I.

Perfect gerunds (Danh động từ hoàn thành)

Danh động từ hoàn thành (having done) luôn ám chỉ một khoảng thời
gian trước khi xảy ra hành động trong mệnh đề chính. Nó được sử dụng để
nhấn mạnh hành động đã được hoàn tất trong quá khứ. Nó có thể được sử
dụng như:

- chủ ngữ của câu.

Ví dụ: Having studied science subjects made it easy for me to choose a

university degree.

(Việc học các môn khoa học giúp tôi dễ dàng lựa chọn bằng cấp đại học.)

- tân ngữ sau một số động từ (admit – thừa nhận, deny – phủ nhận, forget
– quên, mention – đề cập, regret – hối tiếc, và remember – nhớ) hoặc sau giới
từ.

Ví dụ: My friend didn’t remember having lent me his English textbook.

(Bạn tôi không nhớ đã cho tôi mượn sách tiếng Anh của anh ấy.)

My cousin often talked about having studied for five years at a top university.

(Anh họ tôi thường kể về việc đã học 5 năm tại một trường đại học hàng
đầu.)

II. Perfect participle clauses (Mệnh đề phân từ hoàn thành)

Phân từ hoàn thành có hình thức giống với danh động từ hoàn thành (having
asked, having studied,…)

Chúng ta có thể sử dụng mệnh đề phân từ hoàn thành để:

- miêu tả một hành động xảy ra trước hành động trong mệnh đề
chính.

After they had finished their course, they started looking for jobs.

Ví dụ: Having finished their course, they started looking for jobs.

(Sau khi hoàn thành khóa học của họ, họ bắt đầu tìm kiếm việc làm.)

- nói về lý do cho hành động trong mệnh đề chính.

Ví dụ: Not having read the book, he can’t give us his opinion.

(Chưa đọc cuốn sách, anh ấy không thể cho chúng tôi ý kiến của mình.)

Bài 1: Choose the correct answer.

1. _______________ to many countries made it easy for me to a broader

perspective on different cultures.

A. travel

B. travelling

C. having traveled

D. traveled

2. _______________ diligently, she aced the exam.

A. study

B. studying

C. having studied
D. studied

3. _______________ a delicious meal, he served it to his guests.

A. cook

B. cooking

C. having cooked

D. cooked

4. _______________ the marathon gave her a sense of accomplishment.

A. finish

B. finishing

C. having finished

D. finished

5. She regretted _______________ the decision

A. make

B. made

C. having made

D. having been made

6. The team celebrated their victory after _______________ the

championship, .

A. win

B. won

C. having won

D. having been won

7. She forgot _______________ the door.

A. lock

B. locked

C. having locked

D. having been locked

 8. _______________ enough money, they decided to go on a vacation.

A. save

B. saving

C. having saved

D. saved

9. The author received critical acclaim for _______________ a compelling

story, t.

A. write

B. wrote

C. having written

D. having been written

10. _______________ for months, he ran his first marathon.

A. train

B. training

C. having trained

D. trained

11. _______________ is my favorite form of exercise.

A. swim

B. swimming

C. having swum

D. swam

12. I enjoy _______________ books in my free time.

A. read

B. reading

C. having read

D. having been read

13. I remember _______________ to the zoo when I was a child.

A. take

B. taking

C. having taken

D. having been taken

14. He denied _______________ the event.

A. attend

B. attended

C. having attended

D. having been attended

15. I find _______________ both relaxing and rewarding.

A. cook

B. cooking

C. having cooked

D. having been cooked

Bài 2: Find and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1. I forgot have made breakfast for you.

2. Had won many sports competitions at school helped me pursue a

career as a professional athlete.

3. She regretted not having apply for a university of higher rank.

4. He was proud of had won the third prize in the academic english
olympiad.

5. After finish the college entrance exams, I had a trip to Korea for
pleasure.

6. Live in Vietnam for 20 years, she left for Japan to seek new
opportunities.

7. Having stayed up late does more harm than good to your health.

8. Being struggled through hardships made her more resilience and

adaptive.
 9. The monitor caught him cheated in the exam, so he was dispelled from
school.

10. I do not recall having informed by the teacher.

11. I am happy about treated like a child.

12. They pretended having eaten already when I arrived.

13. You should avoid to eat ice cream in cold weather, or you will
catch a cold.

14. She was disappointed by not having told the truth.

15. He mentioned injured in a car collision when he was a child.

Bài 5: Combine the sentences using either perfect gerund or perfect

participle.

1. He apologized. He had forgotten to submit his homework by deadline.

2. He won a scholarship. He was so excited about that.

3. She had purposefully dumped rubbish on the street. She was strongly
criticized for that.

4. Class 12A1 ranked first in terms of academic performance. They were

praised for that.

5. He had not dedicated much in his previous job. He regretted it.

6. A group of boys raced on the street last night. The police suspected
Mark and his friends of doing it.

Having raced…, Mark and his friends were suspected by the police

7. He had dinner. Then he studied from tomorrow’s exam.

8. She prepared her 20th birthday party. She went to get dressed for it.

9. He ate three pizzas. He was full.

10. He talked to his month about his failure. He calmed down a bit.

11. They had finished their medical education and training. They
were fully qualified doctors.

12. They did not cheat in the exam. The whole class denied doing
that.
 13. They drank alcohol when they were underage. Young boys
admitted it.

14. Someone plagiarized the essay. The teacher accused Mark of

doing that.

15. I was asked that humiliating question. I was offended by that.

- Câu chẻ được sử dụng để tập trung vào một phần cụ thể của câu và
để nhấn mạnh điều chúng ta muốn nói.

- Chúng ta sử dụng chủ ngữ giả It để giới thiệu sự vật mà chúng ta

muốn tập trung vào trong khi phần còn lại được đặt trong mệnh đề
quan hệ được giới thiệu bằng mệnh đề quan hệ ví dụ that hoặc who.

Who/ that- chỉ người

That- chỉ vật, địa điểm thời gian

Ví dụ: Nam taught Mai how to use the app in the library last weekend.

(Nam đã dạy Mai cách sử dụng ứng dụng trong thư viện vào cuối tuần trước.)

=> không tập trung cụ thể vào phần nào cả

+ It was Nam that/ who taught Mai how to use the app in the library last
weekend. (tập trung vào Nam)

(Chính là Nam đã dạy Mai cách sử dụng ứng dụng trong thư viện vào cuối
tuần trước.)

+ It was the app that Nam taught Mai how to use in the library last weekend.
(tập trung vào “the app”)
(Chính là ứng dụng mà Nam đã dạy Mai cách sử dụng trong thư viện vào cuối
tuần trước.)

+ It was in the library that Nam taught Mai how to use the app last weekend.
(tập trung vào “the library”)

(Chính là thư viện mà Nam đã dạy Mai cách sử dụng ứng dụng vào cuối tuần
trước.)

+ It was last weekend that Nam taught Mai how to use the app in the library.
(tập trung vào “last weekend”)

1. His exceptional problem-solving skills got him the promotion.

1. It was his exceptional problem-solving skills that got him the

promotion.

2. It is his exceptional problem-solving skills that got him the promotion.

3. It was his exceptional problem-solving skills which got him the

promotion.

4. It was his exceptional problem-solving skills why got him the

promotion.

2. She desires a peaceful and harmonious relationship.

1. What she desired is a peaceful and harmonious relationship.

2. It was a peaceful and harmonious relationship that she desires.

3. It is a peaceful and harmonious relationship that she desires.

4. It is a peaceful and harmonious relationship what she desires.

3. Their creativity and innovation that sets them apart from their
competitors.

1. It is their creativity and innovation that sets them apart from their
competitors.

2. There is creativity and innovation that sets them apart from their
competitors.
 3. It was their creativity and innovation that sets them apart from their
competitors.

4. It is their creativity and innovation which sets them apart from their
competitors.

4. I found the secret recipe for the delicious cake in the kitchen.

1. It was in the kitchen that I found the secret recipe for the delicious
cake.

2. It is in the kitchen that I found the secret recipe for the delicious cake.

3. It was in the kitchen when I found the secret recipe for the delicious
cake.

4. It was in the kitchen which I found the secret recipe for the delicious
cake.

5. They want equal opportunities and fair treatment for everyone.

1. What they wanted is equal opportunities and fair treatment for

everyone.

2. What they want was equal opportunities and fair treatment for
everyone.

3. It is equal opportunities and fair treatment for everyone that they

want.

4. It were equal opportunities and fair treatment for everyone that they
want.

Bài 2: Viết lại câu sử dụng cấu trúc câu chẻ với thành phần được gạch nhân.

1. She loves spending time with her family the most.

2. His dedication makes him a great leader.

3. I found the missing ingredient in the kitchen.

4. They want a fair and equal opportunity.

5. We went on a road trip during the summer vacation.

6. She needs some rest and relaxation.

7. The support from my friends keeps me motivated.

8. The sudden change in weather surprised me.

9. I heard my favorite song at the concert last night.

10. The quality of our work matters most.