FN Chemical Kinetics IM VeFinition of Chemical Kinetics Chemical Kinetics 16 the loranch of chemistry that deals with the rates of chemical veactions. I+ studies how fast chemical reactions occur and the factors that influence their speeds. 41 Rate and Order of Reaction 921 VeFinitions a. Rate of Reaction The vate of a reaction i6 the change in concentvation of a veactant or product ger Unit time. Tt can be expressed as: Rate = -AcReactantd / At = AcProduct] ¢ At where AcReactantd is the change in concentration of the reactant, AcProduct7 is the change in concentration of the greduct, and At iG the change im time. bo. Rate Law The vate law exgresses the velationshig between the vate of a veaction and the Concentrations of the veactants. It is qenevally of the form Rate = KcAT‘wcb7"n where k i6 the vate constant, CAT and CBI ave the concentrations of the reactants, and m and n are the orders of the reaction with vespect to A and 8, veseectively. ©. Order of Reaction The order of a reaction with respect to a reactant is the gower to which the concentvation of that veactant appears in the vate law. The overall order of a weaction is the Sum of the orders with vesgect to all reactants. d. Rate Constant The vate constant (© 16 a erogortionality constant that velates the vate of aweaction to the concentrations of the reactants. I+ is a chavactevistic of the veaction and depends on temperature and other factors. @. Rate-Determining Steg In a maultister eeaction, the vate-determining Stee i6 the Slonest Steg in the weaction mechanism. It determines the overall vate of the reaction. 942 Significance of the Rate-Determining Steg The vate-determining steg in a multister reaction has a crucial influence on the overall vate of the reaction. Since it is the Slowest Stee, it acts as a bottleneck, limiting the overall progress of the veaction. The vate of the overall veaction cannot exceed the vate of the vate-determining Stee. 9 Determining, the Rate Law The vate law for a given reaction can oe determined experimentally by measuring ‘the initial vates of the veaction at different concentrations of the reactants. by Comparing the rates and concentrations, the orders of the reaction with vesgect to each reactant can be deduced 914 Veducing the Order of Reaction Using the Method of Initial Rates The method of initial rates involves measuring the initial vate of a veaction at different concentrations of the reactants while Keeging the concentrations of otter reactants constant. By comparing the vates, the order of the veaction with veseect to each reactant can be determined Examele, Consider a veaction with the apeeral vate law: Rate = KcATmc8I"n me dovloling, the concentration of A while Keeping 8% constant doviles the rate, then the reaction is Fivst order with vesgect to A tm = 0. T€ dovioling the concentration oF B while Keeging A constant quadruples the vate, then the reaction is Secondorder with vespect to B (m = L). The overall order of the veaction would be > (m + n=l4L=%,4.3 Collision Theory, Transition State, and Activation Energy 49.3.1 Activation Energy and Activated Complex: Activation Energy CEa):This is the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur. It is the energy barrier that must be overcome for reactant molecules to form products. Activated Complex: This is a high-energy intermediate state that forms when reactant molecules collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation. It is the point of maximum energy during a reaction. The relationship between activation energy and rate of reaction is inverse: Higher activation energy:Fewer molecules will have the required energy to form the activated complex, leading to a slower reaction Lower activation energy: More molecules will have the required energy, resulting in a faster reaction, 49.3.2 Calculating Initial Rate: To calculate the initial rate using concentration data, you can use the rote law equation: Rate = kLA}‘m(B]"n where: k is the rate constant LA] and [B] are the initial concentrations of reactants ‘m and n are the orders of the reaction with respect to A and B, respectively 49.3.3 Energy Diagram: An energy diagram For a chemical reaction shows the potential energy of the reactants, products, and activated complex. It can be used to visualize the activation energy and the effect of a catalyst. Limage of an energy diagram shoviing activation energy and the effect of 0 catalystéGoagle ma disoF] 9.3.9 Collision Theory:Collision theory proposes that for a reaction to occur: 1. Effective collisions:The molecules must collide with sufficient kinetic energy to break the existing bonds and form new ones. 2. Correct orientation: The molecules must collide in the correct orientation for the bonds to form. 4.3.5 Effect of Concentration, Temperature, ond Surface Area: Concentration:Increosing the concentration of reactants increases the number of collisions, leading to 0 faster reaction. Temperature: Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules, leading to more effective collisions and a faster reaction. Surface area: For reactions involving solids, increasing the surface rea increases the number of contact points between the reactants, leading to a faster reaction. 9.4 Catalysis 49.4.1 Definition of Catalyst: 4 catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It lowers the activation energy of the reaction. 9.4.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis: The catolyst is in the same phase as the reactonts. Heterogeneous catalysis: The catalyst is in a different phase than the reactonts. 9.4.3 Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction: A catolyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction, allowing more molecules to have the required energy to form the activated complex. This results in a faster reaction rate.