FLUID MACHINERY

ME 406 – ME32S1

Pumps
Compressors
FLUID FLOW RATE
The quantity of fluid flowing in a system per unit time can be expressed by three different
terms as defined below,

Volume Flow Rate, Q or V

 is the volume of fluid flowing past a section per unit time.

Weight Flow Rate, W

 weight of fluid flowing past a section per unit time.

Mass Flow Rate, ́

 mass of fluid flowing past a section per unit time.
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Incompressible Fluid
́ = ́ = → ́ =
 An incompressible flow exists if the density of
each fluid particle remains relatively constant =
=
as it moves through the flow field.
= = ̅
 Density is constant

̅ = ̅ =
4

̅ = ̅

=
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Compressible Fluid

 Density variations influence the flow.

́ = ́ = → ́ =
 Density is not constant
= = ̅

=
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
 It can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate
for flowing fluids.

 The “Bernoulli Effect” is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is
increased.

Bernoulli’s Theorem/Principle

“An increase in the speed of a fluid

occurs simultaneously with a decrease
in static pressure or a decrease in the
fluid’s potential energy.”
DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
For Steady State Energy System (∆ = 0)

Where,

= + + +
= + + +

Therefore,

+ + + = + + +
DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
For Steady State Energy System (∆ = 0)
=

+ + + = + + +
But, T = C or = ,

∆ = − = − =0

− =0

+ + + = + + +

+ + = + +
DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
For Steady State Energy System (∆ = 0)
=

+ + = + +
Wherein,

= =

1
= ̅
2
Substituting in the equation,
̅ ̅
+ + = + +
2 2
DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
For Steady State Energy System (∆ = 0)
=

̅ ̅
+ + = + +
2 2
Since, 1
= 2
=

Therefore,
̅ ̅
+ + = + +
2 2

Dividing both sides by = ,

̅ ̅
+ + = + +
2 2
DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
For Steady State Energy System (∆ = 0)
=

̅ ̅
+ + = + +
2 2

Rearranging the equation,

+ + = + + BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
For Steady State Energy System (∆ = 0)
=

+ + = + + BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

The above formula is the ideal equation which means there are no losses in the system. But if
we’re talking about the actual equation, we will consider the effects of head losses.
The Bernoulli’s Equation can be modified to take into account gains and losses of head.
The resulting equation becomes,

+ + = + + +
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s In solving this problem, we’ll use the Bernoulli’s Equation
D = 0.08 m
D = 0.04 m ̅ ̅
+ + = + +
z = 1.5 m 2 2

Required: Modifying the equation to P − P equation,

P − P in psf ̅ ̅
− = − + −
2 2

− ̅ − ̅
= + −
2
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s − ̅ − ̅
= + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m Simplifying the equation by multiplying both sides by ,
z = 1.5 m
− ̅ − ̅
= + −
Required: 2
P − P in psf
̅ − ̅
− = + −
2
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s ̅ − ̅
− = + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m We can’t still solve for P − P since there are no given velocity at sec.1 and 2
z = 1.5 m
But using the equation below, we can solve for the values of velocities
Required: ̅=
= ̅ → ̅= →
P − P in psf 4
At section 1:
0.02
̅ = → ̅ =
4 4 (0.08)
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s ̅ − ̅
− = + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m We can’t still solve for P − P since there are no given velocity at sec.1 and 2
z = 1.5 m
But using the equation below, we can solve for the values of velocities
Required: ̅=
= ̅ → ̅= →
P − P in psf 4
At section 1:
0.02
̅ = → ̅ = ̅ = 3.9789
4 4 (0.08)
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s ̅ − ̅
− = + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m We can’t still solve for P − P since there are no given velocity at sec.1 and 2
z = 1.5 m
But using the equation below, we can solve for the values of velocities
Required: ̅=
= ̅ → ̅= →
P − P in psf 4
At section 2:
0.02
̅ = → ̅ =
4 4 (0.04)
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s ̅ − ̅
− = + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m We can’t still solve for P − P since there are no given velocity at sec.1 and 2
z = 1.5 m
But using the equation below, we can solve for the values of velocities
Required: ̅=
= ̅ → ̅= →
P − P in psf 4
At section 2:
0.02
̅ = → ̅ = ̅ = 15.9155
4 4 (0.04)
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s ̅ − ̅ ̅ = 3.9789
− = + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m ̅ = 15.9155
z = 1.5 m
Substituting the values in the equation,
Required:
3.2808
P − P in psf (15.9155 −3.9789 )
1 3.2808
− = 62.4 +0 − 1.5
1
2 32.174
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s ̅ − ̅ ̅ = 3.9789
− = + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m ̅ = 15.9155
z = 1.5 m
Substituting the values in the equation,
Required:
3.2808
P − P in psf (15.9155 −3.9789 )
1 3.2808
− = 62.4 +0 − 1.5
1
2 32.174

− = 62.4 (34.8012 )
Sample Problem No.1 A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m3/s
having top diameter of 0.08 m, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and
height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure in psf between the pipes.

Given: Solution:
Q = 0.02 m /s ̅ − ̅ ̅ = 3.9789
− = + −
D = 0.08 m 2
D = 0.04 m ̅ = 15.9155
z = 1.5 m
Substituting the values in the equation,
Required:
3.2808
P − P in psf (15.9155 −3.9789 )
1 3.2808
− = 62.4 +0 − 1.5
1
2 32.174

− = 62.4 (34.8012 ) − = .
2
Sample Problem No.2 A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft at 20 deg
C water. The pump pressure of water at this temperature is
2.34 kPa. The pump is capable of lifting the water higher that
10.16 m. What is the atmospheric pressure?
Given: Solution:
P = 2.34 kPa Using the Bernoulli’s Equation
z = 10.16 m ̅ ̅
+ + = + +
2 2

In solving the pressure, we will just cancel the velocity head since there
Required: are no data to solve for it
P in kPa
̅ ̅
+ + = + +
2 2

+ = +
Sample Problem No.2 A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft at 20 deg
C water. The pump pressure of water at this temperature is
2.34 kPa. The pump is capable of lifting the water higher that
10.16 m. What is the atmospheric pressure?
Given: Solution:
P = 2.34 kPa + = +
z = 10.16 m
Rearranging the equation, we’ll have

= + −
Required:
P in kPa Simplifying the equation by multiplying both sides by ,

= + − → = + ( − )
Sample Problem No.2 A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft at 20 deg
C water. The pump pressure of water at this temperature is
2.34 kPa. The pump is capable of lifting the water higher that
10.16 m. What is the atmospheric pressure?
Given: Solution:
P = 2.34 kPa = + ( − )
z = 10.16 m Substituting the given data,

= 2.34 + 9.8066 10.16 − 0

Required:
P in kPa = 2.34 + 9.8066 10.16 − 0
2

= .