Republic of the Philippines

CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

SHAFT

A design presented for the subject

ME 413 (Machine Design I)

Designed by:

REGINE MAE F. EBACUADO

LOVELY O. VIDAL

BSME-4A

ENGR. JAIRUS VINCENT PAUL C. SINSON

Course Facilitator

March, 2025

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

March 12, 202

Engr. Jairus Vincent Paul C. Sinson, MEng, LPT, MAT, RMP, CPM

Course Facilitator

Capiz State University

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology

Main Campus, Roxas City

Sir:

In compliance with the requirement of the subject ME-413 Machine Design I,

this Design of Shaft is hereby presented.

May this design and its presentation meets the standard of your approval.

Very respectfully yours,

REGINE MAE F. EBACUADO

LOVELY O. VIDAL

BSME 4A

24
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the subject “Machine Design I”, this

Design of Shaft, submitted by REGINE MAE F. EBACUADO and LOVELY O.

VIDAL, BSME 4A, students of this institution are hereby accepted and approved.

Approved by:

ENGR. JAIRUS VINCENT PAUL C. SINSON, MEng. LPT, MAT, RMP, CPM

Course Facilitator

Date: ___________________

25
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

INTRODUCTION

A shaft is a fundamental mechanical element extensively used in machine design

to transmit torque and rotational motion between different components in a system. Its

primary function is to facilitate the transfer of mechanical power from a driving element,

such as a motor or engine, to a driven element, such as gears, pulleys, or wheels. Shafts

are typically cylindrical in shape and must be designed to endure a combination of forces,

including torsional shear stress, bending moments, and axial loads. Properly designed

shafts are essential for ensuring the smooth operation, efficiency, and longevity of

mechanical systems, making them a critical focus in the field of machine design (Shigley

et al., 2015).

Shaft design requires careful consideration of material properties, operating

conditions, and safety factors. High-strength materials like alloy steels, stainless steel,

and sometimes composites are often used to withstand mechanical stresses while

maintaining a lightweight and efficient design. The manufacturing process is equally

significant; shafts are commonly produced using forging, rolling, and machining to

achieve high dimensional accuracy and surface finish. Additionally, features like

keyways, splines, and threads are incorporated into shaft designs to enable secure

coupling with other components, such as gears and couplings, ensuring reliable torque

transmission.

26
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Modern advancements in shaft design have been fueled by the integration of

computational tools, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and computer-aided design

(CAD). These tools allow engineers to simulate operational stresses, optimize geometry,

and predict potential failure points before fabrication. Furthermore, innovations in

material science and surface treatment techniques, such as nitriding and induction

hardening, have significantly improved shaft performance, enhancing durability and

resistance to wear. As machines become increasingly complex, the role of shafts in

ensuring efficient power transmission and system reliability remains indispensable

(Juvinall & Marshek, 2020).

27
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would not have been possible to meet this need without the assistance and

support of the people who just so occurred to offer some of their time, counsel, and

knowledge.

(THIS IS ONLY AN EXAMPLE, ADD MORE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)

28
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SHAFT

Page

Letter of Transmittal 2

Approval Sheet 3

Introduction 4

Acknowledgement 5

Statement of the Problem 7

Complete Sketch of Assembly 8

Design Computation 10

Specification of the Design 23

Bibliography 24

29
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Statement of the Problem

Design a shaft to transmit power from an electric motor to a gearbox. The shaft

needs to handle a torque of 600 Nm and operate at a rotational speed of 1600 RPM. The

shaft material is AISI 3150 carbon steel. Assume the shaft is simply supported at both

ends, with a length of 2.5 meters between supports. Additionally, there is a transverse

force of 800 N acting at the midpoint of the shaft due to a gear mounted in the center.

Design also the key system.

30
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Complete sketch of the Assembly (Not to Scale)

31
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

GIVEN:

AISI 3150 Carbon Steel

Ultimate tensile strength ¿ ¿) = 620 MPa

Yield strength ( S y ) = 355 MPa

Modulus of Rigidity (G) = 79.3 GPa

Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 210 GPa

Torque (T) = 600 N-m

Speed (N) = 1600 rpm

Length (L) = 2.5 meters

Load (F) = 800 N (applied at the midpoint)

REQUIRED:

Determine shaft diameter based on torque. The maximum deflection under the

applied transverse force. Key system design.

32
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Design Computation

τJ
T=
r

Where:

 τ is the shear stress in the shaft,

4
πd
 J= is the polar moment of inertia for a solid circular shaft,
32

d
 r= is the radius of the shaft.
2

For a shaft made of AISI 3150 carbon steel, the allowable shear stress τ allow is typically

taken as 40% of the ultimate tensile strength (σ ult ¿. AISI 3150 has a typical σ ult of 570

MPa, so:

τ allow = 0.4 × 570 = 228 MPa

Using the relationship for torque and solving for d:

3
π d τ allow
T=
16

Substituting values:

3 N 6
π d (228 2
x 10 )
600 N-m = mm
16

d=0.0238 m≈ 23.8 mm

33
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Deflection Check

To ensure the shaft does not deflect too much, we check the maximum deflection

under the applied transverse force. For a simply supported shaft with a load F at the

center, the deflection δ is given by:

4
FL
δ=
48 EI

Where:

F = 800 N is the transverse force,

L = 2.5 m is the shaft length,

E = 210 × 109 Pa is the modulus of elasticity for AISI 3150 carbon steel,
4
πd
I= is the moment of inertia for a solid circular shaft.
64

Substitute:

d = 0.0238 m

and solve for δ:

4
π (0.0238)
I=
64

= 1.575 × 10− 8 m4
3
800 x (2.5)
δ=
48 x 210 x 109 x 1.575 x 10− 8
34
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

δ = 0.07874m ≈ 78.74mm

Key System Design

A key is used to secure the gear to the shaft. The key design should be based on

the torque transmission requirements and the shaft diameter.

For an AISI 3150 steel shaft, the most commonly used key types are square or

rectangular keys. The key size is typically based on the shaft diameter. The general rule

for key dimensions is:

W = 0.25d

H = 0.25d

L = 1.5d

Given d = 51 mm, the key dimensions would be:

W = 0.25 × 51 = 12.75 mm

H = 12.75 mm

L = 1.5 × 51 = 76.5 mm

35
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Statement of the Problem

A shaft is required to transmit 25 kW of power at 1200 rpm from an electric

motor to a machine. The shaft is supported by two bearings spaced 1.2 meters apart, and
a helical gear is mounted at the center of the shaft. The gear applies a tangential force of
600 N at a radius of 180 mm. The shaft is made of AISI C1020 normalized. Design the
shaft system and compare calculations based on AISI C1118 as rolled.

36
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Complete sketch of the Assembly (Not to Scale)

37
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

GIVEN:

Power (P) = 25 kW

Speed (N) = 1 200 rpm

AISI C1020

AISI C1118 as rolled

REQUIRED:

Design the shaft system and compare calculations based on AISI C1118 as rolled.

38
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Design Computation

Calculate the torque transmitted by the shaft.

Where;

T .ω
P=
1000

P = 25 kW ≈ 25 000 W

N = 1 200 rpm

Where;

2 πN
ω=
60

ω is the angular velocity in radians per second

To find torque;

2 π (1200)
ω=
60

rad
= 125.663
sec

Solve for T;

39
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

rad
N − m T (125.663 )
25 000 = sec
s
1000

T = 199.2 N-m

To ensure the shaft can handle the transmitted torque and avoid failure due to
shear stress, we need to calculate the required shaft diameter. The maximum shear stress
for a solid shaft is given by the following equation:

16 T
τ= 3
πd

Where:

T is the torque in Newton-meters.

d is the shaft diameter in meters.
τ is the shear stress.

To calculate the diameter of the shaft, we need to know the allowable shear stress
for the material. The two materials you mentioned are AISI C1020 normalized and AISI
C1118 as rolled.

AISI C1020 normalized:

Yield strength (σ y ) = 350 MPa

Ultimate tensile strength (σ u) = 450 MPa

σy 350
Allowable shear stress ¿ ¿) = = = 175 MPa
2 2

AISI C1118 As Rolled:

Yield strength (σ y ) = 380 MPa

Ultimate tensile strength (σ u) = 510 MPa

40
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

σ y 380
Allowable shear stress (τ allow) = = = 190 MPa
2 2

Solve for d;

16 T
τ allow = 3
πd

For AISI C1020 normalized;

N 6 16(199.2 N − m)
175 2 x 10 =
mm πd 3

d = 17.96 mm ≈ 0.01796 m

For AISI C1118 As Rolled;

N 6
16(199.2 N − mm)
190 2 x 10 =
mm πd 3

d = 17.48 mm ≈ 0.01748 m

The helical gear applies a tangential force of 600 N at a radius of 180 mm (0.18
m). This force will create a bending moment on the shaft. The bending moment (M) at
the point where the gear is mounted is given by:

M = F. r = 600 N (0.18) = 108 N-m

using the formula for bending stress:
M .c
σb =
I

Where:
σ bis the bending stress.
41
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

M is the bending moment.

d
c is the distance from the neutral axis (half the diameter, c = )
2
4
πd
I is the second moment of area (for a solid shaft, I = )
64

For AISI C1020 normalized;

4
π ( 0.01796 m )
I=
64
= 5. 107 x 10− 9 m4

0.01796 m
c=
2

= 8.98 x 10− 3 m

−3
108(8.98 x 10 m)
σb =
5.107 x 10−9 m 4

= 189904053.3 Pa ≈ 18.99 MPa

For AISI C1118 As Rolled;

4
π (0.01748 m)
I=
64

= 4.583 x 10− 9 m4

0.01748 m
c=
2

= 8.74 x 10− 3 m
42
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

−3 m
108(8.74 x 10 )
σb =
4.583 x 10− 9 m4

= 205961160.8 Pa ≈ 20.6 MPa

CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIALS

MATERIAL USED FOR SHAFT

AISI 1117 Steel, cold drawn with a diameter of 61.9125 mm (Matweb - AISI 1117 Steel)

Material Notes:

Carry more manganese than other lower-carbon steels for better hardenability.

Composition allows oil quenching after case hardening heat treatments.

Physical Properties Metric English Comments

Density 7.87 g/cm3 0.284 lb/in³ Typical for steel

Mechanical Properties Metric English Comments

Hardness, Brinell 143 143

Hardness, Knoop 163 163 Converted from

Brinell hardness.

43
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

Hardness, Rockwell B 78 78 Converted from

Brinell hardness.

Hardness, Vickers 149 149 Converted from

Brinell hardness.

Tensile Strength, 490 MPa 71100 psi

Ultimate

Tensile Strength, Yield 305 MPa 44200 psi

Elongation at Break 33.0 % 33.0 % in 50 mm

Reduction of Area 63.0 % 63.0 %

Modulus of Elasticity 205 GPa 29700 ksi Typical for steel

Bulk Modulus 160 GPa 23200 ksi Typical for steel

Poissons Ratio 0.290 0.290 Typical For steel

Shear Modulus 80.0 GPa 11600 ksi Typical for steel

Electrical Resistivity 0.0000174 ohm- 0.0000174 ohm-cm Typical steel

cm

44
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address: roxas@[Link]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FAIRES, V. M., “Design of Machine Elements” 4 th Ed. New York: The McMillan

Company., 1969.

References:

 [Link]

 [Link]

shafts/

45
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)