OTHER SUSTAINABLE FEATURES
THE BUILDING FEATURES SUSTAINABLE ELEMENTS TO REDUCE CARBON
EMISSIONS, INCLUDING DEEP GRAVEL ROOFS FOR KINETIC INSULATION, BALCONIES
WITH OVERHANGS FOR SHADING, AND DENSE CONCRETE CORES AND FLOOR SLABS
TO LEVEL LOADS, REDUCING PEAK DEMAND AND AIR AND CHILLED WATER
TRANSPORT.
THE BUILDING WILL INCLUDE WATER RECYCLING, CONNECTION TO THE DISTRICT
COOLING SYSTEM, THERMAL INSULATION, REFLECTION POOLS FOR EVAPORATIVE
COOLING, LOW-LEAKAGE WINDOWS, AND THERMAL GLASS WITH LOW SOLAR GAIN.
THE BUILDING WILL FEATURE A HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM, WINDOWS FOR
NATURAL VENTILATION, GREY-WATER RECYCLING, SOLAR PV-POWERED OUTDOOR
LIGHTING, AND SHADING ON THE EXTERNAL GLASS FAÇADE.
THE RENEWABLE ENERGY IS THE FUTURE OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. (2019).
CONFERENCE ON TECHNOLOGY & SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
HTTPS://[Link]/PUBLICATION/333671323_THE_RENEWABLE_ENE
RGY_IS_THE_FUTURE_OF_HIGH-RISE_BUILDINGS
4.5 FIRE SUPPRESSION AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
BUILDINGS FOR LIVING, BUSINESS, EDUCATION, AND OTHER PURPOSES ARE
VITAL TO HUMAN HABITATION. URBANIZATION HAS INCREASED CONSTRUCTION,
ESPECIALLY HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. FIRE SAFETY REFERS TO A BUILDING'S ABILITY TO
PREVENT AND REDUCE FIRE DAMAGE. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE RAISED
FIRE HAZARDS, CAUSING SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE, CHALLENGING ARCHITECTS AND
FIRE PROTECTION PROVIDERS TO IMPROVE DESIGNS AND METHODS TO MINIMIZE
LOSSES.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
1. CLASS “A” FIRES - THIS TYPE OF FIRE INCLUDES, A SOLID OR FIBROUS MATERIAL
SUCH AS WOOD, PAPER, RUBBER, CLOTH, PLASTIC ETC. OF AN ORGANIC NATURE
AS A FUEL.
2. CLASS “B” FIRES - THIS TYPE OF FIRE INCLUDES, A LIQUID OR LIQUEFIABLE
SOLIDS SUCH AS GASOLINE, OILS, PAINTS, KEROSENE, GREASE AND FLAMMABLE
GASES ETC. AS A FUEL.
3. CLASS “C” FIRES - THESE ARE THE FIRES THAT INVOLVES ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT’S, FIXTURES AND FITTINGS ETC. AS A COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL.
4. CLASS “D” FIRES - THESE ARE THE FIRES INVOLVING COMBUSTIBLE METALS
SUCH AS MAGNESIUM, TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM, SODIUM, LITHIUM, POTASSIUM
ETC.
5. FIRE LOAD - THIS IS DEFINED AS THE QUANTITY OF HEAT LIBERATED IN
KILOJOULE (KJ) PER UNIT AREA OF THE FLOOR BY THE BURNING OF MATERIALS IN
THE BUILDING INCLUDING COMBUSTIBLE PORTION OF THE BUILDING.
FIRE PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
1. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION - THIS SYSTEM USES FIRE-RESISTANT BUILDING
MATERIALS, FIRE DOORS, AND FIRE-RATED ASSEMBLIES TO COVER OPENINGS.
FIRE COMPARTMENTS ARE FORMED TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF FIRE AND SMOKE
THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING.
2. FIRE ESCAPES - IT IS AN EMERGENCY EXIT, USUALLY PROVIDED OUTSIDE OF THE
BUILDING OR SOMETIMES MAY BE EMPLOYED INSIDE OF A BUILDING BUT
DISTINCT FROM THE CORE AREAS OF THE BUILDING.
3. ESCAPE CHUTE - IT IS AN ALTERNATE WAY OF EXIT IN THE EVENT OF FIRE.
MOSTLY PREFERRED WHERE USUAL FIRE ESCAPE STAIRWELLS ARE NOT POSSIBLE
TO INSTALL. THIS IS A FABRIC OR METALLIC CONDUIT MOUNTED NEAR THE EXIT
AT ANY CONVENIENT FLOOR OF A BUILDING.
4. ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION - THIS SYSTEM INVOLVES THE USE OF FIRE
PROTECTION INSTALLATIONS IN THE BUILDING THAT REACTS IN CASE OF A FIRE.
THIS SYSTEM REQUIRES CERTAIN AMOUNT OF MOTION OR ACTION TO ACTIVATE
AND OPERATE IN THE EVENT OF FIRE.
FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS
THEY ARE DESIGNED AND INSTALLED IN THE BUILDINGS TO CONTROL THE
SPREAD OF FIRE. THIS SYSTEM AIMS TO STOP THE FIRE AND PREVENT THE LOSSES OF
LIVES AND ASSETS
1. STARVATION - THE EXTINCTION OF FIRE IN THIS METHOD IS ACHIEVED EITHER
BY REMOVAL OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL FROM THE REGION OF FIRE OR BY
TAKING AWAY THE FIRE FROM REGION OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL.
2. SMOTHERING - THE COMBUSTION OR FIRE PROCESS WILL CEASE, IF THE
OXYGEN LEVEL IN THE VICINITY REGION OF BURNING SUBSTANCE IS
ADEQUATELY REDUCED. THIS METHOD OF FIRE CONTROL, RESTRICTS THE
ACCESS OF FRESH AIR TO THE REGION OF FIRE AND ALLOWS THE FIRE TO
REDUCE THE OXYGEN LEVEL IN THE CONFINED ATMOSPHERE TO EXTINGUISH
THE FIRE.
3. COOLING - IF THE RATE OF HEAT GENERATION IN THE FIRE PROCESS IS LESS
THAN THE RATE OF HEAT DISSIPATION THEN FIRE PROCESS MAY NOT CONTINUE.
THIS COOLING PRINCIPLE IS MOST COMMONLY EMPLOYED IN FIRE EXTINCTION.
IT SPRAYS WATER OR OTHER LIQUIDS ON BURNING MATERIALS TO EXTINGUISH
THE FIRE.
4. EXTINGUISHING AGENTS OR MEDIA THE SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING
AGENT DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF FIRE. THIS MEDIA IS ESSENTIAL TO CONTROL
THE FIRE OR EXTINGUISH THE FIRE. TYPES OF FIREFIGHTING MEDIA ARE:
WATER
FOAM
INERT GASES
CHEMICAL POWDERS
FIRE SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT & INSTALLATIONS
THIS DEALS WITH THE EQUIPMENT’S OR INSTALLATIONS OF ACTIVE FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM IN A BUILDING. THESE ARE MAINLY DIVIDED IN THREE PHASES.
1. FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
2. FIXED FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
3. FIRST AID FIREFIGHTING INSTALLATIONS
1. FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
AN APPROPRIATELY DESIGNED, INSTALLED AND MAINTAINED AUTOMATIC FIRE
DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CASE OF A FIRE FOR
PROTECTING THE LIVES AND MINIMIZING THE LOSS OF PROPERTY
HEAT DETECTORS
1. FIXED TEMPERATURE DETECTORS: DETECTING THE PRE-DETERMINED
TEMPERATURE
2. RATE-OF-RISE DETECTORS: DETECTING QUICK TEMPERATURE RISE
SMOKE DETECTORS
3. IONIZATION DETECTOR
4. OPTICAL DETECTOR
FLAME DETECTORS
5. INFRA-RED DETECTOR
6. ULTRA-VIOLET DETECTOR
7. MULTI-SENSOR FIRE DETECTORS
2. FIXED FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
THE FIXED FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS WITH WATER AS MAIN EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
IS VERY COMMON IN USE TO CONTROL THE FIRE. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
INCLUDES DISCHARGE OF WATER THROUGH THE PIPES FOR FIRE EXTINCTION.
EXTERNAL HYDRANT SYSTEM
THIS HYDRANT SYSTEMS ARE INSTALLED OUTSIDE THE BUILDINGS, LIKE IN THE
OPEN AREAS IN CITIES OR TOWNS AND INDUSTRIES. THIS SYSTEM IS ESSENTIAL FOR
FIREFIGHTING IN CITIES AND OTHER INDIVIDUAL OCCUPANCIES.
INTERNAL HYDRANT SYSTEM
INTERNAL HYDRANT SYSTEMS ARE INSTALLED FOR SAFEGUARD OF BUILDINGS
FROM FIRE. THIS SYSTEM MAINLY CONSISTS OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK,
OVERHEAD WATER TANK, RISER, FIREFIGHTING PUMPS, HOSE REELS, BRANCH PIPES,
AND VALVES ETC.
1. DRY RISER SYSTEM - THIS SYSTEM IS NORMALLY NOT CHARGED WITH WATER.
BUT, AS AND WHEN REQUIRED THIS SYSTEM MAY BE CHARGED THROUGH THE
FIRE SERVICE INLET, CONNECTING WITH THE FIREFIGHTING PUMP. ALSO IT CAN
BE CHARGED BY DIRECTLY CONNECTING WITH THE FIRE ENGINE. THIS SYSTEM
IS NORMALLY USED AND OPERATED BY FIREFIGHTERS.
2. WET RISER SYSTEM - THIS SYSTEM ALWAYS REMAINS CHARGED WITH WATER.
IN THE EVENT OF FIRE, IT RESPONDS IMMEDIATELY TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE.
THIS SYSTEM IS CONNECTED TO THE OVERHEAD WATER TANK THROUGH
BOOSTER PUMP.
3. FIRE SUPPRESSION - THE CONTROL OF FIRE SPREAD OR ITS GROWTH AND FIRE
SUPPRESSION IN THE BUILDING MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED EITHER MANUALLY OR
AUTOMATICALLY. THE USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND HYDRANT SYSTEM IN
THE EVENT OF FIRE NEEDS MANUAL ACTUATION.
4. SPRINKLER SYSTEMS - IT IS PREFERRED TO PLAN FOR THE INSTALLATION OF A
SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN THE DESIGN STAGE OF A BUILDING, WHEREAS IN THE
LATER STAGE IT INVOLVES EXTENSIVE RENOVATION [Link]
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR ALL TYPES OF BUILDINGS. THIS
SYSTEM IS USUALLY MOUNTED WITH CEILING AND CONNECTED TO A RELIABLE
SOURCE OF WATER.
THE SPRINKLERS MAY BE CLASSIFIED
BASED ON WATER DISTRIBUTION
ARRANGEMENT AND THEY ARE AS
MENTIONED BELOW:
1. CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER
2. UMBRELLA SPRINKLER
3. SIDEWALL SPRINKLER
5. WATER REQUIREMENT FOR FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM AND STORAGE - THE
QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED FOR FIRE EXTINCTION DEPENDS ON EXTENT OF
FIRE. USAGE OF POTABLE WATER IS HIGHLY PREFERRED TO AVOID THE
POSSIBILITY OF HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE LATER STAGE.
3. FIRST AID FIREFIGHTING INSTALLATIONS - ALL TYPES OF FIRES STARTS AT
SMALL. IN THE INITIAL STAGE ITSELF, IF IT HAS ATTEMPTED IMMEDIATELY WITH
APPROPRIATE EXTINGUISHING AGENT THEN IT CAN BE EASILY EXTINGUISHED.
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF EXTINGUISHING MEDIA, PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
1. WATER TYPE EXTINGUISHERS
2. FOAM EXTINGUISHERS
3. DRY CHEMICAL POWDER EXTINGUISHERS
4. CO2 EXTINGUISHERS
1. WATER TYPE EXTINGUISHERS - THIS TYPE OF EXTINGUISHERS ARE FILLED
WITH WATER AND PRESSURIZED DRY AIR. WHEN A FIRE OCCURS, THIS TYPE OF
EXTINGUISHER APPLIES WATER IN THE FORM OF A FINELY DIVIDED DROPLETS
AND CONTROLS THE FIRE BY COOLING EFFECT.
2. FOAM EXTINGUISHERS - THIS TYPE OF EXTINGUISHERS ARE PREPARED WITH
PREMIXED FOAM SOLUTION. THE FOAM CAN BE STORED UNDER PRESSURE IN
THE SAME CONTAINER OR A SEPARATE GAS CARTRIDGE MAY BE PROVIDED TO
OPERATE.
3. DRY CHEMICAL POWDER EXTINGUISHERS - DRY CHEMICAL POWDERS HAVE
AN EXCELLENT FIRE EXTINCTION PROPERTIES. THEY ARE PREPARED WITH DRY
POWDER, MAINTAINED UNDER PRESSURE TO OPERATE. CONTAINER IS
NORMALLY PROVIDED WITH PRESSURE GAUGE AND NOZZLE.
4. CO2 EXTINGUISHERS - CARBON DIOXIDE HAS BEEN USED AS AN
EXTINGUISHING AGENT TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRES OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS AND
ELECTRICALLY ENERGIZED EQUIPMENT'S. AS CARBON DIOXIDE IS HEAVIER THAN
AIR, IT WILL DISPLACE THE AIR ABOVE THE BURNING MATERIAL. THIS GIVES
SMOTHERING EFFECT TO THE BURNING SURFACE.
FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS. (2020). INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT, 3(4), 473–489.
HTTPS://[Link]/PUBLICATION/343392709_FIRE_SUPPRESSION_S
YSTEMS_FOR_HIGH_RISE_BUILDINGS_IN_INDIA_REVIEW_ARTICLE?
5. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND TRENDS IN MODERN
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS PLAY AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE IN
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. THEIR RAISING IS A NECESSITY FOR THE PROCESS
OF POPULATION GROWTH AND ITS CONCENTRATION IN CITIES, AS WELL AS FOR THE
HIGH DEMAND FOR AREAS IN CITY CENTERS
MODERN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS ARE REMARKABLE FOR THEIR ARCHITECTURAL,
CONSTRUCTIONAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS. ANALYZING THESE
INNOVATIONS REQUIRES A SPECIAL APPROACH. THE METHODOLOGY INCLUDES:
GATHERING INFORMATION ON INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN HIGH-RISE
BUILDINGS, WITH PHOTOS AND VIDEOS DOCUMENTING CONSTRUCTION.
INTERPRETING DATA BASED ON LITERATURE ADDRESSING ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGIES IN COMPLETED BUILDINGS.
CONDUCTING A STRUCTURED ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS,
WHERE TECHNOLOGIES USED ARE MORE ADVANCED THAN PREVIOUS PROJECTS.
5.1 NEW DESIGN TRENDS IN GEOMETRICAL FORMS
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS, ONCE RECTANGULAR BLOCKS WITH GLASS FAÇADES,
WERE PRACTICAL BUT MONOTONOUS. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE ADDRESSES
THIS WITH "ICONIC" BUILDINGS, MARKED BY UNIQUE SHAPES AND SCALES.
BASED ON THE CTBUH DATABASE AND NEW HIGH-RISES, THE NEXT GENERATION
WILL LIKELY FEATURE AERODYNAMIC, CURVILINEAR FORMS.
MODERN SKYSCRAPERS USE GEOMETRIC SOLIDS LIKE POLYHEDRA, CONES,
CYLINDERS, SPHERES, AND TORUSES, ALONG WITH CURVED SURFACES. SPATIAL
FORMS ARE DIVIDED INTO POLYHEDRA, SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION (E.G., SPHERES AND
ELLIPSOIDS), AND SURFACES (E.G., RULED, CURVED, AND VARYING GENERATRIX).
ARCHITECTURALLY, SKYSCRAPERS ARE CATEGORIZED AS EXTRUDER, ROTOR,
TWISTER, TORDOS, AND FREE FORM.
1. EXTRUDER
BUILDINGS OF THIS TYPE HAVE THE SAME CROSS SECTION FOR THEIR FULL
HEIGHT. AN EXAMPLE CAN BE A RECTANGULAR OR CYLINDRICAL SOLID.
INDIVIDUAL STORIES ARE ARRANGED WITH A CONSTANT SLOPE, AND THE FLOOR
PLANS MAY HAVE EITHER A STRAIGHT OR CURVED CONTOUR.
STORIES ARE ARRANGED WITH VARYING ANGLES, IN STRAIGHT SEGMENTS
CONNECTED TO NARROWING CURVED "SLIDERS" WITH INCREASING HEIGHT.
SINGLE BUILDINGS OF THIS TYPE CAN BE CONNECTED TOGETHER IN GROUPS IN
ORDER TO PROVIDE INCREASED RIGIDITY OR FIRE PROTECTION EXIT.
2. ROTOR
BUILDINGS OF THIS TYPE HAVE THE SAME CROSS SECTION FOR THEIR FULL
HEIGHT. AN EXAMPLE CAN BE A RECTANGULAR OR CYLINDRICAL SOLID.
INDIVIDUAL STORIES ARE ARRANGED ONE ON THE OTHER IN A CONSTANT SLOPE
AND THE FLOOR PLANS MAY HAVE A STRAIGHT OR CURVED CONTOUR.
STORIES ARE ARRANGED WITH VARYING ANGLES, IN STRAIGHT SEGMENTS
CONNECTED TO NARROWING CURVED "SLIDERS" WITH INCREASING HEIGHT.
SINGLE BUILDINGS OF THIS TYPE CAN BE CONNECTED TOGETHER IN GROUPS IN
ORDER TO PROVIDE INCREASED RIGIDITY OR FIRE PROTECTION EXIT.
3. TWISTER AND TORDOS
BUILDINGS OF THIS TYPE ARE IN THE FORM OF A TWISTED SOLID WITH THE
“TWISTER” FACADE REPEATED ON ALL FLOORS. THE INTERSECTING BODY OF THE
BUILDING, IN THE SHAPE OF A TWISTED SPIRAL, HAS AN INTERNAL VERTICAL ZONE
DEDICATED TO THE LIFT SHAFT.
4. FREE FORM
THE FREE GEOMETRY BUILDING FORM IS CONSTRUCTED USING A COMBINATION
OF GEOMETRICALLY SIMPLE OBJECTS (LINES, SURFACES AND SOLIDS), WHEN THE
SEQUENCE OF THE ARCHITECT’S ACTIONS IS NOT OBVIOUS AND THE FORM DOES
NOT FIT INTO ANY OTHER CATEGORY. IN THIS CATEGORY WE CAN DISTINGUISH THE
SUBCATEGORY “SLICER”.
5.1.1 INNOVATIONS IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURAL FORM IS
INSEPARABLE. THE PRIMARY SKELETON OF A HIGH-RISE ACTS AS A VERTICAL
CANTILEVER BEAM, FIXED AT ITS BASE, CARRYING VERTICAL GRAVITY, WIND, AND
EARTHQUAKE LOADS, REQUIRING SHEAR AND BENDING RESISTANCE WHILE
MAINTAINING ITS LOAD-CARRYING CAPABILITY.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF TALL BUILDINGS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO VARIOUS TYPES
DUE TO DIFFERENT CRITERIA. THE CHOICE OF SYSTEM AND APPLICATION OF
CONSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IS AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS, IN PARTICULAR:
THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING
THE RATIO OF HEIGHT TO WIDTH (SLENDERNESS)
THE REQUIRED SPATIAL RIGIDITY FOR THE TRANSFER OF LATERAL FORCES (WIND,
SEISMIC)
THE FORMATION OF THE BUILDING’S BODY
THE CONDITIONS OF THE LAYOUT OF THE LOWER FLOOR AND FOUNDATION.
THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS CAN BE DIVIDED ON THE
FOLLOWING TYPES: RIGID FRAME, SHEAR FRAME (SHEAR TRUSSED FRAME, SHEAR
WALLED FRAME), FLAT PLATE, MEGA COLUMN (FRAME, TRUSS), CORE, MEGA CORE,
OUTRIGGERED FRAME AND TUBE (FRAMED TUBE, TRUSS TUBE).
2. INNOVATIVE DIAGRID SYSTEM
THE DIAGRID SYSTEM, USED IN BUILDINGS LIKE CAPITAL GATE TOWER, SWISS
RE, HEARST TOWER, AND CCTV HEADQUARTERS, ELIMINATES COLUMNS BY USING
DIAGONAL ELEMENTS TO CARRY GRAVITY AND HORIZONTAL LOADS. THIS SYSTEM
TRANSFERS LATERAL LOADS THROUGH AXIAL ACTION, PROVIDING BENDING AND
SHEAR STIFFNESS. AS HEIGHT INCREASES, LATERAL STRENGTH BECOMES MORE
CRITICAL, MAKING GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS BENEFICIAL FOR REDUCING WIND
EFFECTS AND BOOSTING ARCHITECTURAL CREATIVITY.
THE TRAPEZOIDAL DIAGONAL GRID MODULE VARIES IN HEIGHT (SMALL: 2–4
STORIES, MEDIUM: 6–8 STORIES, LARGE: OVER 8 STORIES). MODULES AND ANGLES,
CRUCIAL FOR STRUCTURE AND AESTHETICS, CAN BE FLAT, CRYSTALLINE, OR MULTI-
CURVED. STEEL CONSTRUCTION WITH REGULAR DIAGONALS IS EFFICIENT AND
SUPPORTS SUSTAINABILITY. THE OPTIMAL DIAGONAL ANGLE IS BETWEEN 90 AND 35
DEGREES, WITH LARGER ANGLES IN CORNERS IMPROVING STIFFNESS. DIAGRID
SYSTEMS WORK WELL WITH CURVED FORMS LIKE HYPERBOLOIDAL, CYLINDRICAL,
TWISTED, TILTED, AND FREE SHAPES.
5.1.2 ADVANCED VIBRATION DAMPING SYSTEMS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADVANCED DAMPING SYSTEM HAS BEEN
CHARACTERIZED ON THE BASIS OF JAPAN, WHICH HAS THE MOST ACTIVE SEISMIC
ZONE IN THE WORLD AND WHICH PARADOXICALLY OCCUPIES THIRD PLACE IN
TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF SKYSCRAPERS.
AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT OF DESIGNING TALL BUILDINGS IS THEIR DYNAMIC
REACTION TO EARTHQUAKES AND COUNTERACTING WIND VORTICES.
1. PASSIVE DAMPING - MATERIAL BASED DISSIPATION SYSTEM
THE MATERIAL BASED DISSIPATION DAMPERS ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF
PRIMARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS, AND THEY ARE POSITIONED IN OPTIMAL
LOCATIONS. THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEVICES THAT BELONG TO THIS
CATEGORY, AND AMONG ALL, THE MOST IMPORTANT ARE: HYSTERETIC DAMPERS
AND VISCOUS DAMPERS.
HYSTERETIC DAMPING - USES STEEL VIBRATION ABSORBERS SD (STEEL DAMPER)
AND SJD (STEEL JOINT DAMPER), AS WELL AS VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS (VED), LEAD
DAMPERS (LD) AND FRICTION DAMPERS (FD), WHICH ARE USED TO REINFORCE
MATERIAL INTERACTIONS AT THE FD CONNECTIONS.
VISCOUS DAMPERS (VD) AND OLEO-DYNAMIC DAMPERS (OD) USE VISCOUS
MATERIALS IN WHICH THE RESISTANCE FORCE ACTING ON THE BODY MOVING IN
THE MATERIAL IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SPEED OF THE BODY
2. PASSIVE DAMPING – ADDITIONAL MASS SYSTEM
THIS PASSIVE SYSTEM IS BASED ON THE COUNTERACTING INERTIAL FORCE
CREATED BY AN ADDITIONAL MASS ALLOCATED AT THE TOP OF A BUILDING. THERE
ARE TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF DEVICES BELONGING TO THIS GROUP: TUNED MASS
DAMPERS (TMD) AND TUNED LIQUID DAMPERS (TLD)
TMD - IS AN ADDITIONAL MASS, USUALLY IN THE ORDER OF TWO PERCENT OF
THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING, WHICH IS ATTACHED TO THE STRUCTURE
BY MEANS OF SPRINGS AND DASHPOTS. THE INERTIA FORCE OF THE MASS
DAMPS THE REACTION OF THE BUILDING.
TLCD - THIS DAMPING SYSTEM USES THE MOVEMENT OF LIQUIDS IN SPECIAL
CONTAINERS TO ABSORB THE ENERGY OF BUILDING VIBRATIONS. THE
VIBRATION FREQUENCY OF TLCDS CAN BE CONTROLLED BY THE WATER DEPTH
AND THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINER. TLCDS ARE PREFERRED BECAUSE OF THEIR
SIMPLICITY, LOW MAINTENANCE PRICE AND THE POSSIBILITY OF INCLUDING
WATER FOR EMERGENCY FIRE PROTECTION.
3. HYBRID DAMPING
IN RECENT YEARS, HYBRID DAMPERS HAVE APPEARED, WHICH ARE A
COMBINATION OF A MASS DAMPER WITH AN ADDITIONAL ACTIVE ELEMENT, WHICH
AIMS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF PASSIVE DAMPING [23]. THE FORCES FROM
THE ACTIVE ACTUATOR INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MASS DAMPER AND
ARE VERY EFFECTIVE IN THE EVENT OF CHANGES IN THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF A STRUCTURE.
SZOLOMICKI, J., & GOLASZ-SZOLOMICKA, H. (2019). TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
AND TRENDS IN MODERN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. BUILDINGS, 9(9), 193.
HTTPS://[Link]/10.3390/BUILDINGS9090193
