Personal Development Reviewer

Lesson 6 : Human Development Stage

BIO PSYCHO SOCIAL
(Model of Development) Individuals that influences in terms of
- Biology
- Psychology
- Sociology
Infancy and Early Childhood (0-5 yrs old)
➢ Learning to talk.
➢ Learning to take solid foods
➢ Learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing a conscience.
➢ Readiness for Reading
Middle Childhood (6-12 yrs old)
➢ Learning to get along with playmates.
➢ Achieving personal Independence
➢ Developing acceptable attitudes toward society
Adolescence (13-18 yrs old)
➢ Achieving mature relations with both sexes
➢ Achieving socially responsibility behavior
Early Adulthood (19-30 yrs old)
➢ Learning to live with a partner and starting a family.
Middle Adulthood (30-60 yrs old)
➢ Achieving Adult social and civic responsibility
➢ Accepting the physiological changes of middle age.
Later Maturity (61-)
➢ Adjusting to decreasing strength and health.
➢ Adjusting to retirement, reduced income, and death

Lesson 7 : The Passage Adulthood

1. Physical Development
➢ Most girls have completed the physical changes related to puberty by age 15.
➢ Boys are still maturing and gaining strength, muscle mass, and height and are
completing the development of sexual traits.
2. Emotional Development
➢ May stress over school and test scores.
➢ Seeks privacy and time alone.
➢ Is concerned about physical and sexual attractiveness
3. Social Development
➢ Is more and more aware of social behaviors of friends
 ➢ Seeks friends that share the same beliefs, values, and interests
➢ Friends become more important.
4. Mental Development
➢ Becomes better able to set goals and think in terms of the future.
➢ Has a better understanding of complex problems and issues
➢ Starts to develop moral ideals and to select role models.
Robert J. Houighurst - proposed the Bio-Psycho-Social model(infancy and early childhood occur
0-5 yrs old)

Lesson 9 : Coping Stress in Middle and Late Adolescence

“The only person without stress is a dead person.“ - Hans Selye

Stress
➢ Quoted by Oxington in Psychology of Stress, saying that there would be no life without
stress
➢ According to Oxington, stress is an inevitable result of life

Stress According to Psychologist

➢ Beneficial Stress - The stress that can be beneficial and helpful to individuals
➢ Destructive Stress - The stress that can be destructive to both physical and mental head,
when excessive of stress sustained over lengthy period.

Types of Stressors
Dr. Lazarus (building on [Link]'s work) suggested that there is a difference between:
- Eustress which is a term for positive stress
- Distress which refers to negative stress

Eustress
- Eustress or positive stress has the following characteristics:
● Motivates, focuses energy.
● Feels exciting
● Improve Performacne
● Is short-term
Examples of Eustress:
Distress
- negative stress, has the following characteristics:
● Causes anxiety or concern
● Can be short- or long-term
● Feels unpleasant
● Decreases performance
● Can lead to mental and physical problems
Examples of Distress:

Three views about Stress

1. Stress as Stimulus - Caused by situations (which often called stressors) that may be life
threatening or life changing. Examples: Car accident, breakup with boyfriend or
girlfriend, and separation from loved ones.
2. Stress as Response - The way the body reacts to challenging situations. Adolescent's
physical response to stress is faster than that of an adult. Example: Your mother is too
stressed due to financial instability and it causes her to higher blood pressure.
3. Stress as Relational - Assessment here means that when a person allows reasoning, to
prevail and weigh the relevance or irrelevance of situation. Examples: a flight delay

Healthy Stress - Healthy stress can motivate, energize, and produce fruitful actions.

Stressors of Middle and Late Adolescence

- External Stressors - Comes from the outside of you like certain situations and people.
- Internal Stressors - Coming from within your thoughts that caused you to feel fearful
about the future and personal beliefs, which include your own expectations.

According to Banjee and Chatterlee(2016), stress can impact any individual, regardless of their
age or developmental stage.
Masih and Gulrez(2016) and Banjee and Chatterlee(2016) agree that stress is a significant
factor in modern life.

LESSON 12: Critical Thinking and Some Theories about the Brain-Side Dominance

THE LATERALIZATION OF THE BRAIN

- The theory of brain lateralization was developed by Nobel-prize winners Robert Ornstein
and Roger Sperry.
- It states that each side of the brain has different specific functions. While humans use both
sides, each one has a dominant side which, according to the theory, explains much about
his or her behaviour, interests, personality, and mode of thinking This led to the coined
terms left-brained or right- brained individuals
LEFT-BRAINED
These people are;
● Organized
● Logical
● Detail-oriented
They prefer;
● Sequencing
● Linear thinking
● Mathematics
● Thinking in words
● Like to set goals
● Can interpret information well
● Keep a tidy room
● Answer questions spontaneously
● Follow directions and read directions

RIGHT-BRAINED
These people are;
● Intuitive
● Risk-takers
● Creative
They prefer;
● Imagination
● Holistic thinking
● Rhythm
● Feelings visualization
● Daydreaming
 ● Adventure
● Writing
● Fantasies
● Expression

THE THEORY’S ADVANTAGES AND DISADVATAGES

PRO : LEARNING
- Upon knowing the brain inclination or to which brain a person is ‘affiliated’, he or she
could think of ways to boost strengths and compensate for weaknesses. It may lead
someone to develop effective ways to learn and study.
CON: STEREOTYPING
- Brain dominance may have a negative effect or may even impede learning when chis
results in a self-fulfilling prophecy.

New Research Suggests the Brain is More like a Muscle;

- It changes and gets stronger when you use it. Scientists have been able to show how the
brain grows and gets stronger when you learn. A person who can’t lift 20 lbs when they
start exercising can get strong enough to lift 100 lbs after working out for a long time.
“Use it or lose it!”

Get in some mind cardio;

- Inside the cottex of brain are billions of neurons connecting in a complicated network.
Communication between these brain cells is what allows us to think and solve problems.
When you learn new things, these tiny connecñons in the brain actually multiply and get
stronger. The more that you challenge your mind to learn, the more your brain cells grow.

MENTAL HEALTH

Mental Health
- Mental health. It's the way your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors affect your life. Good
mental health leads to positive self-image and in- turn, satisfying relationships with friends
and others. Having good mental health helps you make good decisions and deal with life's
challenges at home, work, or school.
- It is not uncommon for teenagers to develop problems with their mental health. Problems
can range from mild to severe, and can include depression, anxiety, body esteem issues,
and suicide, among others. Unfortunately, most young people with mental health problems
don't get any treatment for them.

Self-Esteem
- Self-esteem is all about how much you feel you are worth — and how much you feel other
people value you. Self- esteem is important because feeling good about yourself can affect
your mental health and how you behave.
- People with high self-esteem know themselves well. They're realistic and find friends that
like and appreciate them for who they are. People with high self-esteem usually feel more
in control of their lives and know their own strengths and weaknesses.

Body Image
- Body image is how you view your physical self — including whether you feel you are
attractive and whether others like your looks. For many people, especially people in their
early teens, body image can be closely linked to self-esteem.

Eating Disorder
- The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (usually
called simply "anorexia" and "bulimia"). But other food-related disorders, like
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, binge eating, body image disorders, and food
phobias, are becoming more and more commonly identified.
1. Anorexia
- The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (usually
called simply "anorexia" and "bulimia"). But other food-related disorders, like
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, binge eating, body image disorders, and food
phobias, are becoming more and more commonly identified
- People with anorexia have a real fear of weight gain and a distorted view of their body
size and shape. As a result, they eat very little and can become dangerously
underweight. Many teens with anorexia restrict their food intake by dieting, fasting, or
excessive exercise.
- They hardly eat at all — and the small amount of food they do eat becomes an
obsession in terms of calorie counting or trying to eat as little as possible. Others with
anorexia may start binge eating and purging — eating a lot of food and then trying to
get rid of the calories by making themselves throw up, using some type of medication
or laxatives, or exercising excessively, or some combination of these.
2. Bulimia
- Bulimia is similar to anorexia. With bulimia, people might binge eat (eat to excess) and
then try to compensate in extreme ways, such as making themselves throw up or
exercising all the time, to prevent weight gain. Over time, these steps can be dangerous
 — both physically and emotionally. They can also lead to compulsive behaviors (ones
that are hard to stop).
- To have bulimia, a person must be binging and purging regularly, at least once a week
for a couple of months. Binge eating is different from going to a party and "pigging out"
on pizza, then deciding to go to the gym the next day and eat more healthfully.

Mental Health Challenges

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

- ADHD is pretty common and can make it hard to focus and sit still. ADHD makes it hard to
finish things, and makes thoughts jump around. Kids who have ADHD can learn to control
their thoughts and bodies by figuring out what helps them focus, or by talking to a doctor
or mental health professional.
- ome kids with ADHD do better in school if they can do their work in a quiet room.
Sometimes medicine can help too. Even though having ADHD can make some things
harder, people who have ADHD are just as smart as other people. They can still do well in
school and in life.

Anxiety (Panic Disorder)

- Have you ever been really nervous? Maybe from a test, a speech, or a big game? When
you’re nervous, your heart starts pounding, you breathe fast, or your stomach might feel
funny. Feeling anxious and nervous is common. But a person diagnosed with an Anxiety
Disorder will have these feelings suddenly and often.
- These strong, sudden feelings of stress or fear are called “panic attacks.” A panic attack can
make your chest or stomach hurt, your heart speed up, make you feel afraid, dizzy, or feel
like you can’t breathe. Even kids can have panic attacks. People who have panic attacks
sometimes feel scared to go places because they are afraid of having an attack. Their daily
life can be scary, but they can get help, get better and be okay.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

- Autism Spectrum Disorder changes the way the brain understands the world. People
diagnosed with autism can have a hard time talking about their feelings, understanding
people’s actions, and being social. They can also be very sensitive about being touched. To
a person diagnosed with autism, being hugged can be scary and uncomfortable.
- Kids who have autism are just as smart as other kids. They can be very good at things like
math or music. Just because some things are hard for kids with autism, they are not acting
mean or weird. Their brains just work in a different way. They still make friends and learn
how to work and play with others.

Bi-Polar Disorder
- Everybody has feelings that change. When something good happens, you feel happy. If
something bad happens, you feel sad. Bi-polar disorder changes the way people feel
emotions. If people have bi-polar disorder, their emotions can go from happy to sad very
quickly. They can be very cheerful one moment, and very angry, sad and tired the next
moment.
- When people with bi-polar disorder experience intense feelings of happiness it is called
“mania.” They can’t think clearly or sleep well, and they might do things without thinking
about them first. When people with bi-polar disorder feel intense sadness and tiredness, it
is called “depression.” Having bi-polar disorder can be very tiring and stressful. Medication
can help. Talking to a mental health professional, friends and family can also help someone
with bi-polar disorder learn how to manage feelings and live a healthy life.
Depression
- Depression is a mental health challenge that makes people feel very sad all the time. It can
change how you think, feel, and act. It can even make your body feel sick too. A person
diagnosed with depression can feel so sad that it makes it hard to think clearly. Someone
diagnosed with depression might feel very sad every day, or feel that nobody loves them.
They might not want to do things they used to think were fun
- People diagnosed with depression may not know why they feel so sad. Even if you have a
good life, you can struggle with depression. It is good to have family and close friends to
talk to and help when things are bad, and talking to a mental health professional about
these strong feelings can help. Depression can be very hard, but people with depression
can get better too, and learn how to enjoy life.
Eating Disorder
- An eating disorder exists when a person's thoughts and behaviors are focused too much on
food and body weight. The person may worry about being "too fat." The person may have
a big fear of becoming obese. Yet, the person's weight may be quite healthy.
Three of the most common types of eating disorders;
1. Anorexia
- refers to weight loss that occurs from not eating.
2. Bulimia
- refers to eating large amounts of food over a short period of time followed by an attempt
to get rid of the food. This getting rid of food is called "purging."
3. Extreme Overeating
- is marked by eating, and eating, and eating and then having feelings of guilt and shame.
The important thing to remember is that having an eating disorder is about more than
body weight and food.
- behind the problem we see is something bigger – a person's sense of self-esteem,
relationships, feelings, and how the person handles the stresses of life. A medical
doctor, a mental health professional and a nutritionist are important helpers for this
type of problem.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
 - Sometimes if you see or live through something very scary, you can keep feeling afraid
even after the scary part is over. It is normal to feel afraid sometimes, but people with
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) feel scared even if they are safe and there is
nothing to be afraid of. Kids with PTSD might have very bad dreams that seem real, or
think something bad is going to happen again.
- Even when they are safe, the feelings of fear are very real. Talking to a mental health
professional or friends and family can help. It takes time and hard work, but kids who
are diagnosed with PTSD can learn ways to handle their fears and can live healthy,
happy lives.
Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia makes it hard for people to know what is real and what is not real.
Schizophrenia can make the brain think it sees or hears things that aren’t really there. A
person diagnosed with schizophrenia can also start to think that people are trying to
control them or read their minds. Even though the things they see, hear, believe or feel
might not be true, their brains think they are real and true, and that can be very scary.
- Having schizophrenia does not mean a person is violent or bad. Usually people do not get
this illness until their late teens or early adulthood, and there are ways to make their
lives better, like therapy and medication.
Mental Health Issues and Stigma
Mental Health Issues
- Having access to reliable information on positive mental health and mental illness is
crucial for adolescents for a number of reasons. Mental and emotional problems need to
be addressed, just like student’s physical health problems. Even if students have not
experienced mental illness, it is very likely that they will know someone who has.
Consider the following statistics:
● Mental health problems affect one in five young people at any given time.
● Mental illness is second only to heart disease as the leading cause of disability worldwide.
● The first symptoms of mental illness generally appear between the ages of 15– 24.
● An estimated 50% of young people with mental illness are not getting help.
● Fear of stigma and the resulting discrimination discourages individuals and families from
getting the help they need.

Vulnerability
- There is a genetic characteristic to mental illness, but just because a family member has a
mental health problem, it doesn’t mean that you will too. Sometimes mental illness
happens right “out of the blue”.
Stress
- Stress can trigger the development of a mental illness, but stress alone doesn’t cause the
mental illness unless you have a vulnerability gene. Causes of stress can be varied,
sometimes a change in environment, e.g., where you live or the school you attend, or even
psychological trauma, e.g., exposure to teasing/bullying, other violence or abuse.
NEURONS
- It is the basic functional unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals.
SYNAPSE
- It is the name of the small space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the
dendrite of the next neuron where the signal is transmitted.
NEUROTRANSMITTER
- It is a type of chemical that helps the signal "jump" across the synapse to the next neuron.
SEROTONIN
- It is a chemical destroyed by Ecstasy and is crucial for controlling sleep, mood swings, and
sexual urges.