NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 11 biology Chapter 7
Exercises
Q.1. Answer in one word or one line on the common name of Periplaneta americana.
Solution: Periplaneta americana is a domestic pest that belongs to the class Insecta of Phylum Arthropoda and is the
largest among all cockroaches. Its common name is American cockroach. Their body is divided into a head,
thorax, and abdomen. They have a hard exoskeleton that is brown, made of chitin.
Q.2. Answer in one word or one line.
(ii) How many spermathecae are found in earthworm?
Solution: Spermathecae are responsible for receiving and storing spermatozoa that are received during copulation. There
is one pair of spermathecae present in each of the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th segments. Thus, a total of 4 pairs of
spermathecae are present.
Q.3. Answer in one word or in one line:
(iii) What is the position of ovaries in cockroach?
Solution: Ovaries are the female gonads and are a part of the female reproductive system. In cockroaches, a pair of
ovaries lies laterally in the 2nd-6th abdominal segments. Each ovary in the cockroach is formed of eight ovarian
tubules that contain a chain of ova in them.
Q.4. How many segments are present in the abdomen of the cockroach?
Solution: Cockroach belongs to the phylum Arthropoda. The body of insects is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
Head is made up of six segments, thorax has three segments and the abdomen consists of ten segments.
Q.5. (v) Where do you find Malpighian tubules?
Solution: Malpighian tubules are the organs for excretion in the insects. They are present at the junction between the
midgut and hindgut of the insects. Although present in the alimentary canal, they have no role in digestion but
are excretory in function.
Q.6. Identify the odd one out from the given series: Areolar tissue; blood; neuron; tendon.
Solution: The areolar tissue, blood and tendons are three types of connective tissue. Neuron is the basic unit of nervous
system. Thus, it is the odd one out.
Note: The animal tissues are divided into four categories, epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscular
tissues and nervous tissues.
Q.7. Identify the odd one out from the given series: RBC; WBC; platelets; cartilage.
Solution: RBC, WBC and Platelets are the cellular components of blood while the cartilage is a connective tissue. Thus,
cartilage is the odd one out.
Note: Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. The blood is made of blood corpuscles and plasma fluid.
Cartilage and bones are tough connective tissues.
Q.8. Mark the odd one in each series:
(c) Exocrine; endocrine; salivary gland; ligament
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Solution: Exocrine and endocrines are two types of glands based on how they pour their secretions in the body. Salivary
gland is an example of an exocrine gland. Ligaments are dense regular connective tissues which join one bone
to the other. Thus, ligaments are the odd ones out.
Q.9. Identify the odd one out from the given series: Maxilla; mandible; labrum; antennae.
Solution: Maxilla, mandible and labrum are the mouth parts of insects. They are used for piercing and sucking on food
particles. The antennae are sensory structures with specialised sensory receptors that help the insect to be
aware of its surroundings.
Q.10. Mark the odd one in the given series:
Protonema; mesothorax; metathorax; coxa
Solution: Protonema is the earliest stage of the life cycle of mosses. Mesothorax and metathorax are the thoracic
segments of insects and coxa is the part of the leg on insects. Thus, protonema is the odd one among them.
Q.11. Match the terms in column I with those in column II:
Column I Column II
(a) Compound epithelium (i) Alimentary canal
(b) Compound eye (ii) Cockroach
(c) Septal nephridia (iii) Skin
(d) Open circulatory system (iv) Mosaic vision
(e) Typhlosole (v) Earthworm
(f) Osteocytes (vi) Phallomere
(g) Genitalia (vii) Bone
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Solution: (a) - (iii)
The compound epithelium consists of many layers of cells stacked upon one another and is present in the skin.
(b) - (iv)
The compound eye is made up of several small vision units and are found in the insects and crustaceans. A
type of vision that is hypothesized for the insect compound eye is called mosaic vision.
(c) - (v)
There are three types of nephridia present in annelids (Earthworm) namely, septal nephridia, segmental
nephridia and pharyngeal nephridia.
(d) - (ii)
The open circulatory system is the type of circulatory system in which, the blood does not flow into the blood
vessels but flows in open spaces called sinuses in the body cavity. The cockroach is an insect and has an open
circulatory system as its heart is pulsatile.
(e) - (i)
Typhlosole is the part of digestive tract in earthworm. The typhlosole is the inner folding of intestine, which
helps to increase the surface area for absorption.
(f) - (vii)
Osteocytes are the bone forming cells. Osteocytes also come from osteoblasts. Some osteoblasts turn into
osteocytes while the new bone is formed.
(g) - (vi)
Phallomere are the male genitalia of insects.
Column I Column II
(a) Compound epithelium (iii) Skin
(b) Compound eye (iv) Mosaic vision
(c) Septal nephridia (v) Earthworm
(d) Open circulatory system (ii) Cockroach
(e) Typhlosole (i) Alimentary cannal
(f) Osteocytes (vii) Bone
(g) Genitalia (vi) Phallomere
Q.12. Mention briefly about the circulatory system of earthworm.
Solution: The earthworm has a closed circulatory system in which the blood travels through the heart and the blood
vessels. Contractions keep the blood flowing in one direction only. The smaller blood vessels supply the gut,
nerve cord and the body wall. Blood glands present in the 4th, 5th and 6th segment produce blood which has
the pigment haemoglobin in it. The blood cells are phagocytic in nature. Exchange of gases between the blood
and the environment happens through the moist body surface.
Q.13. Draw a neat diagram of digestive system of frog.
Solution: The alimentary canal in frog is short. The mouth opens into the buccal cavity which again opens into the
oesophagus through the pharynx. The oesophagus leads to the stomach which then continues into the intestine,
the rectum and finally into the cloaca. The cloaca is the common opening for both urine and faecal matter.
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Q.14. Mention the function of the following:
Ureters in frog
Solution: Ureter is a part of the excretory system in a frog that acts as a urinogenital duct which carries the urine as well
as the spermatozoa to the cloaca. In females however, they only transport the urine.
Q.15. Mention the function of the Malpighian tubules.
Solution: Malpighian tubules are found at the junction of the midgut and hindgut of the Cockroach. Though they are a
part of the digestive tract, they have no role in digestion but are involved in the excretory function. Each of the
tubules is lined with ciliated and glandular cells. These tubules absorb nitrogenous wastes which are converted
to uric acid and are excreted through the hindgut.
Q.16. Mention the function of the following:
(c) Body wall in earthworm
Solution: The function of the body wall of the earthworm is to protect the delicate internal organs against injury. It also
helps in locomotion as it consists of circular and longitudinal muscle layers. The epidermal layer has
secretory glands that secrete a mucoid substance and keeps the skin moist. This helps in gaseous exchange for
the process of respiration.
Q.17. (i) What is the function of nephridia?
Solution: Nephridia are the specialized organs meant to perform the function of excretion. They are the characteristic
feature of phylum Annelida of kingdom Animalia. They remove the waste material from the animal body thus
help in excretion and osmoregulation.
Q.18. (ii) How many types of nephridia are found in earthworm based on their location?
Solution: Nephridia are the specialised organs meant to perform the function of excretion. They are the characteristic
feature of phylum Annelida of kingdom Animalia. They remove the waste material from the animal body thus
helping in excretion and osmoregulation.
There are three types of nephridia, found in the Earthworm based on their location. They are:
1. Septal nephridia – these are present on both sides of the intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last one.
These open into the intestine.
2. Integumentary nephridia –These nephridia are attached to the lining of the body wall of segment 3 to the last
one. These open on the body surface.
3. Pharyngeal nephridia – These are present as three paired tufts in the 4th, 5th and 6th segments.
Q.19. Draw a labelled diagram of the reproductive organs of an Earthworm.
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Solution: The Earthworm is a bisexual animal, also called as hermaphrodite that contains both the female and male
reproductive organs. The different parts are shown in the given diagram:
Diagram showing the reproductive system of earthworm.
Q.20. Draw a labelled diagram of alimentary canal of a cockroach.
Solution: The labelled diagram is as follows:
The alimentary canal of cockroach is divided into three regions:- foregut, midgut and hindgut. The foregut
includes mouth cavity, pharynx, esophagus, crop and gizzard. The midgut acts as a real gut. The hindgut is a
coil-like structure and consists of the colon and rectum which opens into the anus.
Q.21. Distinguish between the prostomium and peristomium.
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Solution: Feature Prostomium Peristomium
It is a lobe like structure at the anterior It is the first body
Definition end of the earthworm which covers the segment of an
mouth. earthworm.
Feature Prostomium Peristomium
This segment is also
It covers the mouth and can be used to
known as the buccal
Function open cracks in the soil for the earthworm
segment as it holds the
to crawl. It also helps in sensing stimuli.
mouth.
Q.22. Distinguish between the following:
(b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium
Solution: Feature Septal Nephridium Pharyngeal Nephridium
It is found in the body wall, on They are found in the form of
both sides of the intersegmental three paired tufts in the
Position septa, after segment fifteen till the segments four, five and six, on
last one. They open into the either side of the alimentary
intestines. canal.
Q.23. What are the cellular components of blood?
Solution: The blood consists of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is a viscous, straw-coloured fluid which comprises
almost 55% of the blood. It contains proteins like fibrinogen which helps in clotting, globulins and albumins,
gases, hormones, electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, and calcium.
Also, other substances, including amino acids, organic acids, pigments and enzymes are present in plasma.
The cellular components of the formed elements in the blood include the following:
Erythrocytes – They are also known as red blood cells (RBC). They contain the pigment Haemoglobin
that helps in the transportation of respiratory gases in the body. The mature RBC's lack nucleus and
mitochondria.
Leucocytes – They are also known as White blood cells (WBC). They lack any pigment and are
colourless. Leucocytes are irregularly shaped and have a well-developed nucleus. Their main function is
to provide immunity to the body. They have been classified into two types i.e. granulocytes and
agranulocytes.
1. Granulocytes include Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils. These cells have a granular cytoplasm and
lobed nucleus.
2. Agranulocytes are of two types i.e. monocytes and lymphocytes. These cells have a non-granular
cytoplasm and a nucleus with no constrictions.
Platelets - They are also known as thrombocytes. They are involved in coagulation or blood clotting
mechanism.
Q.24. What are chondrocytes and where do you find them in the animal body?
Solution: Chondrocytes are a part of the connective tissue. These are the cells from which the cartilage is formed. They
are found enclosed in the small cavities within the matrix of the cartilage. The matrix is made of collagen and
proteoglycans.
Q.25. What are the axons and where do you find them in the animal body?
Solution: Axons are the part of the neuron which is the basic functional unit of the nervous system. It is long and
cylindrical and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses from the cell body, of the neuron it belongs
to, to the dendrites of the next neuron. In some neurons the axon is covered by a myelin sheath, which helps in
insulating the axon. The nervous tissue is located in the peripheral nerves all through the body and also in the
organs of the central nervous system such as the spinal cord and the brain and its main function is to receive
stimuli and send signals to the brain and spinal cord.
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Q.26. What are the following and where do you find them in animal body.
(c) Ciliated epithelium
Solution: Ciliated epithelium is the columnar or cuboidal epithelium which bears cilia towards their free surface. They
are involved in the passing or moving particles or mucus in a specific direction. They are found in the fallopian
tubes of the female reproductive system, proximal convoluted tubule of nephron, trachea, etc.
Q.27. Describe various types of epithelial tissues with the help of labelled diagrams.
Solution: Epithelial tissue or epithelium are the tissues found either facing the body fluid or the external environment. It
provides covering or lining to certain parts of the body. The cells of the epithelium are closely packed with
little intercellular matrix.
The two main types of epithelial tissues are - Simple epithelium and compound epithelium.
1. Simple epithelium is made of a single layer of cells and found in the lining of body cavities, tubes and ducts.
There are three types of simple epithelial tissues based on the structure of cell present in them. The types
include: Squamous epithelium, Cuboidal epithelium, Columnar epithelium
a. Squamous epithelium- It is made of a single layer of thin flattened cells and resembles the pavement tiles.
Hence, it is also called as pavement tissue. The cells have irregular boundaries. It is found in the walls of blood
vessels, air sacs of lungs and also functions in the formation of diffusion boundary.
b. Cuboidal epithelium- It is made of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. This
tissue is involved in functions such as secretion and absorption. It is found in the tubular parts of the nephron
and the ducts of glands.
c. Columnar epithelium -It is made of a single layer of long and slender cells. The nuclei are present at the base
of these cells. They are involved in secretion and absorption processes. They may have cilia. The columnar or
cuboidal epithelium bearing cilia on free surface are called ciliated epithelium. They are involved in passing or
moving particles or mucus in a specific direction. They are found in the fallopian tubes in the female
reproductive system and trachea.
2. Compound epithelium- The compound epithelium has many layers of cells stacked one above the other. It is
neither involved in secretion nor absorption. It functions in protecting against mechanical and chemical
stresses. It is found on the skin surface, the moist surface of the mouth or buccal cavity, the inner lining of the
salivary gland, etc.
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Q.28. Distinguish between:
(a) Simple epithelium and compound epithelium
Solution: Feature Simple epithelium Compound epithelium
Number of It consists of a single It consists of many layers of cells
layers layer of cells. stacked upon one another.
Feature Simple epithelium Compound epithelium
It is found in the lining of It is found on the skin surface, the
Sites in body cavities, tubes and ducts. moist surface of the mouth or buccal
the e.g, capillary walls, glomeruli, cavity, the inner lining of the
body the lining of lungs, heart and salivary gland and pancreatic ducts,
alveoli. pharynx.
Simple
Feature Compound epithelium
epithelium
It is involved in It protects the underlying tissues against
Function secretion and mechanical and chemical stress and has little role
absorption. in secretion or absorption.
Q.29. Distinguish between:
(b) Cardiac muscle and striated muscle.
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Solution: Feature Cardiac Muscle Striated muscle.
Cardiac muscle fibres are Striated muscle fibres are
Structure
branched and uninucleated. unbranched and multinucleated.
Feature Cardiac Muscle Striated muscle.
They are found only They are found attached to the bones, present
Nature in the heart and are in almost every part of the body and are
involuntary. voluntary in nature.
Feature Cardiac Muscle Striated muscle.
Fatigue They never get fatigued They get fatigued if used continuously.
Q.30. Distinguish between:
(c) Dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
Solution: Dense irregular connective
Feature Dense regular connective tissue
tissue
In this type of tissue, the collagen In this type of tissue, the
Arrangement fibres are found between the fibroblasts and collagen
of fibres multiple parallel fibre bundles, fibres are not present in a
arranged in rows. fixed orientation.
Dense irregular
Feature Dense regular connective tissue
connective tissue
Dense irregular
Tendons and ligaments are dense regular
connective tissues are
connective tissues which are found at the
Location found in lymph nodes,
points of connections between a bone and
capsule around the
a muscle and 2 bones, respectively.
joints etc.
Q.31. Distinguish between:
(d) Adipose tissue and Blood tissue
Solution: Feature Adipose Tissue Blood Tissue
Adipose tissue is a loose Blood tissue is a fluid connective
connective tissue composed tissue containing plasma and
Composition
of adipocytes and is found cellular components like WBC,
beneath the skin. RBC and blood platelets.
Feature Adipose Tissue Connective Tissue
Its main role is to store lipids that The function of blood is the
Role in
acts as a protective padding and transportation of substances
body
also insulates the body. throughout the body.
Q.32. Distinguish between simple gland and compound gland.
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NCERT Biology Grade 11 Chapter 7 Structural organisation in animals
Solution: Feature Simple Gland Compound Gland
The secretory part in such glands is The secretory part in such
Structure
unbranched. glands is branched.
Sweat glands, gastric glands, Salivary glands,pancreatic
Example
intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn. glands.
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