin
drove
found
hold
left
lent
let
pay

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 UNIT 8. PROTECTIVE DEVICES

“Electricity is of two kinds, positive and

negative. The difference is, I presume, that one
comes a little more expensive, but is more
durable; the other is a cheaper thing, but the
moths get into it”.
Stephen Leacock
[Link]
wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/
19/[Link]/96px-
[Link]
Group work Retrieved March, 2012

1. Work in pairs or groups of three. Think about safety precautions at

work with electrical appliances / tools / devices. What hazardous
situations are electricians exposed to at work?
2. Jigsaw reading: put the words in the correct order to make logic
sentences.
a. Protective / are / devices / fuses / breakers / and /circuit
b. function / devices / is / create / the / open / protective / main/ of / to / an /
circuit
c. protective / against / the / protect / purpose / damage / of/ devices / to /
circuit / is / a /
d. situations / wires / by / protective / prevent / risky / devices / cause / of /
overheating / the
e. exceeds / number / protective / act / the / current / devices / when / of /
specified / a /amperes
f. difference / breakers / is / between / there / significant / fuses/ one / and /
circuit
g. reused / breakers / may / repeatedly / circuit / be / fuse / replaced / be /
blowing / a / must / after

3. Divide the following words/expressions into categories. Give them

suitable headings:
to transmit / significant / copper / to flow / iron / to earth / obligatory /
available / to distribute / to supply / neutral / to switch / gold / oxygen /
carbon / nitrogen / tungsten / to wind /

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 150 Part II

Group work
4. There are four states of matter: solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma.
Work in groups of four and prepare short characteristics of each state.
Use words and expressions from the list:
molecules / fixed shape / are bound / move / at speed / shape / form /
constant / extremely / temperature / to collide / to melt / to freeze / to
evaporate / at random

5. Grammar: Conditional sentences.

present tenses for future
I will go for a walk if the weather is sunny.
if + past, … would
If we won a lot of money, we would go for a trip around the world.
if + past perfect, …. would have
If he had learnt more, he would have passed his entrance exam.

Put the verbs in the correct form:

a. I’m sure he …………. (win) next week if he ………. harder (train).
b. If you ………. this book (read), you ……….. how to grow this plant
(know).
c. If they………….a taxi (take), they ………… the first part of the play
(miss).
d. More people …………you (like) if you …………….more polite (be).
e. If I …………………you (be), I …………………… him (trust).
f. If my grandmother ………………. near here (live), I …………. her at
the weekends (visit).
g. What …………… you (do) if you ……………. a lot of money in the
street (find)?
h. If she ………………… less sweets (eat), she ………………. problems
with her weight (have).
i. If my car ……………. (break), I ………………… late at work
yesterday (be).
j. If people ………………….fly (can), life …………………. easier (be).

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 Unit 8. Protective device 151

6. Choose the best sentence beginning:

a. If I live to be 120 years old… / If I lived to be 120 years old…
b. If I win a Nobel prize…./ If I won a Nobel prize…
c. If the sun stops shining …. / If the sun stopped shining…
d. If I am a Ministry of Education… / If I were a Ministry of Education…
e. If you go for a walk on Sunday…/ If you went for a walk on Sunday…
f. If birds could talk… / If birds can talk…

7. Write as many conditional sentences as you can:

a. Carol went to the seaside but it turned out that she forgot to
book a room in a hotel. So she decided to stay at a youth hostel.
In the evening she went to eat dinner, but all seats were taken.
After a while she was invited to the table by a handsome man.
[Link]
[Link]
He seemed to be a charming and modest young photographer.
/weather/sun/ They ate dinner together and then went for a walk on the sea
sun_6/.cache/ pier. He took some wonderful pictures of Carol at sunset and
sunset_graph- sent them for a photo contest. After a few months he got a great
[Link]
Retrieved reward, and he asked Carol to be his model for next photos.
March, 2012 Therefore she earned a lot of money and her dreams came true.

b. One evening Maggie went for a walk with her dog. Walking
along the alleys in the park she found a wallet. After coming
home she explored the wallet and found not only documents, but
a lot money and some credit cards as well. She thought over the
whole situation and at first decided not to return the wallet. But
[Link]
[Link] after some time she changed her mind and decided to give back
/ recreation the wallet to its owner. When she rang the doorbell a very
/At_the_Park/. handsome man opened the door. He was really pleased that he
cache/park recovered the stolen wallet. After a few days he invited Maggie
_scene.png
Retrieved for supper. They went to a new Italian restaurant. What
March, 2012 a coincidence, the restaurant was run by Maggie’s former
boyfriend, Chris. He was astonished to see Maggie and he asked
her to be his wife, because he didn’t want to lose her once more.

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 152 Part II

Glossary

appliance – urządzenie
cancel – odwołać
circuit breaker – wyłącznik
copper – miedź
core – rdzeń
fit with – pasować do
fuse – bezpiecznik
household – gospodarstwo domowe
lawnmower – kosiarka
obligatorily – obowiązkowo
replace – zastąpić
residual current device – wyłącznik różnicowo-prądowy
socket – gniazdko elektryczne
straw – słoma
trip – wycieczka

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

say
sent
sleep
sang
stood
stole
woken
understand

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 UNIT 9. CELLS AND BATTERIES

“Man's brain may be compared to an electric

battery...a group of electric batteries will provide
more energy than a single battery”.
Napoleon Hill [Link]
org/wikipedia/commons/
1. Name the main differences between primary thumb/3/3b/[Link]
/[Link];
and secondary batteries. Use some words
Retrieved April, 2012
and expressions from the list:
charge / cell / electrolyte / battery charger / terminal / dry / zinc / liquid /
cadmium / lithium / dispose of / power / portable
Primary batteries .........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Secondary batteries .....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2. Make a list of appliances supplied by batteries. Classify the appliances
– give them your own headings. Explain your classification.
3. Do you know what memory effect connected to batteries is?
4. True or false? Tick the statements which are true.
Correct the false ones.
a. The first name of a battery was voltaic pile.
b. In primary batteries an electrochemical reaction
is reversible.
c. Both kinds of batteries should be disposed of at
http:// [Link]/
a recycling facility.
household/odds_and
d. John Frederick Daniell is an important person in _ends/battery/.cache/
battery history. battery_AAA.png
e. The collector enables the flow of the electric Retrieved April, 2012
charge between the cathode and anode.

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 154 Part II

f. Alkaline battery takes its name from potassium hydroxide electrolyte.

g. Rechargeable batteries appeared around 1959.

5. Grammar: Linking words (2). Linking words are used to join sentences
or ideas.
Here are some examples:
sequencing ideas
o firstly
o secondly
o finally
summarizing
o in summary
o to summarize
o to conclude
o in conclusion
giving a reason
o because/because of
o since
giving a result
o therefore
o so
o as a result
o consequently
Complete the sentences with the linking words from the list. Each
linking word may be used only once:
a. They postponed the concert …………. bad weather conditions.
b. ………… I finished my work I decided to go away for a few days to
take some rest. ……………, I phoned the travel agency to book a flight.
c. The firm started a new production, ……….., a lot of new workers will
be employed.
d. The weather was awful …….. she decided to stay at home.
e. He cleaned his rooms, next he emptied the dustbins, washed the floors
and …………… tidied up the bathroom.
f. The production is on high level. We increased the sale of our products.
……………….. our workers will be paid more.
therefore / since / finally / in conclusion / as a result / so / because of

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 Unit 9. Cells and batteries 155

Glossary
acid – kwas
absorbent – wchłaniający
battery charger – ładowarka
carbon dioxide – dwutlenek węgla
discharged – rozładowany
dispose of – pozbyć się
dissolve – rozpuścić
flat – płaski
hydrogen – wodór
lead – ołów
leakage – przeciek
lithium – lit
oxygen – tlen
recharge – naładować ponownie
release – wyzwolić; puścić; opublikować
restore – odświeżyć
reverse – odwracać
reversible – zwrotny; dwustronny
store – gromadzić
submerge – zanurzyć
zinc sulphate – siarczan cynku

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

bend
told
mean
swim
set
spread
grown
deal

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 UNIT 10. MAGNETISM

“Electricity is derived from many non-renewable

energy sources like oil, natural gas and coal”.
Lamar S. Smith

1. Complete the basic information on a magnet

[Link]
with the words and expressions from the list.
com/signs_symbol/
Not all the words/expressions are necessary: monochrome_symbols
A magnet is an ……………… that produces /.cache/[Link]
……………………….On the other hand, Retrieved April, 2012
………………… produce magnetic field only
when electric current flows through their wire coils. Magnets have
…………….. and …………. poles. Magnets can ………………… metal
objects. Most magnets are produced from metal elements or ………….. The
strongest ………………. magnet is lodestone. Magnets are used in most of
contemporary …………….. Magnetizing is a ……………… process and it
relies on ………………. They are tiny, physical parts of …………………...
Most of them ………… in one direction in a magnet.. The ………… of the
field depends on the ………….. of the domains pointing in the same
direction.
alloys / appliance / attract / devices/ electromagnets / ferromagnetic
materials / magnetic domains / magnetic field / naturally-occurring / north /
number / object / physical / point / south / strength / strong
2. Choose from the list adjectives which could be used to prepare
characteristics of metals:
flexible / laborious / lustrous / hard / soft / conductive / solid / liquid /
malleable / brittle / ductile / heavy / light / tall / silvery / pure / essential /
electropositive / gorgeous / shallow / deep

Group work
3. Work in pairs or groups of three and prepare short characteristics of
metals. Use the words from the previous exercise and from the list
below:

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 158 Part II

undergo / shape / heat / electricity / ores / property /

………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

4. Cross out devices/tools/objects which DO NOT contain magnets:

loudspeaker / a pair of scissors / generator / telephone / French wrench /
electric motor / tape recorder / computer / transformer
5. Choose the best ending in each statement to make true sentences:
a. The magnetic field is the strongest:
near the magnet
at the south pole of the magnet
at a certain distance from the magnet
b. Copper and water belong to:
magnetic materials
diamagnetic materials
nonmagnetic materials
c. In the situation of removing magnetic field, the like poles:
tend to attract each other
tend to repel each other
tend to repel and attract at the same time
d. Permanent magnets have been known:
since 18th century
since ancient times
since the invention of batteries.

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 Unit 10. Magnetism 159

6. Grammar: Adjectives and adverbs. Form adverbs from the given

adjectives:

Adjectives Adverbs
strong
hard
beautiful
quick
bad
terrible
fluent
serious
good
fast
cheap
late
quiet
heavy
perfect

7. Complete the sentences with some adverbs from the previous exercise:
a. She is a very …….-dressed woman.
b. Let’s stay at home, it’s …………. cold.
c. They discussed the problem for a long time but at the end they decided
quite ………….. for the best solution.
d. Ian isn’t a good driver. Yesterday he had an accident and he was
…………. injured.
e. They speak Finnish very ………… .
f. If you want to pass exams you must work …………. .
g. Ann can swim very ……….. , she was the first to end the race.

8. Some adjectives are used with prepositions. More information you will
find in a good dictionary. Complete these sentences with the correct
preposition:

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 160 Part II

a. I’m worried …………… your health. (about / by / of)

b. He’s very good ………….. cooking delicious tomato soup. (with / at /
in)
c. After the whole semester we’re tired ……… hard work. (with / by / of)
d. The film was unbelievably good, I was impressed ……….. the plot
(with / for / by)
e. The text seems a bit similar …………. the text from the latest edition of
the magazine. (to / with / for)
f. I expected better results of the final test. I’m really disappointed ………
the mark I got. ( by /at / with)
g. Have you heard the latest news? Mary got married ……… Jim. (to /
with / for)
h. I love reading books. I’m especially interested …………. biographies of
famous people. (at / in / of)
i. Margaret’s sister is quite different ………….. her. (from / with / for)
j. I’d like to know who is responsible ……… cleaning the room. (on /for /
by)

Glossary
appear – pojawiać się
arrangement – ustalenie; ustawienie
bar – krata
closely – blisko
disappear – znikać
explain – wyjaśnić
magnetized – namagnetyzowany/a
motion – ruch
permanent – stały
point – punkt
pole – biegun
property – właściwość
saturated – nasycony
shape – kształt
steel – stal
suggest – proponować
suspend – zawiesić
temporary – tymczasowy

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 Unit 10. Magnetism 161

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

hid
dig
swung
lit
lead
seek
rung
blow

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 UNIT 11. DC MOTOR

“There are two great unknown forces today,

electricity and woman, but men can reckon much
better on electricity than they can on woman”.
Josephine K. Henry

1. Match parts of DC motor with their [Link]

functions: wikipedia/commons/thumb/
7/72/NMAH_DC_IMG
a. a stationary magnet _8825.JPG/120px-NMAH
b. armature _DC_IMG_8825.JPG
c. commutator Retrieved April, 2012
d. brushes
reverses the current direction in the coil
supply the coil with current from the battery
produces magnetic field
rotates in the magnetic field

2. Tick appliances/devices in which DC motor is used:

electric drill / trains / vacuum cleaner / washing machine / tramways / fan /
dryer / blender / can opener / refrigerator / electric toothbrush / windshield
wipers / electric toys / robots / machine tools

Group work
3. Work in pairs. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of DC
motors. Choose from the list below:
a. expensive
b. cheap
c. the cost of maintenance is low
d. the cost of maintenance is high
e. require regular maintenance
f. don’t require regular maintenance
g. designed for fixed speed
h. speed control requires special devices

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 164 Part II

i. easily controlled
j. applied to devices/tools requiring variable speed
k. used with constant load
l. used to run heavy machinery
m. simple control of motor speed
n. regular replacement of brushes is necessary
o. reliable
p. speed depends on the voltage applied (at constant load)

4. Match the beginnings with the endings of the sentences:

a. Rotational motion in motors

b. The work of an electric motor
c. The armature consists of
d. The brushes are made of
e. The direction of the current is changed
is caused by repelling and attracting forces.
metal or carbon pieces.
a coil of wires wound around a metal core.
thanks to the commutator and brushes.
is based on electromagnet

5. Grammar. Causative forms: have something done.

She has her hair cut, now she has very short hair.
Write sentences on the basis of the pictures. Use the correct forms of
the suggested tenses.

a. Mary …………..a tree ……… . (Present Perfect)

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 Unit 11. DC Motor 165

b. We ……………………….. a new house ………. .

(Present Perfect)

c. I …………………………….my flat ………………….

(Present Continuous)

d. Peter …………………………. his sight ……….

every year. (Simple Present)

e. I …………….. my car ………… once a month.

(Simple Present)

f. He ………………….. his pressure ………….

yesterday. (Simple Past)

g. They ………………… their portrait ………………

next week. (Simple Future)

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 166 Part II

h. He ………………….his cat …………………. by

a vet 2 days ago. (Simple Past)

i. She needs a new passport, therefore she ………..

a new photo …………… . (Present Continuous)

j. She can …………… her room ……………… every

week because she hates any house work. (Simple Present)
Pictures: [Link] Retrieved May, 2012

6. Some verbs are used with prepositions. More information you will find
in a good dictionary. Complete these sentences with the correct
preposition:

a. I believe ……… her experience. (at / in / for)

b. Mary is waiting ……… a telephone. (to / for / on) She applied
………. a job in a big company. (for / to / by)
c. Do you know who this book belong ………..? (with / to / for)
d. My holiday plans depend …….. the weather. (on / from / to)
e. I’ll write …………. you (to / for / in) as soon as I know he suffers
……… heart disease. (for / from / on)
f. We love listening ………. good music. (for / at / to)
g. It’s fantastic to have a friend you can rely ………. .(for / on / to)
h. People often dream …….. unreal things. (for / on / of)
i. Some people laughed ……….. his stupid behaviour. (at / with / for)
j. I think you ought to apologise ……. her (to / for / at) ……….. your
accusation. (at / for / with)

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 Unit 11. DC Motor 167

Glossary
assign – przypisać
external – zewnętrzny
finger – palec
quantity – ilość
split – rozszczepić
stationary – stacjonarny/a
thumb – kciuk
wind – zwijać; owijać

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

bite
fed
split
wear
stuck
sunk
rise
bet

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 UNIT 12. THE GENERATOR

“Wisdom is like electricity. There is no

permanently wise man, but men capable [Link]
of wisdom, who, being put into certain commons/thumb/e/e1/Tesla_polyphase
company, or other favorable conditions, _AC_500hp_generator_at_1893
become wise for a short time, as glasses _exposition.jpg/120px_Tesla_polyphase
rubbed acquire electric power for _AC_500hp_generator_at_1893
a while”. _exposition.jpg
Ralph Waldo Emerson Retrieved January, 2012

1. Match the words with their definitions:

a. rectifier to roll
b. brushes to attach
c. coil glass object with a filament
d. to fix to move continuously
e. to flow instrument, tool
f. steady used to convert AC into DC
g. to wind tool with bristles for cleaning
h. to recharge stable
i. a device to energize
j. bulb a thick spiral of wire
2. Use the correct word in the following sentences. All words have the
common part gene:
a. …………………….. gap means that you and your parents see world
from different perspectives.
b. President in Poland is chosen in …………….. election every 5 years.
c. Andrew is a very …………….. person, he can always share with others.
d. I was really impressed, his has not only ………… knowledge on the life
of whales, but he knows a lot of details as well.
e. The study of the history of families is called …………….
f. Her grandfather is a high rank officer in the army, he’s a ……….
g. The study of heredity is ………….. .
h. ………………….. engineering is a new branch of science dealing with
structures of different organisms.

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 170 Part II

i. Speaking ………….. , his performance was a great disappointment.

j. It’s hard to …………. about her creations in all performances and films,
because she played so many various roles.

Group work
3. Work in pairs. Prepare questions on generators for other pairs. Find
some more information in different sources. Ask about:
a. the main parts
b. the main task
c. different types
d. dynamo
e. similarities between generators and electric motors
f. some other interesting facts
Then work with another pair and ask questions alternately.

4. Jigsaw sentences: put the words in the correct order to make logic
sentences. All statements are about hybrid vehicles.

a. vehicle / a / uses / sources / of power / hybrid / at least / two / different /

b. electric / and / usually / of / it is /motor / internal /a combination /
combustion engine
c. lower / hybrid vehicles / emission / gases / are / the main / lower / fuel
/and / of exhaust / consumption / advantages
d. Buses / systems / are used / and / trains / for example / hybrid / in /
mopeds / cars / submarines

5. Grammar: Modal Verbs. Complete the sentences with the correct

modal verb.

can / can’t / could / must / have to / mustn’t / should /

a. She …………… swim very well.

b. If you go to the USA you ………… have a visa.

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 Unit 12. The generator 171

c. I regret I ………… paint.

d. He …………. play the violin when he was a child.
e. You …………cross the street at red lights.
f. He has worked in the garden since 6 a.m. He ……….be tired.
g. Oh, it’s quite late. We …………. go home.
h. You ………….. stop drinking so much beer.
i. Your train is in an hour. You ……….. hurry up.
j. It’s top secret. You …………..tell anybody about our plans.
k. The minister …………… do something with problem of cheating at
exams.

6. Articles – geographical names. Put a/an/the where necessary:

a. ……….. USA
b. ……….. Great Britain
c. ……….. Poland
d. ……….. Netherlands
e. ……….. Alps
f. ……….. Rysy
g. ……….. Andes
h. ……….. Everest
i. ……….. Baltic Sea [Link]
j. ……….. Red Sea geography/earth/.cache/
k. ……….. Warta River Earth_large_2_tone.png
l. ……….. Pacific Ocean Retrieved June, 2012
m. ………. Malta Lake
n. ……….. British Isles
o. ……….. Panama Canal
p. ……….. Sicily
q. ……….. Far East
r. ……….. Europe

Glossary
amplify – wzmacniać
attach – dołączyć
brushes – szczotki
commutator – komutator
output – moc wyjściowa; produkcja
rectifier – prostownik
unlike – w przeciwieństwie

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 172 Part II

Verb forms. Complete the table of irregular verbs:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

forbid
hurt
shaken
shrink
hung
lay
strike
lay

UNBELIEVABLE!

The first in Europe and second in the world – a power plant using AC power
system was opened in 1895 in Croatia, on river Krka, located in Šibenik
-Knin county. The power plant was planned to power street lights in Šibenik. The
transmission line to the city was about 11 km long. Besides street lamps, some
houses in the city were supplied by the power plant.

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 UNIT 13. TRANSFORMERS

“Instinct is a powerful form of natural energy,

perhaps comparable in humans to electricity or
even atomic energy in the mechanical world”.
Margaret A. Ribble
1. Find mistakes in the following sentences. [Link]
wikipedia/commons/thumb/
Correct them.
f/fe/37.5kVA_three_phase
a. Transformers step down the voltage _utility_stepdown.jpg/120px
for more efficient transmission. _7.5kVA_three_phase_util-
ity_stepdown.jpg
b. If we change the current in the
Retrieved February, 2012
primary winding it doesn’t change the
developed magnetic flux.
c. The efficiency of transformers is 100%.
d. Inductive coupling is the effect of inducing a varying electromotive
force EMF in a primary winding.
e. Transformers work both with DC and AC.

2. Translate into English:

a. przekładnia transformatora
b. uzwojenie pierwotne
c. prądy wirowe
d. sprzężenie indukcyjne
e. strumień rozproszony
f. indukcyjność wzajemna

3. Name 4 principle parts of a transformer and their functions.

a. ………………………………………………………………………
b. ………………………………………………………………………
c. ………………………………………………………………………
d. ………………………………………………………………………

4. These people are important for the development of transformers.

Match the names and inventions/devices:

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 174 Part II

1. Michael Faraday a. developed the first three-phase transformer

2. Nicholas Callan b. invention of air-cored transformer
3. Pavel Yablochkov c. induction coil
4. Nikola Tesla d. electromagnetic induction
5. Mikhail Dolivo- e. a lighting system based on a set of induction
-Dobrovolsky coils

Group work
5. Work in groups. Find some information
about different types of transformers.
Find their common features and
applications. List factors the application
of transformers depends on. Exchange [Link]
the information with other groups. wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/
5f/[Link]/120px
_Transformator1.jpg
Retrieved February, 2012

6. Grammar: Reported speech. Complete the sentences with the correct

form of the verbs – say or tell.
a. Mary …………. us about her trip to Venezuela.
b. I don’t trust him, he often ……………lies.
c. Chris ……………. that he wouldn’t come to the party because he must
be at home.
d. Tom …………..his parents about his marriage plans.
e. Glenda ………….that she was astonished at her sister’s behaviour.
7. Rewrite these sentences in Reported Speech. Remember to change the
tenses:
a. “I’m thirsty”. She......................................................................................
b. “I can’t sing”. He ......................................................................................
c. “We are going to the theatre tomorrow”. They ........................................
d. “My brother works as an electrician”. He ...............................................
e. “I will be in London in September”. She..................................................
f. “We went to the zoo last week”. They .....................................................

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 Unit 13. Transformers 175

g. “Jim and Margaret are going to get married next year”. She ..................
h. “I have been to the concert lately”. She....................................................
i. “She plays the violin 3 hours a day”. He ..................................................
j. “He is redecorating his flat this week”. He...............................................
8. Bill asks you a few questions. Tell another friend what Bill asked you:
a. “Where do you work?” Bill asked me ......................................................
b. “What time do you start work?” Bill ........................................................
c. “Have you ever been to the opera theatre?” ............................................
d. “What book are you reading now?” ........................................................
e. “What time did you come back home?” ..................................................
9. Write what people want(ed) other people to do:
a. “Please, close the window!” I asked him.................................................
b. “Don’t worry!” He told her ......................................................................
c. “Please, phone me as soon as possible!”. She .........................................
d. “Stop watching this stupid film!” Her mother ..........................................
e. “Follow the instruction carefully!” His father ..........................................

Glossary
allow – pozwalać
coil – cewka
eddy currents – prądy wirowe
enclosure – obudowa
induce – indukować
layer – warstwa
moisture – wilgoć
mutual – wzajemny
secondary – wtórny
winding – uzwojenie

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 UNIT 14. POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

“People will learn about electricity but also get to

explore static electricity”.
Carolyn R. Rebbert
[Link]
db/RIAN_archive_699666_Construction_of_Bratsk_hydro-
electric_power_plant.jpg/120pxRIAN_archive_699666
_Construction_of_Bratsk_hydroelectric_power_plant.jpg
Retrieved March, 2012

1. Put the elements of power transmission and distribution system under

correct heading:
a. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ..................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
b. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ...................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
a step-up transformer / circuit breakers / a substation / a pole-mounted
transformer / power plant / distribution bus / generator /
2. Match the words with their definitions. There are more words than
definitions.

1 insulate A very important

2 steam B hanging from the place
3 fuel C rotate
4 underground D the hot gas that water changes into when it boils
5 household E to be on fire
6 dissipate F to provide sb/sth with sth that they need or want
7 supply G home and everything connected with looking
after it

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 178 Part II

Table cont.
8 spin H to cover sth with rubber or plastic to prevent
electricity passing through it
9 suspended I the quality of doing sth well with no waste of
time or money
10 efficiency J become less, disappear after some time
11 significant K a network of wires or cables
12 burn
13 grid

1.....2…..3…..4…..5…..6…..7…..8…..9…..10…..11…..12…..13…..
3. First decipher adjectives from the jumbled letters. Which adjectives
can be used with the following phrases:
a. n ...................................... lenurac
b. t ....................................... erthlam
c. h ...................................... ghih
d. t ....................................... ckiht
e. d ...................................... gouadners
f. c ...................................... pecha [Link]
g. e ...................................... enpexvesi energy/hydro/.cache/Hydro
h. c ...................................... imechalc _Electric_Power_Plant.png
Retrieved March, 2012
a. .................................. reaction, pile,
physics, energy, power station
b. .................................. energy, springs, power station, insulation
c. .................................. pressure, rank officer, road, heels
d. .................................. cable, slice of bread, fog
e. .................................. adventure, drugs, driving
f. .................................. flight, hotel, tickets,
g. .................................. jewel, wine, fur, equipment
h. .................................. reaction, weapon, composition

4. What is the difference between electric power transmission and

distribution?

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 Unit 14. Power transmission and distribution 179

Group work
5. Work in pairs. Find information and answer the question: why
overhead power transmission is more often used than underground
transmission?
6. Transmission tower – pylon. Work in groups of four. Decide who is
student A, B, C and D.
Find information and prepare a short
report on transmission lines. Exchange
information with your colleagues from
the group.
Student A – structure, shape, size,
materials [Link]
Student B – main functions wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/
Student C – high voltage AC e8/Chugoku_electric_power
transmission towers _Tamashima_power_station.jpg
/120pxChugoku_electric_power
Student D – high voltage DC
_Tamashima_power_station.jpg
transmission towers Retrieved March, 2012
Think about advantages and
disadvantages of pylon transmission
structures.

7. Grammar. Do you know/He asked me questions.

He wanted to know if I like drinking tea.
She asked me why we didn’t go for a walk.

Use the following questions to make new sentences:

a. Where do you live? Please tell me where ………………………….

b. How much does it cost? I’d like to know ……………………….....
c. Why hasn’t he sold his car? His wife doesn’t know why………….
d. How are you? She asked me ……………………………………….
e. Where can I buy this plant? Do you have any idea ………………...

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 180 Part II

f. What documents should I prepare? I want to know ………………..

g. Can you phone me in the evening? I wonder………………………
h. What book are you reading now? I’d like to know ………………...
i. What time is the new swimming pool open? Could you tell me …..
j. When are you going to Paris? She asked him……………………….

8. Question tags. Put a question tag at the end of each sentence:

a. Ann lives in a small town, ………………..?

b. He hates coffee,………………………..?
c. They don’t go to the mountains,………………?
d. Let’s go to the cinema,………………?
e. Mary is watering her garden at the moment,………………..?
f. That’s his wallet, ………………….?
g. He’ll come back probably next week,…………………?
h. Don’t drink too much beer,……………..?
i. Open the window,…………………?
j. They have never been to the seaside,………………..?

Glossary
distribution bus – szyny rozdzielni
lattice tower – słup kratownicowy
overhead – naziemny
pole mounted – słupowy
power plant – elektrownia
significantly – znacząco
step-down – obniżać
step-up – podwyższać
substation – stacja elektroenergetyczna
underground – podziemny

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 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

1. Decipher the following abbreviations:

a. A
b. E.g.
c. AC
d. DC
e. I.e.
f. c/o
g. Mr
h. Mrs [Link]
i. No .cache/electric_outlet.png
j. Etc. Retrieved May, 2012
k. Rsvp
l. ACS
m. SI
n. W
o. Q
p. F
q. V
r. I
s. EMF
t. EDS
u. EPS
v. U
w. P
x. R
2. Find mistakes in the following pieces of information or answer the
questions:

1. Atoms have a planetary type of structure, consisting of a central proton

surrounded by orbiting electrons.
2. Insulating materials are good conductors of electric current.
3. Electrical charge is measured in columbs.

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 182 Part II

4. Generators convert chemical energy into electrical energy using

a principle called electromagnetic field.
5. In DC circuits there is only one active element – a resistor.
6. Circuit breakers are used to open and close circuits.
7. How can a fuse be repaired when it is “blown”?
8. An ammeter is used to measure current – the meter is inserted in
a parallel connection.
9. Ohm’s law: V=IR
10. Impedance is measured in henries.
11. Electric power distribution is concerned with the delivery of electrical
power from distribution bus to the consumer.
12. Does voltage flow from positive to negative point in an electric circuit?

3. Name the objects in the following pictures:

a.

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 Additional exercises 183

b.

c.

d.

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 184 Part II

e.

f.

g.

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 Additional exercises 185

h.
i.

j.

k.

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 186 Part II

l. n.

m. o.

p.
4. Use your knowledge and find some more information to comment the
following pictures:

a.

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 Additional exercises 187

b.

c.

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 188 Part II

d.

e.

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 KEY: PART II

Unit 1
1.
tiny, orbit, charged, arrange, properties, matter, consist of, solid, variety,
positive, to form, anion, shell, diameter
2.
a. If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a positive ion (cation).
b. Molecules are the smallest parts of a compound.
c. At the centre of an atom there is a nucleus consisting of protons.
d. Most substances can exist as a solid, a liquid or a gas.
e. An element is a substance that consists of atoms only of one type.
4.
a. Simple Present
b. Present Continuous
c. Present Prefect
d. Simple Present
e. Present Perfect
f. Simple Present
g. Simple Present
h. Simple Present
i. Simple Past
j. Simple Present
k. Simple Past
l. Present Continuous
m. Simple Past
n. Simple Present
o. Present Continuous
Unit 2
1.
Phenomena Verbs Adjectives
induction attract dangerous
repulsion touch quick
earthing prevent huge
rub woolen
detect discharging
attach

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 190 Key: part II

2.
pull push
melt freeze
drop put up
appear vanish
connect disconnect
separate join
3.
To move To transport Object To change To cause
arouse convey article alter begin
initiate carry commodity transform result in
4.
a. lived
b. gets up
c. eat
d. is reading
e. enjoyed
f. has won
g. took
h. have been/ like
i. are coming back
5.
phenomena / electrons / batteries / leaves / factories / instruments /
buildings / conductors / chimneys / units / nuclei
Unit 3
1.
a. T
b. F
c. T
d. T
e. T
2.
ammeter
resistor
battery
voltmeter
variable resistor
single cell
switch

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 Key: part II 191

3.
A parallel circuit – has two or more branches, each branch gets the full
voltage from the source.
A series circuit – all components are connected one after another, they
share the voltage of the source.
A short circuit – is a low–resistance path, usually made unintentionally,
that bypasses part of a circuit. This can happen when two bare wires in a
circuit touch each other.
A closed circuit – has a complete path for current to flow.
An open circuit – doesn’t have a complete path for current to flow.
4.
heart – battery, generator
blood – electrons
blood vessels – parallel circuits
artery, vein – wires
5.
Definition Unit Symbol
unit of charge the coulomb C
unit of electric potential difference the volt V
and electromotive force
unit of electric current the ampere A
unit of electric power the watt W
unit of resistance the ohm
unit of frequency of alternating the hertz Hz
current
6.
a. was discovered
b. is spoken
c. has been opened
d. was written
e. has been cut
f. was arrested
g. has been broken
h. was sold
i. is being repaired
j. have been sent

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 192 Key: part II

Unit 4
2.
tool / instrument / utensil / equipment / facility / appliance / apparatus /
3.
Names Discoveries/inventions
1. B. Pascal adding machine
2. Hypatia plane astrolabe
3. A. Einstein theory of relativity
4. Watson, Crick, Wilkins DNA’s double helix structure
5. L. Meitner identification of the process of nuclear
fission
6. R. Levi-Montalcini discovery of nerve growth factor
7. [Link] electric battery
8. H. Oersted magnetic field
9. S. Perlmutter, B.P. Schmidt, discovery of the accelerating expansion
A. Riess of the universe through observations of
distant supernovae
10. H. Lippershey the concept of the telescope
11. T. Savery steam pump
12. F. Hoffman aspirin
13. W. Lear, E. Wavering car radio
14. Z. Gramme electric motor (DC)
15. N. Tesla electric motor (AC)
16. Piciontti generator
17. E. Rutherford proton
18. J. Harrison refrigerator
19. W. Stanley transformer (induction coil)
20. J.J. Elhuyar, L.F. de tungsten
Elhuyar
21. E. Flanigen inventor of a petroleum refining method
22. K. Blodgett nonreflective glass

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 Key: part II 193

Put your answers in the following diagram:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
v t s m i u p e q r k
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
j a o c g n l h b f d

4.
airplane, 1903
antiseptic, 1867
ballpoint pen, 1888
bullet, 1849
burglar alarm, 1851
cement, 1824
clock (pendulum), 1657
diesel engine, 1895
electromagnet, 1824
electromagnetic induction, 1831
food frozen, 1923
laser, 1960
maps, c. 2500 BC
night club, 1843
paper, c. 150
radar, 1922
rubber (waterproof), 1819
safety pin, 1849
streetcar (electric), 1879
telephone, 1876
transistor, 1948
vitamin A, 1913
wheel, c. 3800-3600 BC
xerography, 1938
zero (in number system), c. 600
From the earliest:
wheel, c. 3800-3600 BC
maps, c.2500 BC
paper, c. 150
zero (in number system), c. 600
clock (pendulum), 1657
rubber (waterproof), 1819

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 194 Key: part II

cement, 1824
electromagnet, 1824
electromagnetic induction, 1831
night club, 1843
bullet, 1849
safety pin, 1849
burglar alarm, 1851
antiseptic, 1867
telephone, 1876
streetcar (electric), 1879
ballpoint Pen, 1888
diesel engine, 1895
airplane, 1903
vitamin A, 1913
radar, 1922
food frozen, 1923
xerography, 1938
transistor, 1948
laser, 1960

LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

5.
a. big bigger the biggest
b. clean cleaner the cleanest
c. dirty dirtier the dirtiest
d. late later the latest
e. small smaller the smallest
f. smart smarter the smartest
g. hard harder the hardest
h. intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
i. lazy lazier the laziest
j. laborious more laborious the most laborious
k. famous more famous the most famous
l. high higher the highest
m. strange stranger the strangest
n. dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous
o. hot hotter the hottest
8.
a. actual – faktyczny
b. fatal– śmiertelny

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 Key: part II 195

c. eventual – ostateczny
d. atmospheric – nastrojowy
e. sympathetic – współczujący
f. specious – zdradliwy, zwodniczy
g. complex – złożony
h. concrete – beton
i. consequently – w wyniku
j. data – dane
k. revision – powtórka
l. physician – lekarz
m. economical – oszczędny (w użyciu)
n. hazard – niebezpieczeństwo
o. momentum – pęd, rozpęd

Unit 5
1.
Suggested answers:
a. Resistance may be defined as the ratio of voltage across it to current
through it.
b. For a given temperature, resistance is constant.
c. Resistors are used to provide resistance in a circuit and to control
the level of current and PD.
d. Diodes, light-dependent resistors, thermistors and variable resistors
(rheostats) are so called resistive devices.
e. Some devices loose electrical resistance when they are cooled.
2.
Resistor is a basic component of electric circuits. Resistors may be used to
produce heat or light. They are also used to regulate the electric power
coming into a device, or to set voltages within an electric circuit. Most of
the resistors used in heating and lighting applications are made of metal.
The commonly used materials are platinum, tungsten and nichrome. We
may distinguish several types of resistors used in electronic circuits, e.g.
carbon resistors or film-type resistors. Integrated circuits usually include
resistors which have layers of semiconductor material or metallic film.

Resistors may be either fixed or variable. Variable resistors have two

terminals and they are called rheostats; resistors with three terminals are
called potentiometers.

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 196 Key: part II

3.
Ohm’s law – relation between voltage, current and resistance.
4.
Many options are possible.
No Words Noun Verb Adjective
1. metal metallurgy, – metallic
metalwork
2. variety – vary various
3. depend on dependence dependent, dependable
4. direction – direct direct, directive
5.
At On In
four o’clock Easter Monday April
th
weekend 18 August 1990
dinner time winter evening summer
Christmas Sunday XX century
the age of 6 the morning
the moment the afternoon
night the evening
the same time
7.
a. I don’t like – coffee.
b. My sister is a bank manager.
c. This cake is very tasty. Please take some more.
d. – Paris is the capital of – France.
e. We often listen to – jazz music.
f. He doesn’t like playing – tennis because it’s too difficult for him.
g. This chest of drawers is made of – wood.
h. They speak – Spanish fluently.
i. Do you know any interesting museums in Poznan well worth
visiting?
j. – Finland is a European country in the North.
k. She was the first woman to reach this peak.
l. Let’s go to the theatre to see the performance directed by W. Allen.

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 Key: part II 197

m. We have lived in a small town for 5 years.

n. It’s very hot today, the sun is shining and the sky is cloudless.
o. Tell me the truth! Who is responsible for breaking the window in my
room?
p. She is wearing a beautiful red dress.
q. – whales are one of the biggest animals.
r. His son was in – hospital for a few days, he was badly injured in a car
accident.
s. I usually drink tea for – breakfast.
t. Our Mother went to the school to meet with our teacher.
8.
Countable nouns: man, apple, conductor, bicycle, river, bottle, chair,
girl, circuit
Uncountable nouns: paper, salt, money, petrol, beer, music, snow, rain,
copper, blood, love

Unit 6

1.

OHMS electric electronic electrical voltage resista current

devices devices energy nce

heat

2.
Capacitance, the ability of an object or a system of objects to store an
electric charge. All objects have this property to varying degrees.
A familiar example of capacitance is the ability of a storm cloud to store
electricity and then give it up in a bolt of lightning.
Quantitatively, the capacitance (C) of a body is defined as the ratio of the
electric charge (Q) on the body to the voltage (V) of the body; that is,
C = Q/V
The capacitance of a system depends upon the size, shape, and
composition of the bodies in the system and their orientations with respect
to one another. For example, a parallel plate capacitor—a system

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 198 Key: part II

consisting of two identical flat, parallel metal plates separated by an

insulator—has a capacitance given by the formula C = eA/d, where e is
a constant that depends upon the insulator, A is the area of one of the
plates, and d is the distance between the plates.
Capacitance is measured in farads (f). A parallel plate capacitor has
a capacitance of 1 farad if a charge of 1 coulomb on each plate is needed
to produce a voltage of 1 volt between the plates. The farad is too large
a unit for practical purposes. Hence capacitance is commonly measured in
millionths of a farad, or microfarads (mf).
3.
increase, expand, enlarge, grow
repeat, reuse, keep on
waste, misuse, ruin, decay
familiarity experience, understanding, knowledge, wisdom
concentrate, think hard, consider closely, focus
decrease, diminish, reduce
remain, stay
5.
a. We went for a walk despite of the rain.
b. Although the bus was late, she managed to get on time.
c. She tried to find some information on the problem in the internet and
specialist magazines, but finally she found it in the book from the
library.
d. Unlike to Chris, I don’t like coffee.
e. He’s very keen on training tennis. However, he didn’t win any
tournament.
f. He didn’t buy a new tie because he didn’t like its pattern.
g. They succeeded in winning the tournament in Brazil as well as in
China.
h. Apart from Bolivia we managed to go to Peru.
i. They prepared a really detailed schedule. Moreover, they managed to
persuade their boss to start a serious discussion about the future of
their factory.
j. She started packing the suitcase, whereas her husband cleaned the
car.

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 Key: part II 199

6.
a. bored
b. amused
c. surprising
d. surprised
e. terrified
7.
a. The book was really amusing.
b. He’s going for a long cruise, that’s why he’s excited.
c. The lesson was too long and most students were bored.
d. That was the most exciting performance I’ve ever seen.
e. Her behaviour seems a bit surprising.
f. He couldn’t find his favourite pair of shoes, at last he was really
annoyed.

Unit 7
1.
The kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its
motion.[1] It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given
mass from rest to its stated velocity. (Wikipedia)
In physics, potential energy is the energy of an object or a system due to
the position of the body or the arrangement of the particles of the system. The
SI unit for measuring work and energy is the Joule (symbol J). (Wikipedia)
2.
Energy may be defined as the ability to do any work.
3.
Examples of energy conversion:

Chemical energy is converted

into by
Thermal energy Fire
Electric energy Fuel cell
Mechanical energy muscle

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 200 Key: part II

Mechanical energy is converted

into by
Electric energy Dynamo
Chemical energy matches
Thermal energy Brakes
Electric energy is converted

into by
Thermal energy Resistor
Electric energy transformer
Chemical energy Electrolysis
4.
1. f
2. c
3. a
4. h
5. g
6. d
7. b
8. e
5.
a. elastic energy
b. heat energy
c. chemical energy
d. mechanical energy
6.

energy sources

nonrenewable renewable

petroleum and tidal and vwave geothermal

coal nuclear energy wind energy solar energy hydropower
natural gas energy energy

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 Key: part II 201

8.
a. I have known them for ten years.
b. The lesson began 10 minutes ago.
c. He waited for a plumber yesterday.
d. She has gone to the seaside for holiday. She is coming back in two
days.
e. The weather was changeable during the Olympic Games in London.
f. It’s a very inspiring book so I have read it twice.
g. They have never listened to jazz, they don’t like this kind of music.
h. I remember, it happened last winter.
i. We visited Ann and Peter to see their new garden.
j. Newton discovered the theory of relativity.
9.
SINCE – my childhood, 5 o’clock, 2010, last summer, early morning, the
beginning of the lesson, August, dinner time, yesterday, Saturday, last
month
FOR – 20 minutes, 8 years, a long time, 3 hours, the whole year, a few
days
10.
Verbs Nouns Adjectives
dissipate dissipation dissipative
transform transformation transformational
convert conversion converted
apply appliance applied/applicable
heat Heat/heater heated
generate generation generational
transfer transfer transferred
store storage stored

Unit 8

2.
a. Fuses and circuit breakers are protective devices.
b. The main function of protective devices is to create an open circuit.
c. The purpose of protective devices is to protect a circuit against
damage.

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 202 Key: part II

d. Protective devices prevent risky situations caused by the overheating

of wires.
e. Protective devices act when the current exceeds a specified number of
amperes.
f. There is one significant difference between fuses and circuit breakers.
g. Circuit breakers may be reused repeatedly, a fuse must be replaced
after blowing.
3.
Suggested answers:
a. Adjectives
b. Verbs – what can current do?
c. Metals
d. Nonmetals
5.
a. I’m sure he will win next week if he trains harder.
b. If you read this book, you will know how to grow this plant.
c. If they had taken. a taxi, they wouldn’t have missed the first part of
the play.
d. More people liked you if you were more polite.
e. If I were you, I would trust him.
f. If my grandmother lived near here, I would visit her at the weekends.
g. What would you do if you found a lot of money in the street?
h. If she ate less sweets, she wouldn’t have problems with her weight.
i. If my car hadn’t broken, I wouldn’t have been late at work
yesterday.
j. If people could fly, life would be easier.
6.
a. If I lived to be 120 years old…
b. If I won a Nobel prize…
c. If the sun stopped shining…
d. If I were a Ministry of Education…
e. If you go for a walk on Sunday…
f. If birds could talk…

Unit 9
2.
Examples of the appliances powered by batteries: watches, cameras,
radios, torches, tape recorders, submarines, phones (cordless appliances)

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 Key: part II 203

3.
When a nickel-cadium battery is recharged before it discharges the
majority of its power, it essentially “forgets” that it could fully discharge to
begin with. This problem is termed the memory effect. You can avoid the
memory effect by allowing the battery to fully discharge once every two to
three weeks and then recharging it.
Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery effect or battery
memory, is an effect observed in nickel cadmium rechargeable batteries that
causes them to hold less charge. It describes one very specific situation in
which certain NiCd batteries gradually lose their maximum energy capacity if
they are repeatedly recharged after being only partially discharged. The
battery appears to “remember” the smaller capacity.[1] The source of the
effect is changes in the characteristics of the underused active materials of the
cell. The term is commonly misapplied to almost any case in which a battery
appears to hold less charge than was expected. These cases are more likely
due to battery age and use, leading to irreversible changes in the cells due to
internal short-circuits, loss of electrolyte, or reversal. (Wikipedia)
4.
a. T
b. F (secondary batteries)
c. T
d. T
e. F (electrolyte not electric charge)
f. T
g. F (1859)

5.
a. They postponed the concert because of bad weather conditions.
b. Since I finished my work I decided to go away for a few days to take
some rest. Therefore I phoned the travel agency to book a flight.
c. The firm started a new production, in conclusion a lot of new
workers will be employed.
d. The weather was awful so she decided to stay at home.
e. He cleaned his rooms, next he emptied the dustbins, washed the
floors and finally tidied up the bathroom.
f. The production is on high level. We increased the sale of our
products. As a result our workers will be paid more.

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 204 Key: part II

Unit 10
1.
A magnet is an object that produces magnetic field. On the other hand,
electromagnets produce magnetic field only when electric current flows
through their wire coils. Magnets have north and south poles. Magnets
can attract metal objects. Most magnets are produced from metal
elements or alloys. The strongest naturally-occurring magnet is
lodestone. Magnets are used in most of contemporary devices.
Magnetizing is a physical process and it relies on magnetic domains.
They are tiny, physical parts of ferromagnetic materials. Most of them
point in one direction in a magnet. The strength of the field depends on
the number of the domains pointing in the same direction.
2.
flexible / lustrous / hard / soft / conductive / solid / liquid / malleable /
brittle / ductile / heavy / light / silvery / pure / electropositive /
4.
Devices/tools which do not contain magnets:
a pair of scissors / French wrench /
5.
a. The magnetic field is the strongest near the magnet
b. Copper and water belong to:nonmagnetic materials
c. In the situation of removing magnetic field, the like poles:tend to
repel each other
d. Permanent magnets have been known:since ancient times
6.
Adjectives Adverbs
strong strongly
hard hard
beautiful beautifully
quick quickly
bad badly
terrible terribly
fluent fluently
serious seriously

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 Key: part II 205

Table cont.
Adjectives Adverbs
good well
fast fast
cheap cheaply
late late
quiet quietly
heavy heavily
perfect perfectly
7.
a. She is a very well-dressed woman.
b. Let’s stay at home, it’s terribly cold.
c. They discussed the problem for a long time but at the end they
decided quite quickly for the best solution.
d. Ian isn’t a good driver. Yesterday he had an accident and he was
badly injured.
e. They speak Finnish very fluently.
f. If you want to pass exams you must work hard.
g. Ann can swim very well, she was the first to end the race.
8.
a. about
b. at
c. of
d. by/with
e. to
f. with
g. to
h. in
i. from
j. for

Unit 11
1.
a. stationary magnet – produces magnetic field
b. armature

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 206 Key: part II

c. commutator
d. brushes supply the coil with current from the battery
reverses the current direction in the coil
rotates in the magnetic field
2.
electric drill / trains / vacuum cleaner / washing machine / tramways / fan
/ dryer / blender / can opener / refrigerator / electric toothbrush /
windshield wipers / electric toys / robots / machine tools
3.
expensive
the cost of maintenance is high
require regular maintenance
easily controlled
applied to devices/tools requiring variable speed
used with constant load
used to run heavy machinery
simple control of motor speed
regular replacement of brushes is necessary
reliable
speed depends on the voltage applied (at constant load)
4.
a. Rotational motion in motors
b. The work of an electric motor
c. The armature consists of
d. The brushes are made of
e. The direction of the current is changed
is caused by repelling and attracting forces. a
metal or carbon pieces. d
a coil of wires wound around a metal core. c
thanks to the commutator and brushes. e
is based on electromagnets. b
5.
a. Mary has had a tree planted.
b. We have had a new house built.
c. I am having my flat redecorated.
d. Peter has his back massaged every Monday.
e. I have my car washed once a month.
f. She had her pressure checked yesterday.
g. They will have their portrait painted next week.

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 Key: part II 207

h. He had his dog examined by a vet 2 days ago.

i. She needs a new passport, therefore she is having .a new photo
taken.
j. She can have her room cleaned every week because she hates any
house work.
6.
a. in
b. for/for
c. to
d. on
e. to/from
f. to
g. on
h. of
i. at
j. to/for

Unit 12
1.
a. rectifier used to convert AC into DC
b. brushes tool with bristles for cleaning
c. coil a thick spiral of wire
d. to fix to attach
e. to flow to move continuously
f. steady stable
g. to wind to roll
h. to recharge to energize
i. a device instrument, tool
j. bulb glass object with a filament
2.
a. generation
b. general
c. generous
d. general
e. genealogy
f. general

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 208 Key: part II

g. genetics
h. genetic
i. generally
j. generalise
4.
a. A hybrid vehicle uses at least two different sources of power.
b. Usually it’s a combination of internal combustion engine and electric
motor.
c. The main advantages of hybrid vehicles are lower fuel consumption
and lower emission of exhaust gases.
d. Hybrid systems are used, for example, in mopeds, trains, buses, cars
and submarines.
5.
a. She can swim very well.
b. If you go to the USA you have to have a visa.
c. I regret I can’t paint.
d. He could play the violin when he was a child.
e. You mustn’t cross the street at red lights.
f. He has worked in the garden since 6 a.m. He must be tired.
g. Oh, it’s quite late. We must go home.
h. You should stop drinking so much beer.
i. Your train is in an hour. You should/have to hurry up.
j. It’s top secret. You mustn’t tell anybody about our plans.
k. The minister should do something with problem of cheating at
exams.
6.
a. the USA
b. – Great Britain
c. – Poland
d. the Netherlands
e. the Alps
f. – Rysy
g. the Andes
h. – Everest
i. the Baltic Sea
j. the Red Sea
k. the Warta River
l. the Pacific Ocean
m. – Malta Lake
n. the British Isles

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 Key: part II 209

o. the Panama Canal

p. – Sicily
q. the Far East
r. – Europe

Unit 13
1.
a. Transformers step down the voltage for more efficient transmission.
b. If we change the current in the primary winding it doesn’t change the
developed magnetic flux.
c. The efficiency of transformers is 100%.
d. Inductive coupling is the effect of inducing a varying electromotive
force EMF in a primary winding.
e. Transformers work both with DC and AC.

Unit 14

2.

1 significant A very important

2 suspended B hanging from the place
3 spin C rotate
4 steam D the hot gas that water changes into when it boils
5 burn E to be on fire
6 supply F to provide sb/sth with sth that they need or want
7 household G home and everything connected with looking after it
8 insulate H to cover sth with rubber or plastic to prevent
electricity passing through it
9 efficiency I the quality of doing sth well with no waste of time
or money
10 dissipate J become less, disappear after some time
11 grid K a network of wires or cables
12 underground
13 fuel

3.
Thick / dangerous / cheap / expensive / high / chemical / nuclear / thermal

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 210 Key: part II

a. NUCLEAR reaction, pile, physics, energy, power station

b. THERMAL energy, springs, power station, insulation
c. HIGH pressure, rank officer, road, heels
d. THICK cable, slice of bread, fog
e. DANGEROUS adventure, drugs, driving
f. CHEAP flight, hotel, tickets,
g. EXPENSIVE jewel, wine, fur, equipment
h. CHEMICAL reaction, weapon, composition

Additional exercises:
1.
a. A – ampere
b. e.g. – for example
c. AC – alternating current
d. DC – direct current
e. I.e.– that is
f. c/o – care of
g. Mr – Mister
h. Mrs –Mysis
i. No. – number
j. etc. – et cetera
k. rsvp – répondez s'il vous plaît
l. ACS – alternative current switch
m. SI – International System of Units
n. W – Watt
o. Q – charge
p. F – Farady
q. V – Volt
r. I – current
s. EMF – electromotive force
t. EDS – electrical distribution system
u. EPS – emergency power system
v. U – voltage
w. P – power
x. R – resistance

2.
1. Atoms have a planetary type of structure, consisting of a central
nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.

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 Key: part II 211

2. Insulating materials are poor conductors of electric current.

3. Electrical charge is measured in coulombs.
4. Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy using
a principle called electromagnetic induction.
5. In DC circuits there is only one passive element – a resistor.
6. Protective devices are used to open and close circuits.
7. How can a fuse be repaired when it is “blown”? It can’t be reused.
8. An ammeter is used to measure current – the meter is inserted in
a series connection.
9. Ohm’s law: V=IR
10. Impedance is measured in ohms.
11. Electric power distribution is concerned with the delivery of
electrical power from substation to the consumer.
12. Does voltage flow from positive to negative point in an electric
circuit? / current flows not voltage.
3.
a. transformer
b. silicon insulator
c. ceramic insulator
d. cable
e. insulator
f. ammeter
g. power supply
h. glass insulator
i. ceramic insulator
j. metal balls - electrodes
k. ceramic insulators (in a transformer)
l. high voltage diode
m. variable resistor
n. resistor
o. autotransformer
p. current transformer
4.
a. a transformer with a sink with oil (used for cooling)
b. strings of silicon insulators
c. glass ball – for discharging
d. high voltage transformer
e. discharges by means of flat electrodes

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY: PART II

1. Corbeil, J-C. and A. Archambault, Angielski i francuski słownik obrazkowy,

Wydawnictwo Alfa, 1990
2. Dubis, A. and J. Firganek, English through electrical and energy engineering,
SPNJO Politechniki Krakowskiej 2006
3. Fisiak, J. et al., Słownik współczesny angielsko-polski, polsko-angielski, Pearson
Longman, 2004
4. Murphy, R,. English grammar in use, Cambridge University Press, 2004
5. Swan, M. and C. Walter, The good grammar book, Oxford University Press, 2001

Websites:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

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 GLOSSARY

A component – składnik
absorbent – wchłaniający compressed – ściśnięty
according to – zgodnie z (informacją, conduct – przewodzić
wypowiedzią itd.) conductive – przewodzący
achieve – osiągnąć conductor – przewodnik
acid – kwas connected (in series, in parallel) –
adhesive tape – taśma klejąca połączony (szeregowo, równolegle)
affect – wpływać consist of – składać się z
allow – pozwalać contain – zawierać
although – chociaż coolant – chłodziwo, czynnik chłodzący
amplify – wzmacniać copper – miedź
appear – pojawiać się core – rdzeń
appliance – urządzenie coulomb – kulomb
apply – stosować covalence – kowalencyjność;
appoint – wskazywać kowartościowość
arrangement – ustalenie; ustawienie cross-sectional area – przekrój poprzeczny
assign – przypisać current – prąd
attach – dołączyć deliver – dostarczać
award – przyznać (nagrodę) dense – gęsty, zwarty, ścisły
axis (pl. axes) – oś develop – stworzyć, opracować
device – urządzenie
B diode – dioda
bar – krata directly – bezpośrednio
battery charger – ładowarka disappear – znikać
beam – przesyłać discharged – rozładowany
below – poniżej discovery – odkrycie
bond – łączyć, wiązać, wiązanie dispose of – pozbyć się
brushes – szczotki dissipate – rozpraszać, rozkładać się
build up – wzmacniać, rozwijać; nasilenie dissipated – rozproszony
bulb – żarówka dissolve – rozpuścić
distribution bus – szyny rozdzielni
C drill – wiertarka
cancel – odwołać driven – napędzany
carbon dioxide – dwutlenek węgla drop – kropla
cell – ogniwo droplet – kropelka
charge carrier – nośnik ładunku dust – kurz, pył
charged – naładowany
circuit – obwód E
circuit breaker – wyłącznik Earth, the – ziemia (planeta)
claim – twierdzić eddy currents – prądy wirowe
closely – blisko electron – elektron
coil – cewka electroscope – elektroskop
colleague – współpracownik EMF – electromotive force – siła
collide – kolidować elektromotoryczna
common – powszechny enclosure – obudowa
commutator – komutator enough – wystarczająco

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 216 Glossary

equal – równy L
exhaust pipe – rura wydechowa laborious – pracowity
experience – doświadczenie lattice tower – słup kratownicowy
explain – wyjaśnić lawnmower – kosiarka
external – zewnętrzny layer – warstwa
LDR (light dependent resistor) – rezystor
F lead – ołów
factor – czynnik leaf – liść
fall – opadać leakage – przeciek
fermion – cząstka o połówkowym spinie lecturer – wykładowca
finger – palec length – długość
fit with – pasować do life span – długość życia
fixed resistor – rezystor o stałej rezystancji lightweight – lekki
flat – płaski linearly – linearnie
flow – przepływać; przepływ lithium – lit
flowchart – blokowy schemat działania load – obciążenie, odbiornik
fumes – spaliny locksmith – ślusarz
fuse – bezpiecznik loss – strata
gap – luka loudspeaker – głośnik
germanium – german, germanium
gold – złoto M
gradually – stopniowo magnetized – namagnetyzowany/a
ground – ziemia major – główny
grow – rosnąć manganese – mangan
marked – oznaczony
H mathematician – matematyk
hairdryer – suszarka do włosów measure – mierzyć
harness – wykorzystywać melt – topić się
heat – ciepło mercury – rtęć
helium – hel moisture – wilgoć
hindrance – przeszkoda, utrudnienie motion – ruch
household – gospodarstwo domowe mutual – wzajemny
hydrogen – wodór
N
I neighbouring – sąsiadujący
increase – zwiększać neutron – neutron
induce – indukować, wzbudzać nucleus – jądro
induction – indukcja
influence – wpływ O
ink – atrament obey – słuchać (np. rozkazu)
inkjet printer – drukarka atramentowa obligatorily – obowiązkowo
insight – wgląd, postrzeganie, spostrzeżenie opportunity – sposobność
insulator – izolator ordinary – zwykły, normalny
integrated circuit – obwód scalony outermost – najbardziej oddalony od
iron – żelazo; prasować centrum
output – moc wyjściowa; produkcja
J overhead – naziemny
joined – połączony oxygen – tlen

K P
kettle – czajnik parallel – równoległy
knowledge – wiedza particle – cząstka

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 Glossary 217

path – ścieżka S
Pauli exclusion principle – zakaz Pauliego saturated – nasycony
permanent – stały scientific – naukowy
permeable – przepuszczalny scientist – naukowiec
perpendicular – prostopadły secondary – wtórny
plate – płytka, okładzina kondensatora semiconductor – półprzewodnik
point – punkt shape – kształt
pole – biegun shell – skorupa, muszla
pole mounted – słupowy significant – znaczny
power plant – elektrownia significantly – znacząco
power station – elektrownia silver – srebro
precipitator – filtr elektrostatyczny socket – gniazdko elektryczne
prevent – zapobiegać source – źródło
principle – zasada spacecraft – pojazd kosmiczny
property – właściwość sphere – kula,
proton – proton split – rozszczepić
provide – dostarczać spring – sprężyna
pull – ciągnąć state – stan
stationary – stacjonarny/a
Q steel – stal
quantity – ilość step-down – obniżać
quality – jakość step-up – podwyższać
store – gromadzić
R straw – słoma
randomly – losowo submerge – zanurzyć
reach – osiągnąć substation – stacja elektroenergetyczna
recently – ostatnio substrate – podłoże
recharge – naładować ponownie sufficient – wystarczający
rectifier – prostownik suggest – proponować
regardless of – bez względu na suitable – odpowiedni
relationship – związek suspend – zawiesić
relatively – stosunkowo switch – przełącznik
release – wyzwolić; puścić; opublikować
reliable – niezawodny, pewny T
remarkable – godny uwagi tailor – krawiec
remove – usuwać temporary – tymczasowy
replace – zastąpić terminal – zacisk
research – badania; badawczy thermistor – termistor
researcher – badacz thermoelectric generator – termoelektryczny
residual current device – wyłącznik generator prądu
różnicowo-prądowy through – poprzez
resistivity – opór właściwy thumb – kciuk
respectively – odpowiednio touch – dotykać
restore – odświeżyć transparent – przezroczysty
retain – zachowywać triangle – trójkąt
reveal – odkryć, pokazać trip – wycieczka
reverse – odwracać tungsten – wolfram
reversible – zwrotny; dwustronny
rheostat – opornik regulowany; opornica U
rise – rosnąć uncharged – nienaładowany
rub – pocierać underground – podziemny
unit – jednostka

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 218 Glossary

unlike – w przeciwieństwie voltmeter – woltomierz

V W
value – wartość wastage – strata, ubytek
variable resistor – rezystor o regulowanej whenever – kiedykolwiek
rezystancji wind – zwijać; owijać
variety – różnorodność winding – uzwojenie
vary – różnić się wire – drut; kabel
vast variety – duża różnorodność,
rozmaitość Z
vibrate – wibrować zinc sulphate – siarczan cynku
voltage – napięcie

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