Physics

Question 1:

One end of a horizontal thick copper wire of length 2L and radius 2R is welded to an end of another
horizontal thin copper wire of length L and radius R. When the arrangement is stretched by applying
forces at two ends, what is the ratio of the elongation in the thin wire to that in the thick wire?

a. 0.25
b. 0.50
c. 2.00
d. 4.00

Question 2:

What is the work done on a particle of mass 'm' by a force K (K being a

constant of appropriate dimensions) when the particle is taken from the point (a, 0) to the point (0, a)
along a circular path of radius 'a' about the origin in the x–y plane?

a.

b.

c.

d.

Question 3:

Two rectangular blocks, having identical dimensions, can be arranged either in configuration I or in
configuration II as shown in the figure. One of the blocks has thermal conductivity K and the other 2K .
The temperature difference between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the configurations.
It takes 9 s to transport a certain amount of heat from the hot end to the cold end in the configuration I.
What is the time to transport the same amount of heat in the configuration II?

a. 2.0 s
b. 3.0 s
c. 4.5 s
 d. 6.0 s

Question 4:

The diameter of a cylinder is measured using a Vernier callipers with no zero error. It is found that the
zero of the Vernier scale lies between 5.10 cm and 5.15 cm of the main scale. The ernier scale has 50
divisions equivalent to 2.45 cm. The 24th division of the Vernier scale exactly coincides with one of the
main scale divisions. What is the diameter of the cylinder?

a. 5.112 cm
b. 5.124 cm
c. 5.136 cm
d. 5.148 cm

Question 5:

Directions: The question is based on the following paragraph. This question has FOUR choices, out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.

A point charge Q is moving in a circular orbit of radius R in the x-y plane with an angular velocity ω .
Qω
This can be considered as equivalent to a loop carrying a steady current A uniform magnetic field
2π

along the positive z-axis is now switched on, which increases at a constant rate from 0 to B in one
second. Assume that the radius of the orbit remains constant. The application of the magnetic field
induces an emf in the orbit. The induced emf is defined as the work done by an induced electric field in
moving a unit positive charge around a closed loop. It is known that, for an orbiting charge, the
magnetic dipole moment is proportional to the angular momentum with a proportionality constant .

The magnitude of the induced electric field in the orbit at any instant of time during the time interval of
the magnetic field change is

BR
a.
4

BR
b.
2

c. BR
d. 2BR

Question 6:

Directions: The question is based on the following paragraph. This question has FOUR choices, out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.

A point charge Q is moving in a circular orbit of radius R in the x-y plane with an angular velocity ω.
Qω
This can be considered as equivalent to a loop carrying a steady current . A uniform magnetic field
2π

along the positive z-axis is now switched on, which increases at a constant rate from 0 to B in one
second. Assume that the radius of the orbit remains constant. The application of the magnetic field
induces an emf in the orbit. The induced emf is defined as the work done by an induced electric field in
moving a unit positive charge around a closed loop. It is known that, for an orbiting charge, the
magnetic dipole moment is proportional to the angular momentum with a proportionality constant .

The change in the magnetic dipole moment associated with the orbit, at the end of the time interval of
the magnetic field change, is

a. −γBQR2
2
BQR
b. −γ
2

2
BQR
c. γ 2

d. γBQR2

Question 7:

Directions: The question is based on the following paragraph. This question has FOUR choices, out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.

The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of (A - Z) number of neutrons and Z

number of protons in the nucleus. The energy equivalent to the corresponding mass difference is
known as the binding energy of the nucleus. A heavy nucleus of mass M can break into two light nuclei
of masses m1 and m2 only if (m1 + m2) < M. Also, two light nuclei of masses m3 and m4 can undergo
complete fusing and form a heavy nucleus of mass M' only if (m3 + m4) > M'. The masses of some
neutral atoms are given in the table below:

1.007825 u 2.014102 u 3.016050 u 4.002603 u

6.015123 u 7.016004u 69.925325 81.916709 u

u

151.919803 205.974455 208.980388 209.982876 u

u u u

Which of the following statements is correct?

a. The nucleus 6

3
L L can emit an alpha particle.

b. The nucleus 210

84
Po can emit a proton.

c. Deuteron and alpha particle can undergo complete fusion.

d. The nuclei 70

30
Zn and
82

34
Se can undergo complete fusion.

Question 8:

Directions: The question is based on the following paragraph. This question has FOUR choices, out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.

The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of (A – Z) number of neutrons and Z

number of protons in the nucleus. The energy equivalent to the corresponding mass difference is
known as the binding energy of the nucleus. A heavy nucleus of mass M can break into two light nuclei
of masses m1 and m2 only if (m1 + m2) < M. Also, two light nuclei of masses m3 and m4 can undergo
complete fusing and form a heavy nucleus of mass M' only if (m3 + m4) > M'. The masses of some
neutral atoms are given in the table below:

1.007825 u 2.014102 u 3.016050 u 4.002603 u

6.015123 u 7.016004u 69.925325 81.916709 u

u

151.919803 205.974455 208.980388 209.982876 u

u u u

210
The kinetic energy (in keV) of the alpha particle, when the nucleus 84
Po at rest undergoes alpha decay,
is:

a. 5319

b. 5422
c. 5707
d. 5818

Question 9:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONE or MORE can be correct.

A particle of charge `q and massm` moves rectilinearly under the action of an electric field
E = α − βx Here, α and β are positive constants, and x is the distance from the point where the
particle was initially at rest.
Chose the correct option(s).

a. The motion of the particle is oscillatory.

α
b. The amplitude of the particle`s motion is β

α
c. The mean position of the particle is at x =
β

qα
d. The maximum acceleration of the particle is m

Question 10:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONE or MORE can be correct.

dN dN
A radioactive nucleus decays with a decay constant λ. Let A = log∣
∣
∣,
∣
where ∣∣ ∣
∣
is the number of
dt dt

radioactive decays taking place per second. Suppose the experiment status at t = 0 and the curve
between A and t are shown in the figure. Choose the correct statement(s).
 A0
a. Decay constant of the radioactive sample is 2t0

t0
b. The number of radioactive nuclei at the start of the experiment was A0
e
A0

A
t0 e 0

c. The number of radioactive nuclei after one half-life is A0

d. Half-life of the radioactive sample is t 0

Question 11:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONE or MORE can be correct.

In the given circuit, the

a. current passing through 2Ω is 2A

b. current passing through in 3Ω is 4 A

c. current in wire DE is zero

d. potential of point A is 10 V

Question 12:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONE or MORE can be correct.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

 a. If the electric field due to a point charge varies as r-25 instead of r-2, then Gauss law will still
be valid.

b. Gauss law can be used to calculate the field distribution around an electric dipole.
c. If the electric field between two point charges is zero somewhere, then the signs of the two
charges are the same.

d. The work done by the external force in moving a unit positive charge from point A at potential
VA to point B at potential VB is (VB − VA )

Question 13:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

A sphere of radius R carries a positive charge whose volume density depends only on separation r
, where P is a constant.
r
from the sphere's centre. It is according to the formula p = p0 (1 − ) 0
R

Which of the following is/are true?

p0 r 3r
.
a. Forr < R , the electric field is given by E =(
3ε0
)(1 −
4R
)

r < R
3
p0 R

b. For r ≥ R , the electric field is given by E =

12ε0 r
2
.

c. The electric field at the centre is zero.

d. All of the above

Question 14:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

A particle of mass m is projected from the ground with an initial speed u0 at an angle α with the
horizontal. At the highest point of its trajectory, it makes a completely inelastic collision with another
identical particle, which was thrown vertically upwards from the ground with the same initial speed u0 .
The angle that the composite system makes with the horizontal immediately after the collision is equal
to

π
a.
4
π
b. + α
4
π
c. − α
4
π
d.
2

Question 15:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONLY ONE is
correct.
When a metallic surface is illuminated by a light of wavelength λ, the stopping potential for the
photoelectric current is 3 V . When the same surface is illuminated by a light of wavelength 2λ, the
stopping potential is 1 V . The threshold wavelength for this surface is

a. 4λ
b. 3. 5λ
c. 3λ
d. 275 λ

Question 16:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

The electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged ring reaches its maximum value at a certain
point on its axis at a distance 'a' from the centre of the ring. The ratio between the maximum electric
field intensity and the intensity at the point which is at a distance of 0.5a from the centre along its axis
is

a. 4 : 1

b. 1 : 1

c. 3 : 4

d. 13 : 10

Question 17:

Directions: The following question has four choices, out of which ONLY ONE is
correct.

A conducting wire is bent as shown in the figure. The curve is governed by the equation y 2 = 4x. It
ˆ
carries a current i = 4A. The wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B = −8kT . The magnetic
force (in newtons) on the wire is
(AB passes through the focus and is perpendicular to x-axis)

a. 128 î
b. 128√2 î
128
ˆ
c. − i
√2

128
ˆ
d. i
√2
Question 18:

A substance is behaving as convex lens in air and concave in water, then its
refractive index is

a. Greater than air but less than water

b. Greater than both air and water
c. Smaller than air
d. Almost equal to water

Question 19:

A cyclic process is shown in the figure. Work done during the cyclic process ABCDA
is

a. 160 J
b. 150 J
c. 600 J
d. 900 J

Question 20:

The refractive index of water is 1.33. What will be the speed of light in water?

8
a. 3 × 10 ms
−1

8
b. 4 × 10 ms
−1

8
c. 1.33 × 10 ms
−1

8
d. 2.26 × 10 ms
−1
 Answers

1 : (c) 2 : (d) 3 : (a) 4 : (b) 5 : (b) 6 : (b)

7 : (c) 8 : (a) 9 : (a) 10 : (a) 11 : (c) 12 : (c)
13 : (d) 14 : (a) 15 : (a) 16 : (d) 17 : (a) 18 : (a)
19 : (b) 20 : (d)

Explanations

Question 5 :

→ →
dφ dB
∫ E ⋅ dl = − = −A
dt dt

2 B−0
E × 2πR = −πR
1

BR
∣E ∣ =
∣ ∣ 2

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Question 6 :

Given M = γL

2
∴ M = γmωR

∴ M = γm(Δω)R
2
...(1)

Q×B
But Δω = ..(2)
2m

From (1) and (2)

2
QB −γBQR
2
ΔM = −γm( )R =
2m 2

The negative sign shows that change is opposite to the direction of B.

Question 7 :

7 4 3
Li → He → H
3 2 1
3
Δm =[MLi − MH e − M ]
H

= [6. 01513 − 4. 002603 − 3. 016052]

= −1. 003523u

Δm is negative so reaction is not possible

210 209
(b)
I
Po → B + P
84 83 1

Δm is negative so reaction is not possible.

2 4 6
(c) 1
H →
2
He +
3
Li

Δm is positive so reaction is possible.

70 82 152
(d) 30
Zn →
34
Se +
64
Gd

Δm is positive so reaction is not possible.

Hence, the correct option is (C)

Question 8 :

210 4 206
Po → He + Pb
84 2 82

Q = (209. 982876 − 4. 002603 − 205. 97455)C = 5. 422 MeV

From conservation of momentum,

√2K1 (4) = √2K2 (206)

103
∴ K1 = K2
2

K1 + K2 = 5. 422

2
K2 + K1 = 5. 422
103

105
⇒ K1 = 5. 422
103

∴ K1 = 5. 319MeV = 5319 keV

Question 9 :

F qE q
a =
m
=
m
=
m
(α − βx) ...(i)

α
a = 0 at x =
β
 α
i.e., force on the particle is zero at x =
β

Equation (1) can be written as

dv q
v = (α − βx)
dx m

v q x β
∴ ∫ vdv = ∫ (α − x)dx
0 m 0 2

2qx β
∴ v = √ (α − x)
m 2

2α
v = 0 at x = 0 and x =
β

2α
So, the particle oscillates between x = 0 and x =
β

2α
with mean position at x =
β

2α
Maximum acceleration of the particle is at extreme positions (at x = 0 or x = )
β

q̄ α
and amax =
m
[from equation (i)]

Hence the correct options are (A), (B), (C) and (D).

Question 10 :

dN
A = ln∣
∣
∣
∣
dt

−λt
N = N0 e

dN −λt
∴ = −N0 e × λ
dt

dN
∣ ∣= N e−λt × λ
∣ dt
∣ 0

dN
A = ln∣
∣
∣= ln|N λ|−λt
∣ 0
dt

A = −λt + C

A0 = −λ(0) + C

A0
= −λ(t0 )+C
2

A0 A0
= λt0 ⇒ λ =
2 2t0

Number of radioactive nuclei after one half-life,

 −λt
N = N0 e
ln(2)
−λ N0
N = N0 e λ
=
2

From equation y = m x + C

C = ln|λN0 |= A0

A0
λN0 = e

A
e 0 2tσ A0 N0
⇒ N0 = = ∵ N =
λ A0 2

A A
2t0 e 0 t0 e 0
1
N = × =
2 A0 A0

A
t0 e 0

N =
A0

Hence the correct options are a and c.

Question 11 :

VE = VD = 0 (as they are earthed)

VB = 2V

VC = 10 + 2 = 12V

VA = 12 − 6 = 6V

Now VA − VB = 6 − 2 = 4V

4
∴ Current through 2Ω resistance will be = 2A
2

Similarly, VC − VD = 12 − 0 = 12V

12
∴ Current through 3Ω resistance will be = 4A
3

Now, applying Kirchhoff's junction law we can show that current through DE is zero.

Hence the correct options are a, b, and c

Question 12 :

(a) Incorrect - Gauss's law obey inverse square law

(b) Incorrect -because total charge = 0, Gauss's law is not applicable

(c) correct-

if EP = 0 then q1 and q2 are of same sign.

(d) W = q(VB − VA ) - valid when charge moves slowly but here it is not given that charge
moves slowly.

Therefore D is wrong.

Hence correct option is C

Question 13 :

(a) We assume the sphere to be divided into infinite number of concentric thin shell of
thickness dr. Let us assume such a shell at a radial distance r.

r
Volume of this shell = 2
pdv = 4πr ρdr = 4πr ρ0 (1 −
2

R
)dr

Net charge enclosed in the sphere of radius r

3 4
r 2 r r r
q = ∫ pdv = ∫ 4πρ0 r (1 − )dr = 4πρ0 ( − )
0 R 3 4R

→
Qenclosed
(b) Using Gauss's law ∫ E ⋅ n̂ds =
ϵ

3
R R 3 4 3 πρ0 R
2 r 2 R R R
Qenclosed = ∫ ρ4πr dr = 4πρ0 ∫ (1 − )r dr = 4πρ0 [ − ]= 4πρ0 =
0 0 R 3 4R 12 3

3
πρ0 R
thus, E. 4πr2 =
3ϵ

3
ρ0 R
E =
2
12ϵr

(c) The field at the center of the ring is also zero. This is true because by gymmetry, the field at
the center from any segment of the ring must be in the plane of the ring. Any field component
from a segment of the ring In one direction is cancelled by an equal and opposite component
from a segment 180° from it.

Hence the correct option is (D)

Question 14 :

speed of the first particle at highest point A,

u1 = u0 cos α

Speed of the second particle at the highest

point A is u2 = √u
2
0
− 2gH

2 2
u sin α
where H
0
=
2g

2 2 2
u −2gu sin α
0 0
∴ u2 = √ = u0 cos α
2g

Let î and ĵ be the unit vectors along horizontal and vertical directions respectively.

→ →
Then u1 = u0 cos α î and u2 = u0 cos α ĵ

→
Let v be the velocity of composite system after inelastic collision and θ is the angle which it
makes with the horizontal direction.

According to law of conservation of linear momentum

2m(vx î + vy ĵ)= mu0 cos α î + mu0 cos α ĵ

u0 cos α u0 cos α
We have, vx = and vy =
2 2

vy ( u0 cos α ) /2 π
Then tan θ =
vx
= = 1 or θ =
( u0 cos α ) /2 4

x = 1 and y = 2

Hence, the correct option is (A)

Question 15 :

Let threshold wavelength be λ0

hc
Therefore work function for the surface will be W =
λ0

E−W hc
Stopping potential V =
e
where E is the energy of the incident beam ( ) and e is the
λ

charge on an electron.

Given

hc hc
3eV0 = − ....(i)
λ λ0

hc hc
eV0 = − ....(ii)
2λ λ0

2hc hc
Multiplying the second equation by 3 and subtracting it from the first we get − = 0
λ0 2λ

Solving we get λ0 = 4λ
Hence, the correct option is (A)

Question 16 :

KQx
Ex =
3/2
2 2
( x +q )

KQa
EA =
3/2
2 2
( a +r )

KQ×0.5a
EB =
3/2
2 2
[ (0.5a) +r ]

3/2
2
2
a [ (0.5a) +r ]
EA KQ

EB
=
3/2
× '
2 2 KQ×0.5a
( a +r )

2 3/2
2
(0.5a) +r
1
= [ ]
0.5 a2 +r2

2 2
3/2
EA 0.2 a +r
= 2[ 2 2
]
EB a +r

r
a =
√2

2 3/2
r 2
0.25× +r
2
= 2[ 2
]
r
+r2
2

2
3/2
2.25r
= 2[ 2
]
3r

3/2
2+25
= 2[ ]
3

= 1. 299

≈ 1. 3

13
⇒
10
Hence, the correct option is (D)

Question 17 :

2
y = 4x

compare by y 2 = 4ax

a = 1

focus of given parabola = (a, 0) = (1, 0)

Hence AB Passes through (1, 0)

2
∴ y = y + 1 = 4

y = 2

→
Length of AB = 4 , L = 4m, L = −4ȷ̂

ˆ
i = 4A , B = −8kj

ˆ
Fm = î ⋅( l × B̂)

ˆ ˆ
= 4 × (−4 i × −8k)

ˆ
= 128( î × k)

Fm = 128 î

Hence, the correct option is (A)

Question 18 :When a lens is immersed in a medium whose refractive index is greater than that
of the lens, its nature changes. Here the lens changes its nature when immersed in water it
means its refractive index is less than that of water.
Main Concept :
Refraction of Light(i) Snell's law is μ sin i = constant

or
(ii) If one medium is vacuum, then Snell's law can be written as,

Here, i is angle of ray of light with normal in vacuum (or in air) and r the angle in medium.

(iii) μ = absolute refractive index of a medium

Here, c = speed of light in vacuum and

v = speed of light in the medium.

(iv) 1 μ2 = Refractive index of 2 with respect to 1.

(v)

(vi) 1 μ2 × 2 μ3 × 3 μ1 = 1

vii) More light passing through multiple medium

Other Concepts :

Concept 1 :
Refraction TheoryRefraction Theory To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a
rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence and to measure the angle of incidence,
angle of refraction and angle of emergence and interpret the result.
Concept 2 :

Examples on Refraction formula

Example :- Find the velocity of the ray in a medium having refractive index 2.

c
n =
v

300.00km/h
2 = v = 150.000 km/h
v

Example :- A ray coming from medium X is refracted as shown in the figure

below while passing to the medium Y. Find ratio of the refractive
ο ο
indexes of the mediums. (sin 37 = 0, 6 and sin 53 = 0, 8)
 We use snell's law to solve this example
Snell's Law ;
n1 . sinθ1 = n2 . sinθ2
ο ο
nx . sin 37 = ny . sin 53

Concept 3 :
Dispersion of LightThese colors are often observed as light passes through a triangular prism.
Upon passage through the prism, the white light is separated into its component colors - red,
orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The separation of visible light into its different colors is
known as dispersion

Blue light refracts more than red light due to the difference in wavelength. This causes blue light
to deviate from its original path by a greater angle than the red light.

Angular dispersion and dispersive power:

Angular dispersion: The Angular separation between two extreme colors in the dispersed beam
of light is called angular dispersion.

For white light, red and voilet are the extreme colours and yellow is mean colour
(approximately).

Angular dispersion ......(1)

But δv = A(μ
v
− 1) and δr = A(μ
r
− 1)

equation (1) becomes

∴ δv − δr = A(μ − 1)−A(μ − 1)
v r

∴ δv − δr = A(μ
v
− μ )
r
......(2)

Unit for angular dispersion is degree or radian. It is clear that the angular dispersion depends
upon 1) refracting angle of prism and 2) refractive index i.e. material of prism.

Dispersive power () : The dispersive power of a prism is ability to disperse a beam (ray) of light
into its constituent colours.

The ratio of the angular dispersion between the extreme colours to the deviation of mean
colour is called the dispersive power (

Question 19 :Work done during cyclic process ABCDA

= area enclosed by ABCDA

AB+CD
=( )×AD
2

( 2+1 )
2
= × 10
2

2
= 1.5 × 10 J

= 150 J

Main Concept :
Different Thermodynamic processes(i) Isothermal process

An isothermal process is a constant temperature process. In an isothermal process. (i) T =

constant or ΔT = 0
 1
(ii) P ∝ or PV = constant
V

Thus in an isothermal process :

V f P i
ΔU = 0 and Q = W = nRT ln( )= nRT ln( )
V i P f

(ii) Adiabatic process

An adiabatic process is defined as one with no heat trans into or out of a system Q = 0.

P i V i− P f
P f

Q = 0 and W = −ΔU =
γ−1

PVγ = constant

P
(Slope) = −γ( )
adiabatic V

P
(Slope) = −
isothermal= V

(iii) Isobaric process

An isobaric process is a constant pressure process. In an isobaric process :

(i) P = constant or ΔP = 0

V
(ii) V ∝ T or = constant
T
(iv) Isochoric process

An isochoric process is a constant volume process. In an isochoric process :

(i) V = constant or ΔV = 0

P
(ii) P ∝ T or
T
= constant i.e., P-T graph is a straight line passing through origin.

(iii) As V = constant, hence W = 0 and from first law of thermodynamics

Name of the process Q ΔQ W

V f P i
Isothermal Q=W 0 nRT ln(
V
)= nRT ln(
P
)
i f

P V i− P V
Adiabatic 0 nCV i f f

− ΔU
ΔT γ−1

Isobaric nCPΔT nCVΔT P(Vf – Vi)

Isochoric Q = ΔU = nCVΔT nCPΔT 0

Other Concepts :

Concept 1 :
Work Done From PV GRAPHIf we draw indicator diagram, the area bounded by PV-­graph and
volume axis represents the work done
Work done = P(Vf ­− V )
i

Concept 2 :
Work Done in a Cyclic ProcessIn cyclic process, work done is equal to the area of closed curve.
It is positive if the cycle is clockwise and it is negative if the cycle is anticlockwise.

Work = Area of triangle ABC

1
= ×(V2 − V1 )×(P2 − P1 )
2
Work = Area of rectangle ABCD

= AB × AD

Question 20 :

8
c 3×10 8
∴ v = = = 2 ⋅ 26 × 10 m/s
μ 1⋅33

Main Concept :
Refraction of Light(i) Snell's law is μ sin i = constant

or

(ii) If one medium is vacuum, then Snell's law can be written as,

Here, i is angle of ray of light with normal in vacuum (or in air) and r the angle in medium.

(iii) μ = absolute refractive index of a medium

Here, c = speed of light in vacuum and

v = speed of light in the medium.

(iv) 1 μ2 = Refractive index of 2 with respect to 1.

(v)
(vi) 1 μ2 × 2 μ3 × 3 μ1 = 1

vii) More light passing through multiple medium

Other Concepts :

Concept 1 :
Snell's lawSnell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction
is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of
the ratio of the indices of refraction:

sinθ1 v1 n2
= =
sinθ2 v2 n1

Concept 2 :

Examples on Snell's law

Snell's law gives the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction for a wave
impinging on an interface between two media different indices of refraction. The law follows
from the boundary condition that a wave be continuous across a boundary, which requires that
the phase of the wave be constant on any given plane, resulting in

n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2 ,

Where θ1 and θ2 are the angles from the normal of the incident and refracted waves.
respectively,

Concept 3 :
Refraction TheoryRefraction Theory To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a
rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence and to measure the angle of incidence,
angle of refraction and angle of emergence and interpret the result.
Concept 4 :

Examples on Refraction formula

Example :- Find the velocity of the ray in a medium having refractive index 2.

c
n =
v

300.00km/h
2 = v = 150.000 km/h
v

Example :- A ray coming from medium X is refracted as shown in the figure

below while passing to the medium Y. Find ratio of the refractive
ο ο
indexes of the mediums. (sin 37 = 0, 6 and sin 53 = 0, 8)

We use snell's law to solve this example

Snell's Law ;
n1 . sinθ1 = n2 . sinθ2
ο ο
nx . sin 37 = ny . sin 53

Concept 5 :
Dispersion of LightThese colors are often observed as light passes through a triangular prism.
Upon passage through the prism, the white light is separated into its component colors - red,
orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The separation of visible light into its different colors is
known as dispersion

Blue light refracts more than red light due to the difference in wavelength. This causes blue light
to deviate from its original path by a greater angle than the red light.
Angular dispersion and dispersive power:

Angular dispersion: The Angular separation between two extreme colors in the dispersed beam
of light is called angular dispersion.

For white light, red and voilet are the extreme colours and yellow is mean colour
(approximately).

Angular dispersion ......(1)

But δv = A(μ
v
− 1) and δr = A(μ
r
− 1)

equation (1) becomes

∴ δv − δr = A(μ − 1)−A(μ − 1)
v r

∴ δv − δr = A(μ
v
− μ )
r
......(2)

Unit for angular dispersion is degree or radian. It is clear that the angular dispersion depends
upon 1) refracting angle of prism and 2) refractive index i.e. material of prism.

Dispersive power () : The dispersive power of a prism is ability to disperse a beam (ray) of light
into its constituent colours.

The ratio of the angular dispersion between the extreme colours to the deviation of mean
colour is called the dispersive power (