ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is composed of
glands that secrete different types of
hormones that affect almost every
cell, organ, and function of our body.
The Endocrine System
• Second messenger system of the body
• The endocrine system is composed of different glands
which secrete hormones which serve as chemical
messages that are released into the blood
• Hormones control and regulate several major processes:
– Reproduction
– Growth and development
– Mood
– Mobilization of body defenses
– Maintenance of much of homeostasis
– Metabolism
Comparing the nervous system with
the endocrine system
WHAT DETECTS WHAT IS THE HOW IS THE WHAT
CHANGE? “MESSENGER” MESSAGE RESPONDS?
(receptor) CARRIED? (EFFECTOR)
Sensory Electrical Nerves – very A muscle or a
NERVOUS receptors impulse fast cell
SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE Gland (via Chemical Bloodstream - One or more
SYSTEM brain and (hormone) slower organs
bloodstream)
Endocrine system
• Information
signaling system
• Glands produce
hormones
• Circulate through
blood vessels
HORMONE
• Is a chemical substance, produced by a gland,
carried by the blood, which alters the activity
of one or more specific target organs.
• Hormones a r e carried by a cell /
tissue and initiate specific action
(capable of changing the physiological and
metabolic behaviors of their target cells to
maintain homeostasis.)
HORMONES
• Hormones can have very powerful
effects, even when present in very
low concentrations.
• There are approximately 50
different hormones produced in the
human body.
• The specific cells which are affected
by a hormone are called target
cells.
Endocrine glands
Location of Major Endrocrine Organs
Figure 9.3
ADRENALINE
Hormone: adrenaline
EFFECT OF ADRENALINE BENEFIT TO BODY
A Pupil of eye widens 1 Blood moves more quickly to
working tissues
B Heart beats faster and deeper 2 Excess heat can be lost
C Glycogen is hydrolised 3 More oxygen enters the blood
D More blood delivered to brain 4 More oxygen and glucose are
delivered to respiring muscle cells
E More blood delivered to skin 5 Allows more light onto the retina
F Less blood delivered to the gut 6 More information can be processes
and actions takes
G Breathing rate increase 7 Digestion will be slowed
H Blood flow to muscle is increased 8 More glucose is available for
respiration
Adrenaline
• The “fight or fright” hormone.
- It is released in stressful situations
- All the effects make us more able to react
quickly and vigorously in dangerous situations
that might require us to run away or put up a
struggle.
- Increases blood glucose concentration.
The Endocrine System
• Controls and regulates body
processes.
• It is composed of glands that
secrete different types of
hormones that affect every cell,
organ, and function of our body.
• It is essential in regulating
growth, development,
metabolism, and reproductive
processes, and mood
The Endocrine Glands
• Pituitary Gland- stimulates growth, and
controls the functions of the other glands.
• Thyroid- regulates metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones.
• Parathyroid- controls the calcium levels in
your body, and normalizes bone growth.
• Thymus- enables the body to produce
certain antibodies.
• Adrenal- prepares the body for action,
controls the heart rate and breathing in
times of emergency.
• Pancreas- regulates blood sugar level
Reproductive
• Testis- control maturation and
male characteristics
• Ovaries- influence female traits,
and support reproductive
functions
Table 1. The Endocrine System: Glands and their Functions
Table 1. The Endocrine System: Glands and their Functions
Table 1. The Endocrine System: Glands and their Functions
Effects of the Hormones in the Body
• If the organs and hormones do not produce
the regulated amount of chemicals in the
body. It may result in an abnormality of your
body. This condition is called hormonal
imbalance.
• Some hormones have short-term effects while
the other hormones have long-term effect in
the body.
The Role of Hormones in Female and
Male Reproductive Systems
Reproduction is a normal process controlled by
hormones. These hormones keep both the male
and female reproductive systems to function
properly. The pituitary gland controls the functions
of both the testes and ovaries.
Hormones are like little messengers in your body
that tell different organs what to do. In the male
and female reproductive systems, these hormones
help with growing, making sperm or eggs, and
preparing the body for having babies.
In Males
• Testosterone
- Made in the testes.
-Helps boys grow into men by deepening their
voice, growing facial hair, and building muscles.
-Helps make sperm for reproduction.
• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
-Works with testosterone to make sperm in the
testes.
• LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
-Tells the testes to make more testosterone.
The Role of Hormones in the Female
Reproductive System
✓ The female reproductive system are also
regulated by hormones, the follicles produce
hormones that control the growth and release
eggs from the ovaries.
✓ While other hormones prepares the uterus so a
baby can grow in it.
✓ Other hormones still controls the stretching of
the uterus during pregnancy.
In Females
> Estrogen
- Made in the ovaries.
- Helps girls develop into women by growing breasts and widening hips.
- Prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy.
> Progesterone
-Made after ovulation (when an egg is released).
-Keeps the uterus ready for pregnancy and supports it if a baby starts to
grow.
> FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
- Helps the ovaries prepare eggs during the first part of the menstrual
cycle.
>LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
- Causes the ovary to release a mature egg (ovulation).
Endocrine System Disorder
Hormonal imbalance will occur if the organs and
hormones of your body do not produce the right
amount of chemicals needed which in turn may lead
to some dysfunctions. The following are some
examples of endocrine disorders.
➢Osteoporosis
➢Goiter
➢Gigantism
➢Dwarfism
Endocrine System Disorder
> Osteoporosis is a
disease that happens
when the mineral
density of the bone is
reduced making it
brittle and porous.
Parathyroid hormone
secretion is one of
the possible causes
of this disease.
Endocrine System Disorder
> Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the
thyroid gland. It results from the
underproduction or overproduction of
thyroid hormones.
Endocrine System Disorder
> Gigantism is a
disorder that
happens during
childhood when
there is abnormal
increase in height
associated with too
much secretion of
growth hormones.
Endocrine System Disorder
> Dwarfism is a condition wherein the
production of growth hormones in the
pituitary gland is insufficient resulting in
short stature.
