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KnowlEdGE
2025
For jKssb Exams
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dEdIcatEd to:- jKssb
aspIrants
by:-abrar mIr

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contEnt. paGE no.
[Link]. 3
[Link] parKs. 8
[Link] sItEs. 14
[Link] and authors. 17
[Link]. 23
[Link] orGanIzatIons. 29
[Link] dancEs. 33
[Link] ExErcIsEs 35
[Link] & dIscovErIEs. 40
[Link]/smallEst/lonGEst. 45
[Link] & datEs. 53
12. monumEnts oF IndIa. 54
[Link] oF IndIa. 56
[Link] projEcts. 58
[Link] powEr plant. 60
[Link] &FEstIvals 61
[Link] & dIsEasEs. 69

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 Chapter:-1
Sports.
Ranji Trophy
Ranji Trophy played in the domestic cricket championship. It is played
between teams from different regions and states of India. Ranji Trophy is
named after the Indian Cricketer, Ranjitsingh ji who has played international
cricket. There are a total of 38 teams that play the Ranji Cricket Tournament.
The first match was played between Madras and Mysore on 4th November
1934.
Aga Khan Trophy
The first Agha Khan Trophy was started by Aga Khan III in 1926. This trophy
was first presented in the jumping Competition in Ireland. Switzerland won
Aga Khan Trophy thrice in the years 1926, 1927, and 1930.
Beighton Cup
Beighton Cup is one of the oldest cups in the History of Hockey. In the
beginning, it was organized by the Indian Football later the Calcutta Hockey
League took over it in 1905.
Davis Cup
Davis cup is named after American collegian Dwight Filley Davis. He
arranged the first tennis match between the USA and Great Britain. The first
match of the Davis Cup was played in 1990. Davis cup was initially known
as the International Lawn Tennis Trophy.
Dhyan Chand Award
Dhyan Chand Award is given for Lifetime Achievement in Sports. This award
was named after the Indian hockey player Dhyan Chand also called Hockey
Magician. He holds a record of more than a thousand goals in his Hockey
career. Shahuraj Birajdar (Boxing), Ashok Diwan (Hockey), and Aparna
Ghosh (Basketball) were the first recipients of the Dhyan Chand Award in
2002.
FIFA World Cup
The FIFA World cup was started in 1930. Initially, Jules Rimet Trophy was
given to winners from 1930 to 1970 then Jules Rimet Trophy was stolen and
it hasn’t been found till date. In 1974, a new FIFA world cup trophy was
introduced and it’s still presented to winners of the FIFA World Cup.

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Thomas Cup
Thomas Cup was founded in 1939 by Sir George Thomas for a series of
men’s international team competitions to be managed by the International
Badminton Federation (IBF), of which Sir George Thomas was president. The
first tournament was held in the year 1948 and won by the Team of Malaya.
Initially, these tournaments are held every three years but from 1982 till the
present these tournaments are held every two years. Indonesia has become
the most successful team, by bagging the cup thirteen times.
Fed Cup
Fed Cup was launched in the year 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of
the International Tennis Federation (ITF). It now becomes the world’s largest
annual international team competition in women’s sport. In the year 2020,
a total of 116 nations participated. Fed cup was Initially known as
Federation Cup from 1963 to 1995.
Ryder Cup
The first Ryder Cup was played at the Worcester Country Club in 1927. It is
given in golf and played every two years between Europe and the USA.
Durand Cup
The Durand Cup is a football tournament that is held in India and was
founded in 1888. Durand cup is named after Sir Mortimer Durand. Royal
Scots Fusiliers were the winners of the Durand Cup in 1888.
Sports Cup And Trophies Sports
Beighton Cup Hockey
Ezra Cup Polo
Deodhar Trophy Cricket
Dhyan Chand Award Lifetime Achievement Sporting Honour in India
B. C Roy Trophy Football (National Junior)
Duleep Trophy First Class Cricket
Durand Cup Football
Guru Nanak Dev Gold Cup Hockey
Z. R. Irani Cup Cricket
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup Hockey
Murugappa Gold Cup Hockey
Nehru Trophy Boat Race
Nizam Gold Cup Horse Racing
Rangaswami Cup Hockey (National Championship)

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Ranji Trophy Cricket (National Championship)
Rovers Cup Football
Santosh Trophy Football
Sheesh Mahal Trophy Cricket
Subroto Mukherjee Cup Football
Vittal Trophy Football
Vijay Hazare Trophy Cricket
Vizzy Trophy Cricket
Yadavindra Cup Hockey

National Sports Awards 2024 winners list

Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2024 winners

• Gukesh D - Chess
• Harmanpreet Singh - Hockey
• Praveen Kumar - Para-Athletics
• Manu Bhaker - Shooting

Arjuna Award 2024 winners

• Jyothi Yarraji - Athletics

• Annu Rani - Athletics
• Nitu Ghanghas - Boxing
• Saweety Boora - Boxing
• Vantika Agrawal - Chess
• Salima Tete - Hockey
• Abhishek - Hockey
• Sanjay - Hockey
• Jarmanpreet Singh - Hockey
• Sukhjeet Singh - Hockey
• Rakesh Kumar - Para-Archery
• Preeti Pal - Para-Athletics
• Jeevanji Deepthi - Para-Athletics
• Ajeet Singh - Para-Athletics
• Sachin Sarjerao Khilari - Para-Athletics
• Dharambir - Para-Athletics
• Pranav Soorma - Para-Athletics
• Hokato Hotozhe Sema - Para-Athletics
• Simran Sharma - Para-Athletics
• Navdeep Singh - Para-Athletics

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 • Nitesh Kumar - Para-Badminton
• Thulasimathi Murugesan - Para-Badminton
• Nithya Sre Sivan - Para-Badminton
• Manisha Ramadass - Para-Badminton
• Kapil Parmar - Para-Judo
• Mona Agarwal - Para-Shooting
• Rubina Francis - Para-Shooting
• Swapnil Kusale - Shooting
• Sarabjot Singh - Shooting
• Abhay Singh - Squash
• Sajan Prakash - Swimming
• Aman Sehrawat - Wrestling

Arjuna Awards (Lifetime) 2024 winners

• Sucha Singh - Athletics

• Murlikant Petkar - Para-Swimming

Dronacharya Award 2024 winners

Regular Category

• Subhash Rana -Para-Shooting

• Deepali Deshpande - Shooting
• Sandeep Sangwan - Hockey

Lifetime Category

• S Muralidharan - Badminton
• Armando Colaco - Football

Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar 2024 winner

• Physical Education Foundation of India

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy 2024 winners

• Chandigarh University - Overall winner University

• Lovely Professional University, (PB)
- 1st runner up University
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar - 2nd runner up University

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Olympic 20024
Manu Bhaker Bronze Women's 10m air pistol Paris
shooting 2024
Manu Bhaker-Sarabjot Bronze Mixed team 10m air pistol Paris
Singh shooting 2024
Swapnil Kusale Bronze Men's 50m rifle 3 positions Paris
shooting 2024
Indian hockey team Bronze Men's hockey Paris
2024
Neeraj Chopra Silver Men's javelin throw Paris
2024
Aman Sehrawat Bronze Men's 57kg wrestling Paris
2024

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 chaptEr:-2
natIonal parKs
National parks in India are IUCN category II protected areas. India’s
first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, now
known as Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.

• By 1970, India only had five national parks. In 1972, India enacted
the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard the
habitats of conservation-reliant species.
• As of June 2023, there were 106 national parks encompassing an
area of 40,501.13 km2, under-protected areas of India category
II comprising 1.33% of India’s total surface area.

• Largest National Park of India: Hemis National Park, Ladakh

• Smallest National Park: South Button Island National Park,
Andaman, and Nicobar Island
• First Marine National Park: Gulf of Kutchh National Park
• Floating National Park: Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur

Classification of National Parks

National Parks in India can be classified based on various factors such
as geography, ecosystems, and the species they protect.
The detailed classification of national parks is as follows:

Classification on basis of Geography

India’s diverse geography influences the type of national parks found in
different regions. They are classified based on their location across the
country’s varied landscapes:

• Himalayan Region: These national parks are located in the

mountainous regions of northern India, characterised by alpine and
subalpine ecosystems.
▪ Examples:

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 o Great Himalayan National Park (Himachal Pradesh),
o Nanda Devi National Park (Uttarakhand),
o Hemis National Park (Ladakh).
• Western Ghats: The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage
Site, are known for their rich biodiversity. National parks here
preserve tropical and subtropical moist forests.
▪ Examples:
o Silent Valley National Park (Kerala),
o Bandipur National Park (Karnataka),
o Periyar National Park (Kerala).
• Northeast India: Northeast India is known for its dense forests
and high rainfall, and this region is home to unique species and
ecosystems.
▪ Examples:
o Kaziranga National Park (Assam),
o Namdapha National Park (Arunachal Pradesh),
o Manas National Park (Assam).
• Central India: Central India is characterised by dry deciduous
forests and grasslands, and this region hosts many tiger reserves.
▪ Examples:
o Kanha National Park (Madhya Pradesh),
o Bandhavgarh National Park (Madhya Pradesh),
o Panna National Park (Madhya Pradesh).
• Desert and Semi-Arid Region: These parks are located in desert
ecosystems and arid landscapes and focus on conserving species
adapted to dry conditions.
▪ Examples:
o Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan),
o Desert National Park (Rajasthan),
o Blackbuck National Park (Gujarat).

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 • Coastal and Marine National Parks: These parks protect the
marine and coastal ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangroves,
and salt marshes.
▪ Examples:
o Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal),
o Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (Tamil Nadu),
o Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (Andaman
and Nicobar Islands).

Classification on basis of Ecosystem

National parks can also be classified based on the type of ecosystems
they protect:

• Forested Ecosystems: These ecosystems protect large areas of

forest, preserving biodiversity and serving as habitats for wildlife.
▪ Examples:
▪ Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand),
▪ Satpura National Park (Madhya Pradesh).
• Wetlands and Riverine Ecosystems: These ecosystems focus
on the conservation of wetlands, rivers, and aquatic life.
▪ Examples:
▪ Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan),
▪ Kaziranga National Park (Assam).
• Grassland Ecosystems: Grassland Ecosystems are focused on
preserving grasslands and their unique flora and fauna.
▪ Examples:
▪ Velavadar Blackbuck National Park (Gujarat),
▪ Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan).
• Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: These ecosystems protect
marine biodiversity, coral reefs, and coastal areas.
▪ Examples:
o Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal),
o Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park (Gujarat).

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Classification on basis of Species Conservation
Many national parks are known for the protection of specific species and
play a vital role in their conservation:

• Tiger Reserves: National parks that serve as dedicated tiger

reserves under Project Tiger.
▪ Examples:
o Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand),
o Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan),
o Kanha National Park (Madhya Pradesh).
• Elephant Reserves: National parks that focus on protecting the
Asian elephant.
▪ Examples:
o Periyar National Park (Kerala),
o Mudumalai National Park (Tamil Nadu).
• Bird Sanctuaries: National parks are important for bird
conservation, particularly migratory birds.
▪ Examples:
o Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan),
o Bhitarkanika National Park (Odisha).

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 Top 10 Largest National Parks in India

Rank Name Established Area in State Famous For

SQ KM
1 Hemis National Park 1981 4400 Ladhak Snow Leopards
2 Desert National Park 1981 3162 Rajasthan Great Indian Bustard
3 Simlipal National Park 1980 2750 Odisha Royal Bengal Tiger and Asian
elephant
4 Gangotri National 1989 2390 Uttarakhand Gaumukh Glacier
Park
5 Namdapha National 1974 1985.23 Arunachal Flora and Fauna
Park Pradesh
6 Khangchendzonga 1977 1784 Sikkim UNESCO World Heritage Site
National Park
7 Guru Ghasidas 1981 1440.71 Chhattisgarh Tiger
(Sanjay) National Park
8 Gir Forest National 1965 1412 Gujarat Asiatic lion
Park
9 Sundarbans National 1984 1330.12 West Bengal UNESCO World Heritage Site,
Park Royal Bengal Tiger
10 Jim Corbett National 1936 1318.5 Uttarakhand First national park of India
Park

National Parks and their famous Animals

Animal/Bird Predominant in Sanctuary/Reserve State
Wild Ass Rann of Kutch Wild Ass Sanctuary Gujarat
One horned Rhinoceros Kaziranga National Park Assam
Elephants Periyar National Park Kerala
Asiatic Lions Gir National Park Gujarat
Great Indian Bustard Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary & Desert Madhya Pradesh &
National Park
Royal Bengal Tiger Sunderbans National Park West Bengal
Olive Ridley Turtle Gahirmatha Turtle Sanctuary Orissa

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Dolphins Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Bhagalpur, Bihar
Vulture Ramdevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary Karnataka
Bear Daroji Bear Sanctuary Hampi, Karnataka
Sangai Keibul Lamjao National Park Loktak Lake (Bishn
Manipur
Barasingha (Swamp Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh
deer)
Siberian cranes Keoladeo national park Rajasthan (Bharatp
Jerdon’s Courser Sri Lankamaleswara Wildlife Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh
Gharial National Chambal Sanctuary U.P., Rajasthan, an
Grizzled Giant Squirrel Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary Virudhinagar & Ma
Nadu
Clouded Leopard Clouded Leopard National Park Tripura
Snow Leopard Hemis National Park Ladakh
Hoolock Gibbon Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary Assam
Golden langur Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary & Raimona Assam
National Park
Hangul (Kashmir Stag) Dachigam Sanctuary Jammu and Kashm
Nilgiri Tahr Eravikulam National Park Kerala
Red Panda Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim

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 chaptEr:-3
ramsar sItEs

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

It is an international agreement for the preservation and responsible use

of wetlands known as the Ramsar Convention. The agreement was signed
on February 2, 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar, the same date annually
celebrated as World Wetlands Day.

• Wetlands: They are places where water either covers the soil or is
present at or near the soil's surface year-round or for different parts of
the year, including the growing season. The Ramsar Convention
categorises various natural and human-made diverse water bodies,
and habitats as wetlands:
o Natural- Oases, estuaries, deltas, mangroves, coastal areas, coral
reefs
o Human- Fishponds, rice paddies, and reservoir

Ramsar Sites (Wetlands) in India: State-wise C

India has increased its tally of Ramsar sites to 85 (December 2024) from the
existing 80 by designating five more wetlands as Ramsar sites. These are as
follows:

State Designated wetland sites

Andhra - Kolleru Lake
Pradesh (1)
Tamil Nadu - Vellode Bird Sanctuary, Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary,
(18) Longwood Shola Reserve Forest, Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary,
Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary, Suchindram Theroor Wetland
Complex, Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary,
Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary, Vedanthangal Bird
Sanctuary, Vembanur Wetland Complex, Koonthankulam
Bird Sanctuary, Karikili Bird Sanctuary, Pichavaram
Mangrove, Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve,
Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest, Point Calimere Wildlife
Bird Sanctuary, Kazhuveli Sanctuary and Nanjarayan Bird
Sanctuary.

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Kerala (3) - Vembanad Kol Wetland, Sasthamkotta Lake, Ashtamudi
Wetland
Karnataka - Aghanashini Estuary, Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve,
(4) Ranganathittu BS, Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve
Maharashtra - Nandur Madhameshwar, Lonar Lake, Thane Creek
(3)
Goa (1) - Nanda Lake
Gujarat (4) - Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary, Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary,
Vadhvana Wetland, Khijadiya Wildlife Sanctuary
Rajasthan - Sambhar Lake, Keoladeo National Park
(2)
Uttar - Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary, Haiderpur Wetland, Upper-
Pradesh Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch), Sandi Bird
(10) Sanctuary, Sarsai Nawar Jheel, Sur Sarovar, Samaspur Bird
Sanctuary, Saman Bird Sanctuary, Paravai Agra Bird
Sanctuary, Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
Haryana (2) - Sultanpur National Park, Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
Madhya - Yashwant Sagar, Sakhya Sagar, Sirpur Wetland, Bhoj
Pradesh (5) Wetland, Tawa Reservoir
Bihar (3) - Kanwar Lake or Kabartl Wetland, Nagi Bird Sanctuary and
Nakti Bird Sanctuary
Odisha (6) - Ansupa Lake, Hirakud Reservoir, Tampara Lake, Chilka
Lake, Satkosia Gorge, Bhitarkanika Mangrove
West Bengal - East Kolkata Wetlands, Sunderban Wetland
(2)
Punjab (6) - Harike Lake, Beas Conservation Reserve, Kanjli Lake,
Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve, Nangal Wildlife
Sanctuary, Ropar Wetland
Himachal - Chandra Taal, Pong Dam Lake, Renuka lake
Pradesh (3)
Jammu and - Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve, Hygam Wetland
Kashmir (5) Conservation Reserve, Hokera Wetland, Surinsar-Mansar
Lakes, Wular Lake
UT of - Tso Kar Wetland Complex, Tsomoriri Lake
Ladakh (2)
Uttrakhand - Asan Conservation Reserve
(1)
Mizoram (1) - Pala Wetland
Manipur (1) - Loktak Lake
Assam (1) - Deepor Beel
Tripura (1) - Rudrasagar Lake

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Recently Added Ramsar Sites in India

Three new wetlands have got the Ramsar site tag taking the total tally of
Ramsar wetlands to 85 (December 2024) in India. The three new Ramsar
sites are:

• Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu): Located on the banks of

the Noyyal River, it was initially an irrigation reservoir but has evolved
into a vital ecosystem.
o It hosts diverse bird species like the Eurasian coot, spot-billed
duck, and herons while attracting migratory birds along the
Central Asian Flyway.
o The wetland supports biodiversity and local livelihoods through
fishing.
• Kazhuveli Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu): Situated on the Coromandel
Coast, it is one of South India's largest brackish water wetlands. Its
mix of salt marshes, mudflats, and shallow waters supports
endangered species like the black-headed ibis and greater flamingo.
o It serves as a migratory stopover along the East Asian-
Australasian Flyway and aids in flood control and groundwater
recharge.
• Tawa Reservoir (Madhya Pradesh): Formed by damming the Tawa
River, it is a significant wintering ground for migratory birds.
o The reservoir provides irrigation, and drinking water, and
supports local fisheries, playing a key role in regional water
management.
• Renuka Wetland, Himachal Pradesh, holds the distinction of being
India's smallest Ramsar site, covering a mere 0.2 km². It was
designated as a Ramsar Site in 2012.
• The largest Ramsar sites in India are Sundarban Wetland (West
Bengal) Vembanad-Kol Wetland (Kerala), Chilika Lake (Odisha), and
Satkosia Gorge (Odisha).
• The first Ramsar sites designated in India were Chilika Lake in Odisha
and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan.
• Tamil Nadu has the maximum number of Ramsar Sites (16 sites)
followed by Uttar Pradesh (10 sites).

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 Chapter:-4
Books and Authors

Books and Authors 2024

Book Name Authors Name
“Ek Samandar, Mere Andar” Sanjeev Joshi
“Political History of Assam Dr. Rajen Saikia
(1947-1971) – Volume 1”
“Smritivan: An Unparalleled Gujarat State Disaster
Apotheosis of Management
Commemoration to 2001 Authority
Victims of Gujarat
Earthquake”
“Assam’s Braveheart – Lachit Arup Kumar Dutta
Barphukan”
“Fertilising the Future: Minister Dr. Mansukh
Bharat’s March Towards Mandaviya
Fertiliser Self-Sufficiency”
“An Uncommon Love: The Chitra Banerjee
Early Life of Sudha and Divakaruni
Narayana Murthy”
“Gandhi: A Life in Three M.J. Akbar and K
Campaigns” Natwar Singh
“Modi: Energising A Green R.K. Pachnanda,
Future” Bibek Debroy,
Anirban Ganguly, and
Uttam Kumar Sinha
"Four Stars of Destiny" General Manoj
Mukund Naravane
“Sanskriti ke Ayaam” Manorama Mishra
“Maha Kavithai” Vairamuthu
“Ram Mandir Rashtra Mandir Geeta Singh and Arif
Ek Sajhi Virast” Khan Bharti

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Important Indian Books and Authors :

Book Author
Making India Awesome Chetan Bhagat
One Indian Girl Chetan Bhagat
Half Girlfriend Chetan Bhagat
Revolution 2020 Chetan Bhagat
Naked Triangle Balwant Gargi
A Million Mutinies Now V.S. Naipaul
A Bend in the River V.S. Naipaul
A Brush with Life Satish Gujral
A Passage to England Nirad C. Chaudhuri
A House for Mr. Biswas V.S. Naipaul
A Prisoner’s Scrapbook L.K. Advani
A River Sutra Gita Mehta
A Call to Honour Jaswant Singh
A Sense of Time H.S. Vatsyayan
A Strange and Sublime Address Amit Chaudhuri
A Bunch of Old Letter Jawaharlal Nehru
A Suitable Boy Vikram Seth
A Village by the Sea Anita Desai
Agnibeena Kazi Nazrul Islam
Afternoon Raag Amit Chaudhuri
Ain-i-Akbari Abul Fazl
Ageless Body, Timeless Mind Deepak Chopra
Akbarnama Abul Fazl
Amar Kosh Amar Singh
An Equal Music Vikram Seth
All the Prime Minister’s Men Janardan Thakur
Arthashastra Kautilya
An Idealist View of Life Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
Devi Chaudhurani Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee
Anandmath Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee
An Autobiography Jawaharlal Nehru
Autobiography of an Unknown India Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Bandicoot Run Manohar Malgonkar
Beginning of the Beginning Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh

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 Beyond Modernization, Beyond Self Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Bhagavad Gita S. Radhakrishnan
Border and Boundaries; women in India’s Ritu Menon & Kamla
Partition Bhasin
Bharat Bharati Maithili Saran Gupt
Bride and the Sahib and the Other Stories Khushwant Singh
Broken Wings Sarojini Naidu
Bubble Mulk Raj Anand
The Bread, Beauty and Revolution Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
By God’s Decree Kapil Dev
Chemmeen Thakazhi Sivasankara
Pillai
Chitra Rabindranath Tagore
Circle of Reason Amitav Ghosh
Circle of Silence Preeti Singh
Clear Light of Day Anita Desai
Confessions of a Lover Mulk Raj Anand
Conquest of Self Mahatma Gandhi
Coolie Mulk Raj Anand
Court Dancer Rabindranath Tagore
Crescent Moon Rabindranath Tagore
Days of My Years H.P. Nanda
Death of a City Amrita Pritam
Devdas Sarat Chandra Chatterjee
Discovery of India Jawaharlal Nehru
Divine Life Swami Sivananda
Durgesh Nandini Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee
Dynamics of Social Change Chandra Shekhar
Eight Lives Rajmohan Gandhi
Essays on Gita Sri Aurobindo Ghosh
Eternal Himalayas Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia
Faces of Everest Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia
Foreign Policy of India I.K. Gujral
Forty-Nine Days Amrita Pritam
From Rajpath to Lokpath Vijaya Raje Schindhia
Ganadevata Tara Sankar
Bandyopadhyay
Ghasiram Kotwal Vijay Tendulkar

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 Gitanjali Rabindranath Tagore
Gita Rahasya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Glimpses of World History Jawaharlal Nehru
Godan Prem Chand
Geet Govinda Jayadeva
Golden Threshold Sarojini Naidu
Guide R.K. Narayan
Harsha Charita Bana Bhatta
Harvest Manjula Padmanabhan
Heir Apparent Dr. Karan Singh
Himalayan Blunder Brigadier J.P. Dalvi
Hind Swaraj M.K. Gandhi
Hindu View of Life Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
Hinduism Nirad C. Chaudhuri
History of India Romila Thapar
Hullabaloo in a Guava Orchard Kiran Desai
Hungary Stones Rabindranath Tagore
I follow the Mahatma K.M. Munshi
Idols Sunil Gavaskar
India Divided Rajendra Prasad
India Unbound Gurucharan Das
India of Our Dreams M.V. Kamath
India wins Freedom Maulana Abdul Kalam
Azad
India’s Priceless Heritage N.A. Palkhivala
Indian Philosophy Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
Inscrutable Americans Anurag Mathur
Ignited Minds A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Interpreter of Maladies Jhumpa Lahiri
It’s Always Possible Kiran Bedi
Jai Somnath K.M. Munshi
Junglee Girl Ginu Kamani
Kagaz Te Canwas Amrita Pritam
Kamasutra S.H. Vatsayayan
Kanthapura Raja Rao
Kapala Kundala Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee
Kashmir: A Tale of Shame Hari Jaisingh
Kashmir: A Tragedy of Errors Tavleen Singh

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 Kamayani Jai Shankar Prasad
Kulliyat Ghalib
Kumar Sambhava Kalidas
Last Burden Upamanyu Chatterjee
Lipika Rabindranath Tagore
Life Divine Sri Aurbindo Ghosh
Lost Child Mulk Raj Anand
My Days R.K. Narayan
My India S. Nihal Singh
My Life and Times V.V. Giri
My Music, My Life Pt. Ravi Shankar
My Presidential Years R. Venkatraman
My Truth Indira Gandhi
New Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy A.B. Vajpayee
Nisheeth Uma Shankar Joshi
Operation Bluestar: The True Story Lt. Gen K.S. Brar
Our Films, Their Films Satyajit Ray
Painter of Signs R.K. Narayan
Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma
Past Forward G.R. Narayanan
Pather Panchali Bibhuti Bhushan
Plain Speaking N. Chandrababu Naidu
Portrait of India Ved Mehta
Post Office Rabindranath Tagore
Prem Pachisi Munshi Prem Chand
Rajtarangini Kalhana
Ram Charita Manas Tulsidas
Ramayana Maharishi Valmiki
Raghuvamsa Kalidas
Ranghbhoomi Prem Chand
Ratnavali Harsha Vardhan
Ravi Paar (Across the Ravi) Gulzar
Red Earth and Pouring Rain Vikram Chandra
Ritu Samhara Kalidas
Saket Maithili Sharan Gupt
Seven Summers Mulk Raj Anand
Shadow from Ladakh Bhabani Bhattacharya
Snakes and Ladders: Essays on India Gita Mehta
Social Change in Modern India M.N. Srinivas

Exam succEss ada. 21

 Sultry Days Shobha De
Sunny Days Sunny Days
The Bride’s Book of Beauty Mulk Raj Anand
The Cat and Shakespeare Raja Rao
The Dark Room R.K. Narayan
The Degeneration of India T.N. Seshan
The Glass Palace Amitav Ghosh
The God of Small Things Arundhati Roy
The Golden Gate Vikram Seth
Vikram Seth Kuldeep Nayar
The Man who killed Gandhi Manohar Malgonkar
The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success Deepak Chopra
The Songs of India Sarojini Naidu
The Story of My Experiments with Truth Mahatma Gandhi
The Strange and Sublime Address Amit Chaudhuri
The Sword and the Sickle Mulk Raj Anand
The Vendor of Sweets R.K. Narayan
The Way of the Wizard Deepak Chopra
The Girmitiya Saga Girraj Kishore
Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh
Two Leaves and a Bud Mulk Raj Anand
Victoria and Abdul Shrabani Basu
Waiting for the Mahatma R.K. Narayan
Wake Up India Annie Besant
We, Indians Khushwant Singh
Yama Mahadevi Verma
Yashodhara Maithili Sharan Gupt
Years of Pilgrimage Dr. Raja Ramanna
The Congress and The Making of Indian Pranab Mukherjee
Nation
The Dramatic Decade The Indira Gandhi Pranab Mukherjee
Year’s
Glimpses of World History Jawaharlal Nehru
Letters from a Father to her Daughter Jawaharlal Nehru

Exam succEss ada. 22

 chaptEr:-5
awards
Nobel Prize

Each year, the Nobel Prize is awarded to notable individuals who have
made ground-breaking contributions to a variety of disciplines,
including economics, physics, chemistry, medicine, peace, and
literature. Since 1901, all other categories have been awarded, with
the exception of Economics. The 1967 Nobel Prize in Economics was
first awarded in 1969.

• It is the world's most sought-after international honour.

• Founded by Alfred Bernard Nobel, the dynamite inventor.
• On December 10, which is also Alfred Bernard Nobel's death
anniversary, the award is given.

Magsaysay Awards

The Ramon Magsaysay Award is given out each year in memory of the
late Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay. It was founded in 1957 to
honour people and institutions in Asia that exemplify the values of
honesty, bravery in serving the public, and realistic idealism that
defined the late President's life.
• Established in 1957 and bearing the name of the late
Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay.
• This honour is bestowed yearly on August 31.
• An award is given for exceptional work in the fields of
journalism, literature and creative arts, international
understanding, public service, and community leadership.
• Regarded as Asia's Nobel Prize.

Exam succEss ada. 23

Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding

The Indian government founded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for

International Understanding in 1965. The honour honours the
principles and values that Nehru upheld throughout his life,
particularly his conviction that international collaboration and respect
are essential. Being one of India's most prestigious awards in the field
of international relations, the prize is available to people, institutions,
and organisations worldwide.
• Founded by the Indian government in 1965.
• Awarded yearly to individuals who have made exceptional
contributions to global goodwill and understanding between
people.

Oscar Awards

The Oscars, also referred to as the Academy Awards, are a yearly

awards ceremony that recognises exceptional achievements in the
motion picture industry. Millions of people watch the ceremony, which
is one of the most prominent occasions in the entertainment sector.
• Founded in 1929
• held yearly in the United States by the Academy of Motion
Pictures.
• Bhanu Athaiya won the first Oscar for the film "Gandhi,"
making history.
• In 1992, Satyajit Ray became the first Indian to win an Oscar
for lifetime achievement in film.

UNESCO Peace Prize

Established in 1989, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and

Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) bestows the UNESCO Peace Prize,
an international honour. Every year, institutions, groups, or individuals
who have significantly aided in the advancement of nonviolence,

Exam succEss ada. 24

tolerance, and peace are given the prize. The award consists of money,
a medal, and a diploma.
In the international community, the UNESCO Peace Prize is widely
regarded as one of the most prestigious international awards and
honours for peace.
• Alternatively called the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize
• it is awarded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) in recognition of
exceptional contributions made to global peace.

Pulitzer Prize

One of the most prominent honours and prizes in the literary arts and
journalism fields is the Pulitzer Prize. It is one of the greatest honours
in the country and is managed by Columbia University.
Getting a Pulitzer Prize is regarded as a mark of distinction in the field
and can greatly advance a person's professional prospects. Several
well-known people have received the prize, including Bob Dylan,
Harper Lee, and Ernest Hemingway.
• Founded in 1917 and given its name in honour of US
publisher Joseph Pulitzer.
• Given out yearly in the USA in recognition of achievements in
music, literature, and journalism.

Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize

The Indian government awards the Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize each
year to people or groups that have made a substantial contribution to
furthering nonviolence, peace, and Gandhian principles. The prize
package includes a plaque, a citation, and a cash payout of Rs. 1 crore.
One of the biggest and most coveted peace prizes in the world is the
Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize. Numerous notable individuals and
institutions have received the award, such as the Ramakrishna Mission
and the late Nelson Mandela.

Exam succEss ada. 25

 • Founded by the Indian government in 1995.
• Similar to the Nobel Prize, it is awarded for global peace.

UNESCO Human Rights Award

Every two years, the UNESCO Human Rights Award—also called the
UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human
Rights—is given to people, groups, institutions, and other
organisations that have significantly aided in the advancement and
defence of human rights.
• Since its establishment in 1968, over thirty laureates have
received this prestigious award.
• Every year on December 10th, the International Day for
Human Rights is observed. This year, the award ceremony
falls on that day.
• For services rendered in the area of human rights
consciousness.
• Given on a yearly alternate basis.

Bharat Ratna

The highest civilian honour in India, the Bharat Ratna, is given for
extraordinary contributions to the fields of literature, science, and the
arts as well as in honour of the highest calibre of public service.
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Mother Teresa, Rajiv Gandhi, Lata
Mangeshkar, Sachin Tendulkar, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and Pranab
Mukherjee are just a few of the well-known recipients of the Bharat
Ratna award. A symbol of pride and honour for the country, the award
is given to those who have made outstanding contributions to the
advancement and development of the country.
• Highest civilian award of India.
• Presented by the Government of India.
• Presented for exceptional public service and rarest
achievements in the field of art, literature and science.
• Instituted in 1954 and is conferred by the President of India.

Exam succEss ada. 26

 • First recipient was C. Rajagopalchari

Man Booker Prize

One of the most renowned literary prizes in the world is the Man
Booker Prize. It was founded in 1969 with the goal of honouring the
best English-language fiction published in the United Kingdom.
Writers from Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, and the Commonwealth countries
are eligible to apply for this award. It was broadened in 2014 to cover
any English-language book released in the United Kingdom. The
victorious writer is rewarded with money and international recognition.
• Highest literary honour given to Commonwealth, British, and
Irish writers
• The award bears the name of the Man Group, the company
that initially sponsored it before withdrawing in 2019.
Nobel Prizes 2024

The Nobel Prizes are among the most esteemed international awards,
honouring individuals and organizations for their exceptional contributions
to humanity. The winners for 2024 were announced in October.

Category Winners Achievement

Physiology or Victor Ambros and Discovery of microRNA and its role
Medicine Gary Ruvkun in post-transcriptional gene
regulation.
Physics John Hopfield and Foundational discoveries in
Geoffrey Hinton artificial neural networks enabling
advancements in machine
learning.
Chemistry David Baker, Demis Innovations in protein structure
Hassabis, John prediction and design using
Jumper artificial intelligence.
Literature Han Kang For her intense poetic prose that
confronts historical traumas and
exposes the fragility of human life.
Peace Nihon Hidankyo Efforts to achieve a world free of
nuclear weapons, representing

Exam succEss ada. 27

 the voices of atomic bomb
survivors.
Economic Daron Acemoglu, Studies on how institutions are
Sciences Simon Johnson, formed and their impact on
James A. Robinson prosperity.

Exam succEss ada. 28

 Chapter:-6
World Organizations

Major International Organizations

Organization Abbreviation Headquarters Year of

Establishment
United Nations UNO New York (USA) 1945
Organization
United Nations UNICEF New York (USA) 1946
Children’s’ Fund
United Nations UNCTAD Geneva 1964
Conference on Trade (Switzerland)
and Development
World Health WHO Geneva 1948
Organization (Switzerland)
International Labor ILO Geneva 1919
Organization (Switzerland)
International ICRC Geneva 1863
Committee of the Red (Switzerland)
Cross
World Trade WTO Geneva 1995
Organization (Switzerland)
United Nations UNESCO Paris (France) 1945
Educational Scientific
and Cultural
Organization
World Meteorological WMO Geneva 1950
Organization (Switzerland)
World Intellectual WIPO Geneva 1967
Property Organization (Switzerland)
International IOS Geneva 1947
Organization for (Switzerland)
Standardization
International Atomic IAEA Vienna (Austria) 1957
Energy Agency

Exam succEss ada. 29

Organization of OPEC Vienna (Austria) 1960
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
International IMF Washington DC 1945
Monetary Fund (USA)
World Bank WB Washington DC 1945
(USA)
International IMO London (UK) 1959
Maritime Organization
Amnesty AI London (UK) 1961
International
International Court of ICJ The Hague 1945
Justice (Netherlands)
Food and Agricultural FAO Rome (Italy) 1945
Organization
North Atlantic Treaty NATO Brussels 1949
Organization (Belgium)
International IRENA Abu Dhabi 2009
Renewable Energy (UAE)
Agency
South Asian SAARC Kathmandu 1985
Association for (Nepal)
Regional Cooperation
Association of South ASEAN Jakarta 1967
East Asian Nations (Indonesia)
Asia Pacific Economic APEC Singapore 1989
Cooperation
Organization of OIC Jeddah (Saudi 1969
Islamic Cooperation Arabia)
Organization for the OPCW The Hague, 1997
Prohibition of (Netherlands)
Chemical Weapons
Worldwide Fund for WWF Gland, Vaud 1961
Nature (Switzerland)
World Economic WEF Cologny, 1971
Forum (Switzerland)
International IHO Monaco 1921
Hydrographic
Organization

Exam succEss ada. 30

International Cricket ICC Dubai, (UAE) 1909
Council
International Union IUCN Gland, 1948
for Conservation of (Switzerland)
Nature
International Council ICOMOS Paris, (France) 1965
on Monuments and
Sites
United Nations World UNWTO Madrid, (Spain) 1974
Tourism Organization

Tips to Remember Organizations and their Headquarters

Following are the tips and tricks to remember the Headquarters and
Organizations name:
1. Organization that Starting with World and ending with
Organization has its headquarters in Geneva.
1. World Health Organisation
2. World Meteorological Organization
3. World Intellectual Property Organization
2. Organizations which relates to finance have their
headquarters in Washington DC:
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. World Bank
3. Organizations that relates to to Industrial development,
Petroleum, etc having their headquarters in Vienna.
1. United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO)
2. International Atomic Energy Agency
3. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
4. Organizations that relates to Education and economy have
their headquarters in Paris.
1. International Council on Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS)

Exam succEss ada. 31

 2. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO)
3. Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)

Exam succEss ada. 32

 Chapter:-7

Indian Dances
List of Folk Dances: State-Wise

Serial State Folk Dance

No.
1 Andhra Kuchipudi, Vilasini Natyam, Andhra Natyam,
Pradesh Bhamakalpam, Veeranatyam, Dappu, Tappeta
Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, Butta
Bommalu
2 Assam Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal,
Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal, Tabal
Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai
3 Bihar Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama
Chakwa, Bidesia
4 Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Raas, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai
5 Jammu and Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach,
Kashmir Damali
6 Haryana Jhumar, Phag, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga,
Khor, Gagor
7 Himachal Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli,
Pradesh Mahasu, Nati, Dangi
8 Karnataka Yakshagana, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga,
Lambi
9 Kerala Kathakali (Classical), Ottam Thulal,
Mohiniattam, Kaikottikali
10 Maharashtra Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala
Dasavtar or Bohada
11 Odisha Odissi (Classical), Savari, Ghumura, Paika,
Munari, Chhau
12 West Bengal Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia,
Mahal, Keertan
13 Punjab Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman, Bhand,
Naqual
14 Rajasthan Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela,
Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal, Kalbelia

Exam succEss ada. 33

 15 Tamil Nadu Bharatanatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi
16 Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita
17 Uttarakhand Garhwali, Kumaoni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila,
Chappeli
18 Goa Tarangamel, Koli, Dekhni, Fugdi, Shigmo,
Ghode, Modni, Samayi nrutya, Jagar,
Ranmale, Gonph, Tonnya mell
19 Madhya Jawara, Matki, Aada, Khada Nach, Phulpati,
Pradesh Grida Dance, Selalarki, Selabhadoni, Maanch
20 Chhattisgarh Gaur Maria, Panthi, Raut Nacha, Pandwani,
Vedamati, Kapalik, Bharthari Charit,
Chandaini
21 Jharkhand Alkap, Karma Munda, Agni, Jhumar, Janani
Jhumar, Mardana Jhumar, Paika,
Phagua,Hunta Dance, Mundari Dance, Sarhul,
Barao, Jhitka, Danga, Domkach, Ghora Naach
22 Arunachal Buiya, Chalo, Wancho, Pasi Kongki, Ponung,
Pradesh Popir, Bardo Chham
23 Manipur Dol Cholam, Thang Ta, Lai Haraoba, Pung
Cholom, Khamba Thaibi, Nupa Dance, Raslila,
Khubak Ishei, Lhou Sha
24 Meghalaya Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, Nongkrem, Laho
25 Mizoram Cheraw Dance, Khuallam, Chailam, Sawlakin,
Chawnglaizawn, Zangtalam, Par Lam,
Sarlamkai/Solakia, Tlanglam
26 Nagaland Rangma, Bamboo Dance, Zeliang,
Nsuirolians, Gethinglim, Temangnetin,
Hetaleulee
27 Tripura Hojagiri, Lebang Boomani, Garia, Bijhu, Hai-
Hak, Wangala, Welcome, Cheraw, Sangrai
28 Sikkim Chu Faat Dance, Sikmari, Singhi Chham or the
Snow Lion Dance, Yak Chaam, Denzong
Gnenha, Tashi Yangku Dance, Khukuri Naach,
Chutkey Naach, Maruni Dance.
29 Lakshadweep Lava, Kolkali, Parichakali.

Exam succEss ada. 34

 chaptEr:-8
mIlItary ExErcIsEs

India is associated with three types of military exercises –

1. Domestic exercises
2. Bilateral exercise specialities
3. Multilateral exercises

Name of Partner Location Specialities

the War Countries
Exercises
Operation India Ukraine More than 2300
Ganga Indians were
successfully
brought back to
India from Ukraine
by this operation
of the Indian Air
Force.
Operation India Neighbour countries of Under this
Samudra India campaign, rapid
Setu transportation of
medical oxygen
and other
essential items
from abroad was
ensured during the
time of covid 19.
Under this, 7 naval
ships were
deployed.
Dharma India-Japan Belgaum(Karnataka It’s a bilateral
Guardian annual exercise.
DUSTLIK India- Yagnik (Uzbekistan) It was the third
Uzbekistan edition of this
campaign

Exam succEss ada. 35

 concluded in
2022. Through
this, anti-terrorism
campaigns are
carried out in
semi-urban areas.
Lamitye India- Seychelles The 9th edition of
Seychelles this biennial
military exercise
concluded in
March 2022.
Paschim India West coast of India It is a joint military
Lehar exercise between
the Indian Navy,
Air Force, Army
and Coast Guard,
aimed at
promoting
coordination
among all the
wings of the
military.
Milan More Than Visakhapatnam The 11th of this
40 exercise was
Countries completed in
March 2022.
Warships from
more than 40
countries
participated in this
exercise.
Varuna India- Arabian Sea The 11th edition of
France this naval exercise
was completed in
March-April.
SLINEX India-Sri Bay of Bengal The 9th edition of
Lanka this naval exercise
was concluded in
March. The Indian
Navy was

Exam succEss ada. 36

 represented by INS
Kirch in this
exercise.
JIMEX India- Japan Arabian Sea This was the 5th
edition of the
maritime bilateral
exercise between
the two countries.
Ekuverin India- Kadhu (Maldives) The 11th edition of
Maldives this maritime
military exercise
took place in
December 2021.
CITMAX India- Andaman Sea The third annual
Singapore- military exercise of
Thailand the three countries
was held in
November 2021.
Ajeya India- Chaubatia (Uttarakhand) 6th edition of this
Warrior United military exercise
Kingdom concluded in
2021.
Mitra India-Sri Ampara (Sri Lanka) It was the 8th
Shakti Lanka edition of the
exercise that was
held in October
2018. Its 7th
edition was held in
Pune (India).
PASSEX India- Arabian Sea Its purpose was to
Russia increase cohesion
between the
navies of both
countries.
Shakti India- France Its 6th edition was
France held in November
2021. Its 5th
edition was
organized in
Rajasthan in 2019.

Exam succEss ada. 37

 Peaceful SCO Orenburg (Russia) Its purpose is to
Mission Countries promote relations
between SCO
countries.
Surya India-Nepal Pithoragarh(Uttarakhand) In September
Kiran – October 2021Its
15th edition was
organized. Its
purpose is to
promote
cooperation in
anti-terrorist
operations and
disaster relief work
between the two
countries.
Malabar India- Philippines Sea Its 25th edition
America- was held in August
Australia- 2021. It started in
Japan 1992. It is an
annual naval
exercise.
Zayed India-UAE Off the coast of Abu The aim of this
Talwar Dhabi exercise is to
enhance
coordination and
synergy between
the navies of the
two countries.
KAZIND India- Aisha Bibi (Kazakhstan) 5th edition held in
Kazakhstan September 2021
Konkan India-UK English Channel This naval exercise
started from 2004.
Yudh Indo- Alaska (USA) Its 17th edition
Abhyas America was held in
October 2021.
CORPAT India- Indian Ocean The 37th edition of
exercise Indonesia this exercise was
concluded in
November 2021.

Exam succEss ada. 38

 This happens
twice a year.
Al-Mohed- India-Saudi Saudi Arabia It was held for the
Al-Hindi Arabia first time in August
2021. This is a
naval exercise. INS
Kochi of the Indian
Navy participated
in it.
Ausindex India- Australia The 4th edition
Australia between the
Indian Navy and
the Royal
Australian Navy
concluded in
September 2021.
Indra India Russia Volgograd (Russia This exercise was
concluded in
August 2021
between the three
wings of the Indian
Army and the three
armies of Russia.

Exam succEss ada. 39

 chaptEr:-9
InvEntIons and dIscovErIEs

List of Inventions & Discoveries

Invention/Discovery Name of the Year of
Inventor Invention
Automatic Wilhelm Schickard 1623
Calculator
Air Conditioner Willis Carrier 1902
Anemometer Leon Battista 1450
Alberti
Animation J. Stuart Blackton —
Atom Bomb Julius Robert 1945
Oppenheimer
Aspirin Dr. Felix Hoffman 1899
Airplane Wilber and Orville 1903
Wright
Adhesive tape Richard G. Drew 1923
Bifocal Lens Benjamin Franklin 1779
Barometer Evangelista 1643
Torricelli
Barbed Wire Joseph F. Glidden 1873
Blood Group Karl Lansdsteiner 1900s
Ball Point Pen John Loud —
Bicycle Tyres John Boyd Dunlop 1888
Pedal Driven Kirkpatrick 1839
Bicycle Macmillan
Celluloid Alexander Parkes 1861
Chloroform Sir James Young —
Simpson
Cine Camera Wm. Friese-Greene 1889
Circulation of William Harvey 1628
blood

Exam succEss ada. 40

 Clock Mechanical Hsing and Ling- 1725
Tsan
Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel 1892
Centigrade Scale Anders Celsius 1742
Chlorine Carl Wilhelm 1774
Scheele
Dynamite Alfred B. Nobel 1867
Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel 1895
Electric William S. Hadaway 1896
stove/cooker
Electroscope William Gilbert 1600s
Electric Fan Schuyler Wheeler 1882
Electric Battery Volta 1800
Elevator Elisha G. Otis 1852
Electric Motor (DC) Thomas Davenport 1873
Electromagnet William Sturgeon 1824
Fountain Pen Petrache Poenaru 1827
Fluorine André-Marie 1810
Ampère
Gramophone Thomas Edison 1878
Hydrogen Henry Cavendish 1766
Helicopter Igor Sikorsky 1939
Hovercraft Christopher 1959
Cockerell
Hot Air Balloon Josef & Etienne 1783
Montgolfier
Helium Jules Janssen 1868
Insulin Sir Frederick 1923
Banting
Jet Engine Hans Von Ohain 1936
Lightning Benjamin Franklin 1752
Conductor
Locomotive George Stephenson 1804
Laser Theodore Maiman 1960

Exam succEss ada. 41

 Light Bulb Thomas Edison 1854
Motorcycle Gottlieb Daimler 1885
Microscope Zacharis Janssen 1590
Microphone Alexander Graham 1876
Bell
Machine Gun Richard Gatling 1861
Neon Lamp Georges Claude 1915
Oxygen Joseph Priestley 1774
Ozone Christian Schonbein 1839
Piano Bartolomeo 1700
Cristofori
Printing Press Johannes 1440
Gutenberg
Parachute Louis-Sebastien 1783
Lenormand
Polio Vaccine Jonas Edward Salk –
Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev 1869
Penicillin Alexander Fleming 1928
Pacemaker Rune Elmqvist 1952
Petrol for Motor Karl Benz 1885
Car
Refrigerator William Cullen 1748
Radium Marie & Pierre Curie 1898
Rubber Charles Goodyear 1841
(vulcanized)
Rocket Engine Robert H. Goddard 1926
Radio Guglielmo Marconi 1894
Richter Scale Charles Richter 1935
Ship (Turbine) Charles Parsons 1894
Steam Ship Robert Fulton 1807
Steam Boat Robert Fulton 1786
Submarine Cornelis Drebbel 1620
Stethoscope Rene Laennec 1816

Exam succEss ada. 42

 Saxophone Adolphe Sax 1846
Sewing Machine Elias Howe 1846
Steam-Powered Henri Giffard 1852
Airship
Soft Contact lenses Otto Wichterle 1961
Synthesizer Dr. Robert Arthur 1964
Moog
Thermometer Galileo 1593
Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin 1858
Typewriter Christopher Latham —
Sholes
Transistors John Bardeen, 1948
William Shockley &
Walter Brattain
Telephone Graham Bell 1874
Valve. Radio Sir J.A Fleming 1904
Vacuum Cleaner Hubert Cecil Booth 1901
Vitamin A Frederick Gowland 1912
Hpokins
Vitamin B Christiaan Eijkman 1897
Vitamin C Albert Szent-Gyorgi –
Vitamin K Henrik Dam 1929
Vitamin E Herbert McLean
Evans & Katherine
Scott Bishop
Windshield wipers Mary Anderson 1903
World Wide Web Tim Berners Lee 1989
with Robert Cailliau
X-ray Wilhelm Conrad 1895
Roentgen
Xerox Machine Chester Carlson 1928

Exam succEss ada. 43

 chaptEr:-10
bIGGEst/smallEst /larGEst oF IndIa

Biggest Cave Kailasa Temple

temple in (Cave 16), Ellora
India Caves

Exam succEss ada. 44

Biggest Jama Masjid at Delhi
Mosque in
India

Largest Motera Stadium or

Cricket Sardar Vallabhbhai
Stadium in Patel Stadium
India

Largest Ramagundam in
Floating Solar Telangana
Power Plant in (Peddapalli district)
India

Deepest River Bhagirathi and

Valley in India Alaknanda

Densest Bihar
Populated
State in India

Densest Delhi
Populated
Union
Territory in
India

Fastest Gatimaan Express

(operating) running between
Train in India Delhi and Agra

Highest Kushok Bakula

Airport in Rimpochee Airport in
India Leh

Exam succEss ada. 45

Highest Bharat Ratna
Award in (Highest Civilian
India Award)

Highest Siachen Glaciers

Battlefield in (World’s highest
India Battlefield)

Highest Tehri Dam (260.5 m)

Dam in India

Highest Param Vir Chakra

Gallantry
Award in
India

Highest Buland Darwaza at

Gateway in Fatehpur Sikri
India

Highest Lake Deo Tal Lake

in India

Highest Karakoram-2 of K-
Peak in India 2(8,611 meters)

Highest Ghum railway station

Railway
Station in
India

Highest Mawsynram
Rainfall (Meghalaya)

Exam succEss ada. 46

(State) in
India

Highest Road connecting

Motorable villages of Chisumle
Road in India and Demchok which
are nearly 230 km
from Leh

Highest Qutab Minar at Delhi

Tower in India

Highest Kunchikal falls

Waterfall in (Karnataka)
India

Longest Krem Lia Prah,

Cave in India Meghalaya

Biggest Medak Cathedral

Cathedral in under the Church of
India South India

Largest Delta Ganges Delta

Largest Thar
Desert in
India

Largest Kutch district

District in
India

Exam succEss ada. 47

Largest Dome Gol Gumbaz at
in India Bijapur

Largest Fresh Wular Lake

Water Lake in
India

Largest Golden Temple

Gurudwara in (Harmandir Sahib),
India Amritsar

Longest Vembanad Lake,

Lake in India Kerala (bordered by
Alappuzha,
Kottayam, and
Ernakulam districts)

Largest Lake Chilika Lake, Odisha

(Saline
Water) in
India

Biggest Man- Govind Ballabh Pant

Made Lake in Sagar, the reservoir
India of Rihand Dam,
located in Pipri,
Sonbhadra District,
Uttar Pradesh.

Largest India Museum at

Museum in Kolkata
India

Exam succEss ada. 48

Largest Birla Planetarium
Planetarium
in India

Largest Mumbai
Populated
City in India

Largest Port Mumbai (By Size &

Shipping Traffic)

Largest Public State Bank of India

Sector Bank

Largest River Majuli

Island

Largest River Narmada

without Delta

Largest State Rajasthan

(Area)

Largest State Uttar Pradesh

(Population)

Largest Zoo Sri Venkateswara

Zoological Park,
Tirupati, Andhra
Pradesh

Longest Marina Beach,

Beach in India Chennai

Exam succEss ada. 49

Longest Indira Gandhi Canal
Canal in India or Rajasthan Canal

Longest Howrah Bridge

Cantilever
Span bridge

Longest Dam Hirakud Dam

(Earthen)

Longest Between Cherlopali

Electrified and Rapuru Railway
Railway stations (6.7 km)
Tunnel (Andhra Pradesh)

Longest NH-44 (previously

Highway known as NH-7) from
Srinagar to
Kanyakumari, NH 44
came into existence
by merging the
previous 7 differently
numbered national
highways. It passes
through 11 different
states.

Longest Gorakhpur Railway

Railway Station
Platform

Longest From Assam to

Railway Kanyakumari
Route (Dibrugarh –

Exam succEss ada. 50

 Kanyakumari Vivek
Express)

Longest River Dhola-Sadiya Bridge

Bridge (Over (Also known as
Water) Bhupen-Hazarika
Setu) connecting
Assam and
Arunachal Pradesh.
The length of the
bridge is 9.15 km.

Longest River The Ganges

in India

Longest Yamuna
Tributary
river of India

Longest Atal tunnel

Tunnel in
India
(Highway)

Oldest St. Thomas Syro-

Church in Malabar Church
India

Smallest Goa
State (Area)
in India

Smallest Sikkim
State

Exam succEss ada. 51

(Population)
in India

Largest Area Madhya Pradesh

under Forest
Cover
(State) in
India

State with the Gujarat

longest
coastline in
India

State with the Andhra Pradesh

longest
coastline in
South India

Tallest Statue of Unity

Statue in
India

chaptEr:-11
day/datEs
Date Known for

Exam succEss ada. 52

January 09 Pravasi Bhartiya Divas/Non Resident Indian
(NRI) Day
January 12 National Youth Day
January 15 Indian Army Day
January 24 National Girl Child Day/Balika Divas
January 25 National Voters’ Day (also National Tourism
Day)
January 26 Republic Day
January 30 Martyr’s Day
February 24 Central Excise Tax Day
February 28 National Science Day
March 03 National Safety Day
March 12 Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
Foundation Day
March 18 Ordnance Factories’ Day
May 21 Anti-Terrorism Day
July 01 National Doctors’ Day
July 26 Kargil Vija Divas
August 15 Independence Day
August 20 Sadbhavna Divas
August 29 National Sports Day
September 05 Teacher’s Day
September 14 Hindi Divas
September 15 Engineers’ Day
October 2 Gandhi Jayanthi
October 20 National Solidarity Day
November 26 National Law Day
December 02 National Pollution Control Day
December 04 Navy Day
December 23 Kisan Divas

chaptEr:-12
major monumEnts oF IndIa

Exam succEss ada. 53

The following table enlists the major monuments of India −

Monuments Constructed by Location

Nalanda University Gupta Dynasty Rajgir, Nalanda (Bihar)
The seven Pagodas of Narasimhavarman II Mahabalipuram (Tamil
Mahabalipuram Nadu)
Jagannatha Temple King Anantavarman Puri, Odisha
Chodaganga Deva
(Eastern Ganga
Dynasty)
Lingaraj Temple Somavamsi Dynasty Bhubaneswar, Odhisha
Khajuraho Group of Chandela Dynasty Chhatarpur, Madhya
Monuments Pradesh
Brihadeeswara Temple Raja Raja Chola I Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
(also known as
RajaRajeswara
Temple)
Ajanta Caves Satavahana Dynasty Aurangabad,
later Mauryan Dynasty Maharashtra
Ellora Caves Kalachuri, Chalukya, Aurangabad,
and Rashtrakuta Maharashtra
Dynasties
Agra Fort Mughal Emperor Akbar Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Thousand Pillars Kakatiya Dynasty Hanamakonda,
Temple (also known as Telangana
Rudreshwara Swamy
Temple)
Red Fort Mughal Emperor Shah Delhi
Jahan
Taj Mahal Mughal Emperor Shah Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Jahan
Konark Sun Temple Narasimhadeva I Konark, Odisha
(Eastern Ganga
Dynasty)
Fatehpur Sikri Mughal Emperor Akbar Agra, UP
Bibi Ka Maqbara Mughal Emperor Aurangabad,
Aurangzeb Maharashtra
Jama Masjid Mughal Emperor Shah Delhi
Jahan
Mehrangarh Fort Rao Jodha Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Exam succEss ada. 54

Tajmahal Mughal Emperor Shah Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Jahan
Qutub Minar Qutubuddin Aibak Delhi
Makkah Masjid Muhammad Quli Qutb Hyderabad, Telangana
Shah
Hawa Mahal Maharaja Sawai Pratap Jaipur, Rajasthan
Singh
Moti Masjid Mughal Emperor Shah Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Jahan
Humayun's Tomb Akbar and Humayun’s Delhi
wife Empress Bega
Begum
Charminar Quli Qutub Shah Hyderabad, Telangana
Elephanta Caves Not exactly known Mumbai (Harbour),
Maharashtra
Bara Imambara Asaf-ud-Daula (Nawab Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
of Awadh)
Dilwara Temples Vastupal-Tejpal Mount Abu, Rajasthan
Gateway of India British Government Mumbai City,
(Designed by George Maharashtra
Wittet)
India Gate Designed by Edwin Delhi
Lutyens
Jantar Mantar Maharaja Jai Singh Delhi
Parana Qila (Old Fort) Shershah Suri Delhi
Golden Temple Fourth Sikh guru, Guru Amritsar, Punjab
Ram Das
Victoria Memorial British Government Kolkata, West Bengal
Thillai Natarajah Made collectively by Chidambaram, Tamil
Temple Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Nadu
etc.
Group of Hampi Vijayanagara Empire Hampi, Karnataka
Monuments
Lotus Temple Architect - Fariborz Delhi
Sahba

Chapter:-13

Exam succEss ada. 55

 Movements of modern india
The following table describes the major Socio-Religious
Movements of Modern India −

Name Founder Place Year

Atmiya Sabha Rammohan Roy Calcutta 1815
Brahmo Samaj Rammohan Roy Calcutta 1828
Dharma Sabha Radhakant Dev Calcutta 1829
Tattvabodhini Debendranath Calcutta 1839
Sabha Tagore
Manav Dharma Mehtaji Durgaram Surat 1844
Sabha Manchharam
Paramhansa Mandli Dadoba Pandurang Bombay 1849
Radha Swami Tulsi Ram Agra 1861
Satsang
Brahmo Samaj of Keshub Chunder Sen Calcutta 1866
India
Dar-ul-Ulum Muhammad Qasim Deoband (a 1866
Nanotvi,Rasheed town in
Ahmed Gangohi and Saharanpur,
'Abid Husaiyn UP)
Prarthna Samaj Dr. Atmaram Bombay 1867
Pandurang
Arya Samaj Swami Dayananda Bombay 1875
Theosophical Helena Petrovna New York 1875
Society Blavatsky, Colonel City, United
Henry Steel Olcott, States
William Quan Judge
Sadharan Brahmo Ananda Mohan Bose, Calcutta 1878
Samaj Sib Chandra Deb and
Umesh Chandra
Dutta
Deccan Education Vishnushastri Pune 1884
Society Chiplunkar, Bal
Gangadhar Tilak,
Gopal Ganesh
Agarkar

Exam succEss ada. 56

Muhammadan Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aligarh 1886
Educational
Conference
Deva Samaj Shiv Narayan Lahore 1887
Agnihotri
Ramakrishna Swami Vivekanand Belur 1897
Mission
Ramakrishna Swami Vivekanand Belur 1897
Mission
Servants of India Gopal Krishna Pune 1905
Gokhale
Seva Sadan Society Ramabai Ranade Pune 1909
Social Service Narayan Malhar Joshi Bombay 1911
League
Satyashodhak Jyotirao Phule Maharashtra 1873
Samaj
Aruvippuram Sri Narayana Aruvippuram, 1888
Movement Guru Kerala
The Depressed Mahrshi Vitthal Bombay 1906
Class Mission Ramji Shinde
Society
Justice Party T. M. Nair and P. Madras, Tamil 1916
(officially the Theagaraya Nadu
South Indian Chetty
Liberal Federation)
Bahishkrit B. R. Ambedkar Bombay 1924
Hitakarini Sabha
Self-Respect E. V. Ramasamy Madras, Tamil 1925
Movement (also called as Nadu
Periyar by his
devoted
followers)
Harijan Sevak Mahatma Gandhi Pune 1932
Sangh

Exam succEss ada. 57

 Chapter:-14
Hydroelectric projects
• With the total capacity of 47,057 MW, India is the seventh
largest producer of Hydroelectric energy in the world.
• Following are the major Hydro Power Plants (producing
more than 100 MW) in India −
Name River Location Capacity
(MW)
Tehri Dam Bhagirathi Uttarakhand 2400 MW
Srisailam Dam Krishna Andhra Pradesh 1670 MW
Nagarjunasagar Krishna Andhra Pradesh 965 MW
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Gujarat 1450 MW
Baspa-II Baspa Himachal 300 MW
Pradesh
Nathpa Jhakri Satluj Himachal 1500 MW
Pradesh
Bhakra Dam Satluj Punjab 1325 MW
Pandoh Dam Beas Himachal 990 MW
Pradesh
Baira Siul Ravi Himachal 198 MW
Pradesh
Chamera-I Ravi Himachal 540 MW
Pradesh
Chamera-II Ravi Himachal 300 MW
Pradesh
Pong Beas Himachal 396 MW
Pradesh
Uri Hydroelectric Dam Jhelum Jammu & 480 MW
Kashmir
Dulhasti Chenab Jammu & 390 MW
Kashmir
Salal Chenab Jammu & 690 MW
Kashmir
Sharavathi Sharavati Karnataka 1035 MW
Kalinadi Kalinadi Karnataka 955 MW
Idukki Periyar Kerala 780 MW
Bansagar Dam Sone Madhya Pradesh 425 MW

Exam succEss ada. 58

Bargi Dam Narmada Madhya Pradesh 105 MW
Omkareshwar Narmada Madhya Pradesh 520 MW
Indira Sagar Narmada Madhya Pradesh 1000 MW
Loktak Manipur Manipur 105 MW
Koyna Koyna Maharashtra 1960 MW
Bhira Hydroelectric Mulshi Dam Maharashtra 150 MW
Project
Teesta VI Teesta Sikkim 510 MW
Tanakpur Sharda Uttarakhand 120 MW
Dhauliganga-I Dhauliganga Uttarakhand 280 MW
Loharinag Pala Bhagirathi Uttarakhand 600

Exam succEss ada. 59

 Chapter:-15
Wind power plants
In 1986, the first wind power is set up at Ratnagiri in Maharashtra,
Okha in Gujarat, and Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu.
• With the swift development (of wind power in India), at present, India
is the fourth largest wind power installed country in the world.
• With the total capacity of 7455.2 MW, Tamil Nadu is the largest
producer of Wind Energy followed by Maharashtra (4450.8 MW),
Gujarat (3645.4 MW), and Rajasthan (3307.2 MW).
• Following are the major Wind Power Plants (producing more than 50
MW) in India −
Name Location State Capacity
(MW)
Muppandal windfarm Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 1500
Jaisalmer Wind Park Jaisalmer Rajasthan 1064
Brahmanvel windfarm Dhule Maharashtra 528
Dhalgaon windfarm Sangli Maharashtra 278
Vankusawade Wind Park Satara District Maharashtra 259
Vaspet Vaspet Maharashtra 144
Mamatkheda Wind Park Mamatkheda Madhya 100.5
Pradesh
Anantapur Wind Park Nimbagallu Andhra Pradesh 100
Damanjodi Wind Power Damanjodi Odisha 99
Plant
Jath Jath Maharashtra 84
Welturi Welturi Maharashtra 75
Acciona Tuppadahalli Chitradurga Karnataka 56.1
District
Dangiri Wind Farm Jaiselmer Rajasthan 54
Bercha Wind Park Ratlam Madhya 50
Pradesh

Exam succEss ada. 60

 Chapter:-16
Fairs & festivals
Andhra Pradesh
● Brahmotsavam- It is celebrated at Sri Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati,
for 9 days during the months of September to October.

● Bhishma Ekadasi, Deccan Festival, Pitr, Sankranthi, Tyagaraja Festival

Arunachal Pradesh
● Losar Festival- Tibetan New year, Marked with ancient ceremonies that
represent the struggle between good and evil

● Chalo Loku, Pongtu

Assam
● Bohag Bihu- The spring festival of Bohaag Bihu or Rongali Bihu ushers in
the New Year in the State of Assam, which marks the onset of a new
agricultural cycle.

● Magh or Bhogali Bihu

Bihar
● Chhath Puja- Also called Dala Puja devoted to worshiping the sun is
traditionally celebrated by the people of Bihar.

Chhattisgarh
● Bastar Dussehra - The longest Dussehra celebration in the world is
celebrated in Bastar and spans over 75 days starting around August and
ending in October.

Exam succEss ada. 61

● Maghi Purnima- It is the flagship festival of this state which encompasses
the birth anniversary of Guru Ghasidas.

Goa
● Carnival- Three-day non-stop extravaganza of fun, song, music, and
dance celebrated just before the 40 days of Lent.

● Shigmo Mela- it is a counterpart of the festival of colors Holi

● Sunburn Festival

Gujarat
● Janmashtami - Birth anniversary of Lord Krishna

● Diwali - Festival of Lights, Festival marks the beginning of the New Year.

● Navaratra, Kutch Rann Utsav

Himachal Pradesh
● Gochi Festival- In this festival the villagers celebrate the birth of male
children. Token marriages of children below the age of six are also
performed

● Mahashivaratri- A week-long International Mandi Shivratri Fair and Sobha

Yatra are held near the Temple of Bhoothnath (Lord Shiva) every year

● Rakhadumni

Haryana
● Gugga Naumi - Snake-worship. It is observed in the months of August-
September.

● Surajkund Mela, Baishakhi

Exam succEss ada. 62

Jammu and Kashmir
● Eid-ul-Fitr - marks the end of fasting month of Ramadan.

● Eid-ul-Azha - More prominent for the Qurbani (sacrifice). People sacrifice

goats, sheep and some even camels

● Bahu Mela- It is a biannual festival held at the Kali Temple in Bahu Fort.
It is celebrated twice a year in the month of March-April and September-
October.

● Chhari (Pilgrimage to Amarnath cave), Urs, Har Navami

Jharkhand
● Karam Festival - It is celebrated 15 days after the Kunwaar-Shukla-
Paksha.

● Holi- Festival of colors, celebrated in the months of February/March.

Karnataka
● Ugadi- Celebrated in the second half of March or in early April. It marks
the beginning of the new Hindu lunar calendar.

● Mahamastakabhisheka – Held once every 12 years in veneration of

Gomateswara Bahubali at Sravanbelagola.

● Mysore Dasara, Makar Sankramana.

Kerala
● Onam- The festival is celebrated to welcome King Mahabali. It is
celebrated in Chingam (August-September) and lasts for ten days.
Vallamkali, the enchanting Snake Boat Race, Folk performances like
Kummatti kali and Pulikali add to the zest of celebrations. Nehru Trophy
Boat Race is also organized.

● Vishu, Pooram

Exam succEss ada. 63

Madhya Pradesh
● Lokrang festival - Most iconic dance festival of MP which signifies the
existing legacy of its dance

● Diwali, Khajuraho Dance Festival

Meghalaya
● Nongkrem Dance Festival- Five days long religious festival devoted to
appeasing the Goddess Ka Blei Synshar for a rich bumper harvest and
prosperity of the people

● Khasis - Dance festival

Maharashtra
● Ganesh Chaturthi- Falls in months of August - September. Ganesh
images are kept in houses as a divine guest for five to ten days by people.
The image is then taken out ceremoniously and immersed in the river, sea
or well. It is called the Visarjan.

● Nag Panchami, Navratri, Gudi Padva

Manipur
● Yaoshang- It is celebrated for five days. It commences from the full moon
day of Phalguna (February/March). The main highlight of the festival is the
Thabal Chongba dance.

Mizoram
● ChapcharKut Festival - Marks the clearing and readying of hill slopes for
jhum or shifting cultivation.

Exam succEss ada. 64

Nagaland
● Hornbill Festival- It is one of the biggest cultural extravaganzas in the
North East & held every year from Dec1-10. It is a festival to protect, revive
and promote the richness of the Naga heritage and traditions.

● Sekrenyi – It is celebrated by the Angami Tribe. It is also associated with

celebrating the rich culture of the tribes that has lasted for many a moon.

Odisha
● Rath Yatra (Dola Yatra) – It triggers the construction of the Oriya
calendar and its consequent presentation to their deity Jagannath who also
carries another name of Dola Govinda. Mainly celebrated at Puri.

● Raja Parba - It is the living cultural heritage and agricultural way of life. It
is held for three days in June.

● Akshaya Tritiya, Konark Festival

Punjab
● Lohri – It is celebrated on the 13th of January a day before Makar
Sankranti. It is dedicated to the Sun god.

● Baisakhi - Marks the time for the harvest of Rabi crops. Traditional folk
dances Bhangra and Giddha are performed by men and women to the beat
of Dhol

● Bandi Chhor Divas, Guru Parab

Rajasthan
● Gangaur Festival - It falls a fortnight after Holi & is celebrated for 18 days
in honor of Goddess Parvati mostly by the womenfolk of Rajasthan. It is
also the consequent celebration of the harvest.

● Teej, Pushkar Fair, Urs at Ajmer.

Exam succEss ada. 65

Sikkim
● Losar – Celebrated on the dawn of the new Tibetan year

● Saga Dawa - Magnificent carnival famous for masked dances

Tamil Nadu
● Pongal- Four-day-long harvest festival which falls in the month of
January-February.

Bhogi festival, Thai Pongal, Mattu Pongal is celebrated. It is the local Makar
Sankranti of this state.

● Thyagaraja Aradhana, Jallikattu, Panguni Uthiram, Puthandu (Tamil New

Year)

Telangana
● Bonalu- The word Bonalu came from "Bhojanalu" which is offered to the
goddess during festival time.

● Bathukamma – It involves the worship of goddess Gauri and consequent

celebrations.

Tripura
● Kharchi Puja - It is the worship of the fourteen gods of Tripura and is
celebrated in the month of July-August. It ends up with sacrifices of cattle to
the Earth God.

● Tripureshwari Temple Festival.

West Bengal
● Durga Puja- Also referred to as Durgotsava. It is commemorated by
worshipping Goddess Durga

Exam succEss ada. 66

Uttaranchal
● Ganga Dusshera- It is a day of devotion and faith celebrated in the month
of June.

● Purna Kumbh Mela

Uttar Pradesh
● Navaratri - Celebrated for nine nights during which people worship
Goddess Durga and her nine forms to seek her blessings.

● Ram Navmi - Marks the birth anniversary of God Rama and is celebrated
with the worship of girls and other females of the society

● Brahmostav, Kans ka Mela, Sravana festival, Ram Leela, Ganga

Mahotsav

Popular Harvest Festivals Of Indian States

• Makar Sankranti (January) – celebrated Pan India in different ways but
mainly in the north.

• Baisakhi (April)- Punjab and Haryana

• Ladakh Harvest Festival (September) - Ladakh, Zanskar, Kargil (J&K)

• Lohri (January) - Punjab

• Basant Panchami (January)– A festival to celebrate the birth of goddess

Saraswati,

• Bhogali Bihu (January)– Assam

• Wangala (November)- Meghalaya and Assam

• Ka Pomblang Nongkrem (November) – Meghalaya

• Nuakhai (August) – Orissa

Exam succEss ada. 67

• Gudi Padwa (March) – Maharashtra

• Nabanna (November and December) - West Bengal

• Onam (August) – Kerala

• Pongal (January) - Tamil Nadu

• Ugadi (March) - Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

• Vishu (April) - Kerala and Karnataka.

Exam succEss ada. 68

 Chapter:-17
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic substances present in minute amounts in natural
foodstuffs. Having too little of any particular vitamin may increase the risk of
developing certain health issues. A vitamin is an organic compound, which
means that it contains carbon. It is also an essential nutrient that the body
may need to get from food.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. The body storesTrusted Source fat-

soluble vitamins in fatty tissue and the liver, and reserves of these vitamins
can stay in the body for days and sometimes [Link] fats help the
body absorb fat-soluble vitamins through the intestinal tract.

Water-soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins do not stayTrusted Source in the body for long and
cannot be stored. They leave the body via the urine. Because of this,
people need a more regular supply of water-soluble vitamins than fat-
soluble [Link] C and all the B vitamins are water-solubleTrusted
Source

Vitamin Deficiency Diseases

Vitamin Chemical Name/s Deficiency Food Sources
Name Disease
Vitamin K Phylloquinone, Bleeding Leafy green vegetables
Menaquinones diathesis e.g. spinach, egg yolks,
liver
Vitamin E Tocopherols, Sterility in Fruits and vegetables,
Tocotrienols males and nuts and seeds
abortions in

Exam succEss ada. 69

 females, mild
haemolytic
anemia in
newborn
infants
Vitamin D Cholecalciferol Rickets and Fish, eggs, liver,
(D3), Ergocalciferol osteomalacia mushrooms
(D2)
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Scurvy Fruits and vegetables
Vitamin Folic acid, Folinic Megaloblastic Leafy vegetables, pasta,
B9 acid anemia and bread, cereal, liver
deficiency
during
pregnancy is
associated
with birth
defects, such
as neural tube
defects
Vitamin Biotin Dermatitis, Raw egg yolk, liver,
B7 enteritis peanuts, leafy green
vegetables
Vitamin Pyridoxine, Anemia Meat, vegetables, tree
B6 Pyridoxamine, peripheral nuts, bananas
Pyridoxal neuropathy
Vitamin Pantothenic acid Paresthesia Meat, broccoli,
B5 avocados
Vitamin Niacin, Pellagra Meat, fish, eggs, many
B3 Niacinamide vegetables,mushrooms,
tree nuts
Vitamin Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis, Dairy products,
B2 glossitis, bananas, popcorn,
angular green beans, asparagus
stomatitis
Vitamin Cyanocobalamin, Megaloblastic Meat, poultry, fish,
B12 Hydroxocobalamin, anemia eggs, milk
Methylcobalamin
Vitamin Thiamine Beriberi, Pork, oatmeal, brown
B1 Wernicke- rice, vegetables,
potatoes, liver, eggs

Exam succEss ada. 70

 Korsakoff
syndrome
Vitamin A Retinol Night Orange, ripe yellow
blindness, fruits, leafy vegetables,
hyperkeratosis, carrots, pumpkin,
and squash, spinach, fish,
keratomalacia soya milk, milk

Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Disease Name Bacteria Affected Transmission
Pathogen Organs Through
Anthrax Bacillus Skin & Lung Infected
Anthracis environment
e.g. infected
animals
Chlamydial Chlamydia Cervix, Eye, Sexual
urethritis trachomatis Urethra
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Food & water
Diphtheria Corynebacterium Nose, throat Infected
diphtheria person
Gonorrhoea Neisseria Urinary tract Sexual
gonorrhoeae
Leprosy (or Mycobacterium Skin, bone, Contact
Hansen's leprae and nerves
disease (HD)) Mycobacterium
lepromatosis
Plague Yersinia pestis Lymph Infected fleas
Pneumonia Bacterial Lung Environment
pneumonia (also
from virus)
Pertussis Bordetella Lung Infected
(also pertussis environment

Exam succEss ada. 71

whooping
cough)
Salmonellosis Salmonella Intestine Food
Syphilis Treponema Skin, Sexual
pallidum Cardiovascular
organs
Tetanus Clostridium Muscle Infected
tetani (spasms) environment
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium Lung Infected air
(TB) tuberculosis
Typhus Rickettsia Skin Bugs or by
bacteria other means
of contact

Diseases Caused by Virus

Disease Name Virus Affected Transmission
Organs Through
Adenovirus Adenovirus (DNA) Lungs, Eyes Contact
Infections
AIDS Human T- Sexual or by
immunodeficiency lymphocytes other fluid
virus (HIV) contact
Arbovirus RNA viruses Brain Mosquito, tick
encephalitis or another
arthropod
Chicken pox Varicella zoster Skin, Contact
(Varicella) virus (VZV) Nervous
System
Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus Blood, Contact
Disease (CMV) Lungs

Exam succEss ada. 72

Dengue Fever (Dengue virus) Blood, Mosquito
RNA Muscles
Ebola Ebola viruses whole body bodily fluids
German Measles (Rubella virus) Skin Contact
(Rubella) RNA
Hepatitis A (Hepatovirus A) Liver Contaminated
RNA Food, Water
Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B virus Liver Contact with
(HBV)) DNA body Fluids
Herpes Simplex (Herpes simplex Skin, Contact
virus(HSV)) DNA Pharynx,
Genital
organs
Influenza (Influenza virus) Respiratory Droplets
RNA Tract
Measles (Measles virus Respiratory Contact
(Rubeola) (MeV)) RNA Tract, Skin
Mumps (Mumps virus) Salivary Contact
(Epidemic RNA Glands,
Parotitis) Blood
Polio (Poliovirus) RNA Intestine, Food, Water,
(Poliomyelitis) Brain, Spinal Contact
Cord
Rabies (Lyssaviruses, Brain, Spinal Contact with
Rabies virus) RNA cord body Fluids
Smallpox (Variola major and Skin, Blood Contact,
(Variola) Variola minor) Droplets
DNA
Yellow Fever (Yellow fever virus) Liver, Blood Mosquito
RNA (Aedes
Aegypti)

Exam succEss ada. 73