FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT: Civil Engineering
PROGRAMME: B Eng. Tech (Civil Eng.)
SUBJECT NAME: Hydrology
SUBJECT CODE: CEH22A
LECTURER: Ms BOSMAN
PROJECT TITLE:
STUDENT
NUMBER(S):
SURNAME(S): Kgabanyane
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B Eng Tech(Civil)
Engineering Hydrology (CEH22A)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, FREE STATE
Mr Z Kgabanyane (223091473)
Kunene N (2230
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SUBMITTAL AND IDENTIFICATION SHEET
Student number: 223091473
Surname and initials: Kgabanyane Z
Subject name: Engineering Hydrology
Subject code: CEH22A
DECLARATION OF OWN WORK:
By submitting my work on this platform, I declare that:
I have completed this assignment/project in accordance with the CUT's Code of
Academic Integrity.
All the work included in this assignment/project is my own work.
I did not consult any person or means other than that allowed by the assessment
instructions.
Signed:
________________________________________________________
Date:
________________________________________________________
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUBMITTAL AND IDENTIFICATION
SHEET……………………………………………………………………………..….….…3
TABLE OF CONTENTS………..
………………………………………………………………..…......4
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………..
…………………………………………………….…4
LIST OF TABLES …………………………..…………………………………….………4
1. Introduction ..............................................................……………………………….5
2. Aim………………………………………………………………………………………..6
[Link]…………………………………………………………………………………6
[Link]………………………………………………………………………..………7
Reults and Discussion …………………………………….……………………………….7
5. Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………………….…….….9
6. References………………………………………………………………...………..…...10
[Link] …………………………………………………………………………..……….11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 : Figure1.1: hydrology simulator(S12-MKII)
Figure 1.2:3liter jug (for collecting water)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.4: Record data
Table 1.5: Theim’s equation to find K
Table 1.6: Dupuit’s equation to find K
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INTRODUCTION
Boring is the common technique employed for water abstraction from an unconfined
aquifer to draw water for agricultural purposes, domestic use or industries. An
unconfined aquifer also referred to as a water table aquifer is a water bearing
formation in which the water level is not bounded by aquitards above it. This means
that when water is abstracted from a well in unconfined aquifer it takes water from
the saturated zone which is below the water table. The water in the well is procured
by various natural means like the seepage of Water through the rainfall and other
surface water to the well water table. It is therefore important to manage the rate and
the volume of water that is abstracted from a well in an unconfined aquifer to sustain
the amount of water that is stored in the aquifer system. Such impacts as extraction
of too much water may result in such consequences as reduction in the groundwater
level, intrusion of saltwater and other effects. For this reason, the availability of water
and the recharge rates, as well as the general state of the aquifer needs to be
carefully managed in order to avoid depleting it. In this introduction, the process of
water abstraction from a well in an unconfined aquifer, the factors that have an
impact on availability of groundwater and the role of sustainable management
practices that will permit the long-term use of groundwater resources, will be
discussed.
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AIM
- To calculate the permeability (K) of the soil in the hyfrology simulator
APPARATUS
1. Hydrology simulator (S12 -MKII)
2. 3 liter jug (For collecting water) and a stopwatch to estimate the discharge from
the well
Figure1.1: hydrology simulator(S12-MKII)
Figure 1.2; 3liter jug (for collecting water)
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PROCEDURES
1. Well site — an area close to where the water is needed while simultaneously
being accessible to the required aquifer.
2. Potential ImpactDrillingHow can we access the groundwater? The depth of the
well will based on the aquifer's deepness and how much gallons-per-minute are
needed.
3. Casing installation: To protect the wellbore from collapsing in on itself and to allow
drilling fluid circulation, a casing is inserted.
4. Completion: In completion phase, flood the well with water to clean out any drilling
muds and sand that may be present after a wash operation. This enhances the
performance and water quality of well.
5. Step 1: Pump Installation – Install a pump to raise water from the bottom of the
well and take it across. The kind and a number of the pump will largely rely on water
needs as well because both traits from this aquifer.
6. Draw water — Turn on the pump to draw (draw down) water from an aquifer. The
extraction rate must be sustainable to prevent over-pumping and exhaustion of the
aquifer.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Question 1
[Link] collecting
Jug 8 liter
Time 120 sec
Q0 0,000067 m3/s
Table 1.4: Record data
1.1 Claculating the value of K using Theim’s Equation (Far from the well)
h1 0,095 m
S1 0,057 m
r1 0,2 m
h2 0,115 m
S2 0,037 m
r2 0,3 m
H 0,152 m
KT m/s
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0,010344
Table 1.5: Theim’s equation to find K
1.2 Close to the well (Dupuits Equation)
h1 0,1 m
S1 0,052 m
r1 0,1 m
h2 0,115 m
S2 0,037 m
r2 0,1 m
H 0,152 m
0,01042
KD 2 m/s
Table 1.6: Dupuit’s equation to find K
Question 2
2. Comparison of Permeability Values
Thiem's Equation Result:
The calculated permeability value from Thiem's equation is 0.010344 m/s.
Dupuit's Equation Result:
The calculated permeability value from Dupuit's equation is 0.010422 m/s.
Commentary on Permeability:
Comparing these results with the provided table values, the calculated permeability
values suggest that the soil is not fine as initially assumed but rather coarse. Thiem's
and Dupuit's equations provide insights into the actual permeability of the soil,
indicating a coarser nature than expected.
3.
Key Properties of an Unconfined aquifer and how does it differ from Confined aquifer
Unconfined Aquifer:
-The water table lies at the surface.
-Rainwater seeped into the door in an out easy.
Confined Aquifer:
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-Water is under pressure.
-Fenced in with impenetrable walls.
The difference between these two situations is the presence of a impermeable layer
in ideal conditions and water pressure within the aquifer.
4. Factors Influencing Recharge Rate in Unconfined Aquifers:
-Precipitation: The amount and intensity of rainfall directly affect the recharge rate
of water in unconfined aquifers.
-Vegetation Cover: Vegetation can influence the rate of infiltration and recharge by
affecting the soil properties.
-Topography: Slope and elevation play a role in directing water flow and influencing
recharge rates in unconfined aquifers.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
There could be over-pumping a well in an unconfined aquifer, which results
groundwater levels to decline. If humanity were to extract water at a faster rate than
this could be replenished, the result would in decreasing depths of groundwater
levels (depletion). The availability of water for ecological and human uses is likely to
decline. It can also lead to the loss springs and wells in these regions that may affect
nearby human settlements and ecosystems like aquatic life or vegetation dependent
on spring for water supplies.
It is also possible that contaminated materials can soak down into an unconfined
aquifer due to over pumping from the source. Because the aquifer is unconfined, its
connection with the surface (and thus susceptibility to pollution) occurs through it
almost immediately. Operating the pump faster can generate a hydraulic gradient in
it that draws contaminants from above ground, like pollution related to industrial
wastes or agricultural pesticides. This contamination, it can be dangerous for health
and the environment as well beside groundwater quality_impact.
In effect, goundwater levels may fall and spilling of pollutants might occur due to
water abstractions from a well in an open audiifer. As groundwater resources
become depleted and slicing away on the environment, it is necessary to control and
restrict how much water pumped from such aquifers.
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REFERENCES
Sue (2014) PPT - rainfall-runoff relationships PowerPoint presentation, free
download - ID:5186554, Slide Serve. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 24
March 2024).
Rainfall-runoff relation (no date) Scribd. Available at:
[Link]
RELATION (Accessed: 24 March 2024).
rainfall-runoff relationships methods of assessment - PPT video online download
(no date) SlidePlayer. Available at: [Link] (Accessed:
24 March 2024).
(24 Mar. 24) 3. rainfall-runoff analysis. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 24 March 2024).
(24 Mar. 24) Google search. Available at: [Link]
q=where+is+rainfallrunoff+relationship+applicable (Accessed: 24 March 2024).
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MINUTES
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