EAVALUATION OF EFFECT OF FIRE ON FRAME MEMBERS OF STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General

Fire is one of the most severe hazards that building structures may experience during their
lifetime. If structure is damaged by fire, it is necessary to investigate the cause of the fire and
evaluate reusability of the damaged structure. In terms of economic efficiency, it may be a better
approach to retrofit the damaged components of the structure, instead of demolishing it partially or
completely. This decision must be made based on the result of investigations such as the visual
inspection of the damaged structure, test on the structural components, non-destructive test and
analytical investigation. Concrete is a structural material, which performs well under fire conditions
due to its low thermal conductivity and incombustibility. Furthermore, a reinforced concrete (RC)
structure with proper reinforcement details can effectively redistribute loads from damaged region
to undamaged components even if the part of the structure is severely damaged by fire. Therefore,
it is not common for fire damaged RC structures to completely collapse during or after an even of
fire.
In this section a brief review of aspects of structural members subjected to fire is given. The
strength of all engineering materials reduces as their temperature increases. Structural members
such as columns, beams are regulated for fire resistance based on buildings type of construction
mandate a higher level of fire endurance for structural members and assemblies on account of the
critical nature of their function. Type of construction considerations is based primarily on the
potential for building collapse when subjected to fire. Steel is no exception. However, a major
advantage of steel is that it is incombustible and it can fully recover its strength following a fire,
most of the times. During the fire steel absorbs a significant amount of thermal energy. After this
exposure to fire, steel returns to a stable condition after cooling to ambient temperature. During this
cycle of heating and cooling, individual steel members may become slightly bent or damaged,
generally without affecting the stability of the whole structure. From the point of view of economy,
a significant number of steel members may be salvaged following a post-fire review of a fire
affected steel structure. Using the principle “If the member is straight after exposure to fire – the
steel is ok”, many steel members could be left undisturbed for the rest of their service life. Steel
members which have slight distortions may be made dimensionally reusable by simple

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straightening methods and the member may be put to continued use with full expectancy of
performance with its specified mechanical properties. The members which have become unusable
due to excessive deformation may simply be scrapped. In effect, it is easy to retrofit steel structures
after fire. On the other hand, concrete exposed to fire beyond say 600℃, may undergo an
irreversible degradation in mechanical strength and spoiling However it is useful to know the
behavior of steel at higher temperatures and methods available to protect it from damage done to
fire. Provisions related to fire protections are given in section 16 of the ISO 834 code.

1.2 Objectives
➢ Evaluation of fire resistance to ISO 834
➢ Effect of fire on Steel
➢ Effect of fire on Concrete
➢ Effect of high temperatures on different Types of structural members

1.2.1 Evaluation of fire resistance to ISO 834

There are three procedures for design and evaluation of fire resistance with respect to the
standard fire:
➢ Procedure 1-By use of tabulated data.
➢ Procedure 2-By actual fire testing of full scale model in specialized laboratories and issues
of certificates.
➢ Procedure 3-By theoretical fire engineering calculations of ultimate strength of the
members.

1.2.2 Effect of high temperatures on different types of structural members

➢ Members like beams and slabs are heated and tensile zones are directly exposed to fire.
➢ In such cases the ultimate load is reached when tensile reinforcement reaches the critical
temperature at which yielding starts under the actual dead load stresses.
1.2.3 Effect of fire on concrete

In concrete, strength decreases and deformation increases with rise in temperature.

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Fig. No. 1.1 Decrease in strength and elastic moduli of concrete and steel with temperature

1.3 Layout of project work

➢ In this dissertation report, chapter one highlights introduction, definition, classification,

objectives of effect of fire on steel and concrete.
➢ The chapter two presents historical review and study carried out by various researches in
the field of various concrete specimens with and without effect of fire.
➢ The chapter three presents brief review about the material properties and mix design
procedure and the methodology adopted for mixing and test procedure for fresh and
hardened concrete.
➢ The chapter four titled experimental and analytical investigation contains detailed results,
observations and discussions for Evaluation of effect of fire on frame members of structure
with different grades of concrete contain cement, crushed sand, fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate.
➢ The conclusions are formed as chapter five based on results and observations of
experimental and analytical investigation.

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CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of literature

Review of papers has been conducted on the mix proportion, mechanical and durability of
concrete. The following literature review discusses the mix proportion, properties, design and
analysis of different concrete specimens of structure experimentally and analytically. Also
discusses the effect of fire on frame members of structure at different temperature and time.

2.2 The following researchers have carried out the experimental study related
to the dissertation topic.

V. K. R. Kodur and T. T. Lie studied that a numerical model to calculate the temperatures,
deformations and fire resistance of loaded circular hollow steel columns filled with steel fiber-
reinforced concrete was presented. For this purpose, they used the numerical model, the mechanical
and thermal properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete, expressed as a function of temperature,
were determined. Predictions from the numerical model was compared with experimental data.
Their results indicate the model was capable of predicting the fire resistance of circular hollow steel
columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete with an accuracy that was adequate for practical
purposes. The model should be used to evaluate the fire resistance of circular steel columns filled
with fiber-reinforced concrete for any value of the significant parameters-such as load, column
section dimensions, column length and concrete strength-without the necessity of test in.
K.H. Tan and Y. Yao performed fire resistance of reinforced concrete column subjected to
1,2,3-face heating. They developed a simple and rational design method to predict the fire resistance
of 4-face heated RC columns. The predictions of the proposed method agree well with test results.
The effects of elevated temperature on material deterioration with regard to the strength and
stability of columns were quantified. For columns under 1- or 3-face heating, only uniaxial bending
needs to be considered, but for 2-face heating, the effect of biaxial bending was taken into account.
James A. Milke studied analytical methods to evaluate fire resistance of structural members
and also found analytical assessment of fire resistance includes four principal aspects: fire exposure,
material effects, thermal response and structural response. He described that the fire exposure
focused on the heating conditions associated with the exposure. Material effects include material

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properties as a function of temperature along with physical or chemical effects of the elevated
temperature exposure. He Analyzed the thermal response results in determining the temperature
profile within the exposed structural member.
T. T. Lie studied fire resistance of circular steel columns filled with bar-reinforced concrete.
Experimental and theoretical study had been carried out by author to predict the fire resistance of
rectangular hollow steel columns filled with bar-reinforced concrete. His results indicate that the
model was capable of predicting the fire resistance of square hollow steel columns, filled with bar-
reinforced concrete, with an accuracy that was adequate for practical purposes.
Y. Sakumotofl, T. Okada, M. Yoshida and S. Tasaka studied fire resistance of concrete-
filled, fire-resistant steel-tube columns. They were found experimental results of full-scale fire tests
with loading on concrete-filled steel-tube (CFST) columns using fire-resistant (FR) steel for
building structural use. By covering the tube surface with protection having lower insulation
properties, CFST columns would be achieve a superior fire resistance, taking advantage of the heat
capacity of inner concrete effectively and they could resist the bending moments caused by
eccentric loading without inner reinforcing bars by keeping steel temperature below 600~
Reinforcing bars are difficult to arrange because inner diaphragms are provided at the beam-column
connections against earthquakes in Japan. Their Fire tests with loading of CFST columns using
ordinary steel were also performed for comparison. Aluminum hydroxide calcium carbonate
cement-type protection (ceramic protection) and foaming-type intumescent coating were used for
the protection material. The fire tests with loading were carried out at the furnace in the General
Building Research Corporation.
B. A. Izzuddin, and A. Y. Elghazouli studied the failure of lightly reinforced concrete
members under fire conditions, with particular emphasis taken to the catenary action arising from
axial restraint at the supports and the ensuing rupture of the reinforcement. The relevance of that
work stems from the need to make a fundamental step toward understanding the conditions that
influence the failure of a steel-decked composite floor slab, which was shown to became effectively
lightly reinforced at elevated temperature. Their new analytical model was proposed for lightly
reinforced members subject to axial restraint, which accounts for the compressive arch and tensile
catenary stages, bond-slip, yielding, and rupture of the steel reinforcement as well as the effect of
elevated temperature. The versatility of their proposed model and the conditions which govern
that’s validity were illustrated in this paper through comparisons with detailed computations based

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on nonlinear finite element analysis. The companion paper utilizes the proposed analytical model
to perform a parametric investigation into the factors influencing the failure of lightly reinforced
members and to highlight key implications for structural fire resistance design.
Bruce Ellingwood' and T. D. Lin. studied flexural and shear behavior of concrete beams
during fires. Four beams were exposed to the standard ASTM El 19 fires and two to a short-duration
high-intensity (SDHI) fire developed using realistic fire-load and compartment-ventilation
parameters. All six beams developed significant shear cracks near the continuous support rather
early in the fire, but eventually failed from excessive flexural cracking and deformation.

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CHAPTER 03
RESEARCH PROBLEM FORMULATION -
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

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CHAPTER 03
RESEARCH PROBLEM FORMULATION -
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
3.1 Introduction

This dissertation report deals with methodology through experimental and analytical analysis
on property and ingredients of concrete specimens with and without effect of fire. It is well known
that concrete is very good in resisting compressive forces, but it is found to be weak against tensile
forces. It has the qualities of flexibility and ability to redistribute stresses, but it possesses a limited
ductility and very little resistance to cracking.
By literature review, burnt or fire affected concrete specimens compressive strength of cube
and flexural strength of beam is reduced as compare to without effect of fire.
The present study aims to carry out proportioning of M20 and M25 grade of concrete. These
concrete specimens compressive strength and flexural strength with and without effect of fire. This
experimental and analytical study would make it possible for designer to check the reduction in
compressive as well as flexural strength, reduction in workability of various concrete specimens.
The details of experimental and analytical study, material used, design mix sample and various test
performed are described as below.

3.1.1 Standard ISO 834

The Standard temperature-time curve ISO 834, also known as the Cellulosic curve and/or the
standard nominal fire curve, is used to test the fire resistance of materials subjected to a category
"A" fire hazard i.e. with the fire hazard rating based on the burning rate of general combustible
building materials and building contents. The ISO 834 is the least "intensive" of the fire curves.
Previous tests on intumescent materials, using the bench-scale cone calorimeter to simulate the ISO
834 curve, imposed a constant radiant heat flux as per ISO5660 (Mesquita, 2009). The ISO 834
curve below represents a fully developed fire in a compartment and shows that temperature
increases with time at a constant rate. Within this research study it is intended to test Intumescent
coatings, using a bench-scale cone calorimeter and the fire propagation apparatus, by developing a
more accurate ISO 834 radiant heat flux curve. The radiant heat flux imposed on the samples will
be numerically analyses and calibrated to simulate the ISO 834 curve. This will differ from previous

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tests, in that the applied heat flux will vary with time during the test i.e. irradiance will
not be constant.
The standard temperature-time curve is defined by the following expression:
T=Tₒ+345log10(8t+1)
Where,
t is time (min)
T is the furnace temperature (°C) at time t
Tₒ is the initial furnace temperature (°C)
Following are three assessment procedure for assessing fire resistance of reinforced concrete
members.
➢ On tests under the standard heating conditions, as formulated by ISO 834.
➢ Direct application of a structures or elements based on concept of the equivalent fire
exposure which tries to relate the effects of an arbitrary given fire to those of ISO 834
standards fire.
➢ Engineering calculations based on experimental data.

3.1.2 Definition

A Standard fire can be defined as a standardized time dependent temperature development

according to the standard heating conditions stated in ISO 834.

Fig. No. 3.1 Temperature time relationship in ISO standard fire

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3.1.3 Classification

The fire resistance of a structural members is expressed in two ways-

➢ Directly by a fire resistance time in hour or minutes
example-0.5hour or 30 min
➢ Indirectly by fire resistance classes such as F30, F60, F90, F240 which respect the minimum
fire resistance time in minutes.

3.2 Constituents of concrete

3.2.1 Cement

The 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which complies with IS: 12269-1987 is used
in the present study. The physical properties are given in Table 3.1

Table 3.1 The physical properties of cement (OPC 53 Grade)

Sr. No. Specific gravity 3.15

1 Standard consistency 31%

2 Initial setting time 76 min
3 Final setting time 380 min

3.2.2 Fine aggregate

Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce
shrinkage and effect economy. One of the most important factors for producing workable concrete
is good gradation of aggregates. The material which passes through BIS test sieve no. 480 is termed
as fine aggregate. Sieve analysis of the fine aggregate was carried out in the laboratory as per IS
383:1970 and results are provided in table. The fine aggregate was first sieved through 12.5 mm
sieve to remove any particle greater than 10 mm and then was washed to remove the dust.

Material = 10 mm

Weight = 7000 grams

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Table 3.2 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

Weight Cumulative % Cumulative

Sieve size retained wt. retained wt. retained % Passing
(gm) (gm) (gm)
12.5 mm 0 0 0 100
10 mm 706 706 10.08 89.92
8 mm 4208 4914 70.2 29.8
6.3 mm 1764 6678 95.4 4.6
4.75 mm 304 6982 99.74 0.26
2.36 mm 18 7000 - -
1.18 mm 0 7000 - -
600 µ 0 7000 - -
Pan 0 7000 - -

Particle size of fine aggregate used in experiment is below 12.5 mm. Fineness modulus and
specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate are 2.75 and 2.9286 and 1.7% resp.

3.2.3 Coarse aggregate

The fractions from 80 mm to 4.75 mm are termed as coarse aggregate. The material which is
retained on BIS test sieve no. 480 is termed as a coarse aggregate. The broken stone is generally
used as a coarse aggregate. The nature of work decides the maximum size of the coarse aggregate.
Locally available coarse aggregate having maximum size of 20 mm was used in the present work.
Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate used was carried out and results are provided in table 3.3

Material = 20 mm

Weight = 7000 grams

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Table 3.3 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

Weight Cumulative wt. % Cumulative

Sieve size retained retained wt. retained % Passing
(gm) (gm) (gm)
25 mm 0 0 0 100

20 mm 414 414 5.91 94.09

10 mm 2570 2984 42.62 57.38
4.75 mm 3136 6120 87.42 12.58
2.36mm 836 6956 99.37 0.63
1.18mm 40 6996 99.94 0.06
600 µ 4 7000 - -
300 µ 0 7000 - -
150 µ 0 7000 - -
Pan 0 7000 - -

Particle size of coarse aggregate used in experiment is below 25 mm. Fineness modulus and
specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate are 3.35 and 2.9435 and 1.4% resp.

3.2.4 Crushed sand

Now a day there is scarcity of river sand so there is need of such material which is alternative
for river sand and is available or made easily. We use crushed sand as alternative for river sand.
There are various samples of crushed sand available locally. Crushed sand are the important
constituents in concrete. One of the most important factors for producing workable concrete is good
gradation of aggregates. The material which passes through BIS test sieve no. 480 is termed as fine
aggregate. The sand used for the experimental work was locally procured and conformed to grading
zone III. Sieve analysis of the crushed sand was carried out in the laboratory as per IS 383:1970
and results are provided in table. The sand was first sieved through 4.75 mm sieve to remove any
particle greater than 4.75 mm and then was washed to remove the dust.
Material = Manufactured sand
Weight = 1000 grams

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Table 3.4 Sieve analysis of crushed sand

Weight Cumulative % Cumulative

Sieve size retained wt. retained wt. retained % Passing
(gm) (gm) (gm)
10.00 mm 0 0 0.00 100.00
4.75 mm 88 88 8.8 91.2
2.36 mm 130 218 21.8 78.2
1.18 mm 318 536 53.6 46.4
600 µ 320 856 85.6 14.4
300 µ 130 986 98.6 1.4
150 µ 14 990 99 1.0
Pan 10 1000 - 0.00

Particle size of crushed sand used in experiment is below 4.75mm. Fineness modulus and
specific gravity and water absorption of crushed sand are 3.67 and 2.79 and 2% resp.

3.3 Potable water

Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the chemical reaction

with cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water
is required to be looked into very carefully. In present work tap water is used for both mixing and
curing.

3.4 Dust

Dust is very fine particle, it comes from stone crusher. This dust collected at stone crusher by
various methods

3.5 Mix design concrete

Proportioning of concrete mix can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients
of concrete and determine their relative quantities with an object of producing economical concrete
having minimum required strength, workability and durability. This process is generally called as
design of “Design Mix”.

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As with any other type of concrete, the mix proportions depend upon the requirements for a
particular job, in terms of strength, workability, and so on.

3.5.1 Mix proportioning of M20 grade of concrete

Design of grade M20

Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days = 20 MPa

Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
Degree of workability = Medium
Degree of quality control = Good
Type of exposure = Mild

Test data for materials

Specific gravity of cement (PPC) = 3.15

Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate = 2.9435 and 1.4%
Specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate = 2.9286 and 1.7%
Specific gravity and water absorption of crushed sand = 2.79 and 2%
Free surface moisture
Coarse aggregate = Nil
Fine aggregate = Nil

Mix design calculation:

1) Target strength
Fck´ = fck + 1.65 x s
From IS 10262:2009, table no. 1
s = Standard deviation for M20
s = 4 N/mm
fck’ = 20+1.65 x 4 = 26.6 N/mm²
2) Selection of water cement ratio
From IS 456, table no. 5
Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.5
Adopted water-cement ratio = 0.5

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3) Selection of water content

From IS 10262:2009, table no. 2
For slump = 25 mm
Maximum water content = 186 liter
4) Calculation of cement content
w/c ratio = 0.5
Water content 186
cement content = w = = 372 kg/m³
ratio 0.5
c

From IS 10262:2009, table no. 5

372 kg/m³ > 250 kg/m³
5) Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
From IS 10262:2009, table no. 3
Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm and Zone of Coarse aggregate and Fine aggregate in
Zone II is 0.5 = 0.62
Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate = 0.62
Volume of fine aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate = 1 - 0.62 = 0.38
6) Mix calculation
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m³
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
b) Volume of cement = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
372
= 3.15 𝑥 1000 = 0.1181 m³
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
c) Volume of water = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
186
= 1 𝑥 1000 = 0.186 m³

d) Volume of all in aggregate = a-(b+c) = 1 – (0.1181 + 0.186) = 0.6959 m³

e) Mass of coarse aggregate = volume of all in aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregate
(20mm and 10mm) x volume of coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.6959 x 2.9360 x 0.62 x 1000 = 1266.78 kg
f) Mass of fine aggregate = volume of all in aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregate
(crushed sand) x volume of coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.6959 x 2.79 x 0.38 x 1000 = 737.8 kg

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7) Calculated quantity

Cement = 372 kg
Water = 186 liter
Fine aggregate = 737.8 kg
Coarse aggregate = 1266.78 kg
w/c ratio = 0.5

8) Site correction

a) Absorption of crushed sand = 2%

= 737.8 x 2/100 = 14.756 liter
b) Absorption of coarse aggregate = 1.4%
= 912.08 x 1.4/100 = 12.769 liter
c) Absorption of fine aggregate = 1.7%
= 354.7 x 1.7/100 = 6.029 liter
d) Actual amount of water to be used = 186+14.576+12.769+6.029
= 219.55 liter
e) Actual weight of crushed sand = 737.8 - 14.756
= 723.044 kg/m³
f) Actual weight of coarse aggregate (20mm) = 912.08 – 12.769
= 900 kg/m³
g) Actual weight of fine aggregate (10mm) = 354.7 – 6.029
= 348.67 kg/m³

9) Actual quantity

Cement = 372 kg
Water = 219.55 liter
Fine aggregate = 723.044 kg
(crushed sand)
Coarse aggregate = 1248.67 kg
(20mm and 10mm)
w/c ratio = 0.59

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10) Design mix proportion

Content Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

By weight (kg) 219.55 372 723.044 1248.67
Proportion 0.59 1 1.9436 3.3566

3.5.2 Mix proportioning of M25 grade of concrete

Design of grade M25
Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days = 25 MPa
Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
Degree of workability = Medium
Degree of quality control = Good
Type of exposure = Mild
Free surface moisture
Coarse aggregate = Nil
Fine aggregate = Nil
Test data for materials
Specific gravity of cement (PPC) = 3.15
Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate = 2.9435 and 1.4%
Specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate = 2.9286 and 1.7%
Specific gravity and water absorption of crushed sand = 2.79 and 2%

Mix design calculation:

1) Target strength
Fck´ = fck + 1.65 x s
From IS 10262:2009, table no. 1
s = Standard deviation for M25
s = 4 N/mm
fck’ = 25+1.65 x 4
=31.6 N/mm²

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2) Selection of water cement ratio

From IS 456, table no. 5
Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.5
Adopted water-cement ratio = 0.45
3) Selection of water content
From IS 10262:2009, table no. 2
For slump = 25-50 mm
Maximum water content = 186 liter
4) Calculation of cement content
w/c ratio = 0.5
Water content 186
cement content = w = 0.45 = 415 kg/m³
ratio
c

From IS 10262:2009, table no. 5

415 kg/m³ > 300 kg/m³
5) Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
From IS 10262:2009, table no. 3
Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm and Zone of Coarse aggregate and Fine
aggregate in Zone II is 0.5 = 0.62
Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate = 0.62
Volume of fine aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate = 1 - 0.62 = 0.38
6) Mix calculation

a) Volume of concrete = 1 m³
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
b) Volume of cement = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
415
= = 0.13174 m³
3.15 𝑥 1000
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
c) Volume of water = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
186
= 1 𝑥 1000 = 0.186 m

d) Volume of all in aggregate = a-(b+c)

= 1 – (0.13174 + 0.186) = 0.682 m³

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e) Mass of coarse aggregate = volume of all in aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregate
(20mm and 10mm) x volume of coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.682 x 2.9360 x 0.62 x 1000 = 1241.45 kg
f) Mass of fine aggregate = volume of all in aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregate
(crushed sand) x volume of coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.682 x 2.79 x 0.38 x 1000 = 723.05 kg
7) Calculated quantity

Cement = 415 kg
Water = 186 liter
Fine aggregate = 723.05 kg
Coarse aggregate = 1241.45 kg
w/c ratio = 0.45
8) Site correction
a) Absorption of crushed sand = 2%
= 723.05 x 2/100 = 14.461 liter
b) Absorption of coarse aggregate = 1.4%
= 869.015 x 1.4/100 = 12.166 liter
c) Absorption of fine aggregate = 1.7%
= 372.435 x 1.7/100 = 6.33 liter
d) Actual amount of water to be used = 186+14.461+12.166+6.33
= 218.957 liter
e) Actual weight of crushed sand = 723.05 - 14.461
= 708.589 kg/m³
f) Actual weight of coarse aggregate (20mm) = 869.015-12.166
= 856.849 kg/m³
g) Actual weight of fine aggregate (10mm) = 372.435-6.33
= 366.105 kg/m³
9) Actual quantity
Cement = 415 kg
Water = 218.957 liter

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Fine aggregate = 708.589 kg

(crushed sand)
Coarse aggregate = 1222.954 kg
(20mm and 10mm)
w/c ratio = 0.52
10) Design mix proportion

Content Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

By weight (kg) 218.957 415 708.589 1222.954
Proportion 0.52 1 1.70 2.94

3.6 Experimental methodology

3.6.1 Test specimens

The experimental work consists of tests of standard size control concrete specimens with
cement, crushed sand, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate. The casting and tests were conducted to
find the compressive strength on the cubes of size 150 mm X 150 mm X 150 mm. In addition to
this the casting and tests were conducted to find the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity on
beam specimen of size 100 mm X 100mm X 500 mm size under two-point loads.

3.6.2 Batching, mixing, and casting the specimens

Careful procedure is adopted in the batching, mixing and casting operations. First of all,
quantity of all materials required for mix are calculated then weight batching is done with an
accuracy of 5 grams. The concrete mixture is prepared by hand mixing on a watertight platform.
The cement, crushed sand, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate are thoroughly mixed in the dry
state. Then 60%water is added carefully so that no water is lost during mixing. Then with 40%
remaining water added in concrete. Mixing is carried out until a consistent mix is obtained. Then
surface of the moulds are covered with oil in order to avoid the development of bond between the
mould and concrete and also on the contact surface at the bottom of mould and the base plate so
that water does not escape during filling. Moulds are filled soon after mixing. Moulds are filled in
three layers and each layer is well compacted. Compaction is done by Table vibrator. Vibrations is
continued for 3 minutes to ensure uniform compaction. After compaction the top surface of the

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concrete is properly finished with the help of trowel. The filled moulds are stored undisturbed for
24 hours and then striped and further kept for curing for specified period.

3.6.3 Curing methodology

The cube specimens for compressive strength cure at normal temperature for 24 hours. The
beam specimen for flexural strength and modulus of elasticity cured at normal temperature water
curing for 28 days.

Fig. No. 3.2 Normal water curing

3.6.4 Field operation for effect of fire on concrete specimens

various concrete specimens like cubes and beams are casted for different grade of concrete.
These concrete specimens are burnt in kiln and furnace for one-hour and two-hour duration
respectively. As referred from ISO 834, after one-hour fire temperature reaches across 350℃ and
after two-hour fire temperature reaches across 520℃. The temperature given in ISO 834 for one-
hour and two-hour fire duration and temperature reached in furnace for one-hour and two-hour fire
duration is same or not should checked. When concrete cube is heated in furnace for one-hour and
two-hour duration, it is observed that temperature reaches at 350℃ and 520℃. So, furthermore
goes to field operation for burning concrete specimens for respected fire duration. Fire temperature
checking is necessary in furnace because we are not able to measure fire temperature for respected
time at the time of field operation. It’s difficult to measure on field, that’s why fire temperature for
one-hour and two-hour duration is checked in furnace. Then field operational or fire affected burnt

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concrete specimens are tested in laboratory for compressive strength test and flexural strength test
and compare their results with concrete specimens tested for room temperature or without effect of
fire.

Fig No. 3.3 Effect of fire in kiln

Fig No. 3.4 Effect of fire on field

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3.6.5 Testing of concrete

This chapter discusses some important tests to be performed on the concrete which checks
some very important properties of concrete which affect largely on the performance of structure as
well as ensures that concrete would not cause any problem on the site and perform as per
specification.

[Link] Testing of workability of concrete

Workability is the property of concrete concerned with its water-cement ratio, transportation,
placement and compaction of concrete. A concrete is said to be workable if the mix can be
transported, placed and finished properly with sufficient case without segregation. The workable
concrete exhibits very little internal friction and reduces the compacting efforts and also gives a
better finished surface.

[Link] Test for compressive strength of concrete

Compression test is the important test conducted on hardened concrete because most of the
desired characteristics of concrete are qualitatively related to compressive strength. The main
objective of the test is control of quality and to check that the concrete at site has developed required
strength. It gives your idea of adjustment to be made in further mixes.

Fig. No. 3.5 Compression test

Compressive strength (MPa) = Failure load / cross sectional area.

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[Link] Test for flexural strength of concrete

Direct measurement of tensile strength of concrete is difficult while a number of

investigations involving the direct measurement of tensile strength have been made. Beam tests are
found to be dependable to measure the flexural strength property of concrete. The standard size of
specimen is 10 x 10 x 50 cm or 15 x 15 x 70 cm. The load shall be applied at the third points of the
supporting spans. The load is divided equally between two loading rollers; load is applied axially
without subjecting to specimen to any tensional stresses or restrains. The flexural strength of
specimen shall be expressed as the modulus of rupture.

Fig. No. 3.6 Third point loading for flexural strength of concrete
Third point loading - half the load is applied at each third of span length. Maximum stress is present
over the center 1/3 portion of the beam.

Fig. No. 3.7 Centre point loading for flexural strength of concrete
Centre- point loading the entire load is applied at the center span. The maximum stress is present
only at the center of the beam.
The flexural strength of the specimen shall be expressed as the modulus of rupture fb, which, if ‘a’
equals the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the center line
of the tensile side of the specimen, in cm, shall be calculated to the nearest follows.
A) When ‘a’ is greater than 20.0 cm for 15.0 cm specimen or greater than 13.3 cm for a 10cm
specimen.
Flexural strength (MPa) = (P x L) / (b x d2)

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Where,
P = Failure load,
L = Centre to center distance between the support = 600mm,
b = width of specimen=150 mm,
d = depth of specimen= 150 mm.
B) When ‘a’ is less than 20.0 cm. but greater than 17.0 cm for 15.00 cm. Specimen or ‘a’ is
less than 13.30 cm. but greater than 11.00 cm for 10.00 cm specimen.
fb x 3pa
Flexural strength (MPa) =
𝑏 𝑥 𝑑²
Where,
b = measured width in cm of the specimen.
d = measured depth in cm of the specimen at the point of failure.
a = length in cm of the span on which the specimen was supported and
p = maximum load in Kg applied to the specimen.

Fig. No. 3.8 Tested beam specimen on UTM

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[Link] Experiment for strain measurement of concrete using video gauge

instrument
Modulus of elasticity (also known as elastic modulus, the coefficient of elasticity) of a
material is a number which is defined by the ratio of the applied stress to the corresponding stain
within the elastic limit. Physically it indicates a material’s resistance to being deformed when a
stress is applied to it. Modulus of elasticity also indicates the stiffness of the material. Value of
elastic modulus is higher for the stiffer materials.
The modulus of elasticity is determined using video gauge equipment. The technical specifications
for video gauge measurement system are as follows.

Fig. No. 3.9 iMetrum video gauge equipment

Application
Simultaneous measurement of deformations like strain, displacement, rotation, shear strain etc. on
various materials including metals and alloys, plastics, composites, concrete etc.

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General features
Works on pattern recognition technology which tracks point to point movement on the specimen.
Non-contact continuous measurement through sample break.
Real time measurement on100 or more target points.
Time stamped measurement for easy synchronization with any other data streams.
Perform measurements in tension/compression/shear/3pt/4pt bend modes.
Gauge length range of 5 mm to 200 mm or higher.
Strain measurement range of 0.1 to 1000% or better.
Direct strain output without any need of calibration.
Meet and exceed requirements of ASTM E83 and ISO9513.
Flexibility-stand-alone deformation measurement system or integration with computerized load
frames of any Make having analog/digital interface and Calibration facility.
Accept ±1V, ±5V, ±10 V signals from connected sensors to record data.
Temperature testing capability between 20°C to60°C or better.

Hardware
Camera
GigE PoE camera,50fps, 2048 x 1088 or better

Lens
Vendors have lenses for various applications.
Offers fixed focal length lenses of 50 mm and 8mm, resolution range of 0.5 µm to 5 µm (depending
upon working distance).
• Light source Low energy LED light
• Tripod Suitable sturdy tripods

Controller
High end dedicated controller to support 4 or more cameras, high end graphic card, video
recording over 2000MB/s or better, multiple USB ports, LED display, keyboard and mouse,
110/240V AC and 12 V or 24 V DC power, compatible with external Li-ion battery power pack

Software
Complete software package with test setup and control tools shall be offered.

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Offers unlimited virtual targets on any given specimen.

Facility to resize the virtual target.
Real time measurements of 100 or more virtual targets.
Post process mode to analyze various parameters using recorded video.
Full control of camera settings including capture rate, exposure etc.
Video zoom in/zoom out facility in Measurement setup and calibration mode. Analog/digital signal
I/O calibration Module for integration with various load frames.
Video input selection module to support and synchronize up to 8 cameras.

[Link] Sample procedure for determination of stain by using video gauge

measurement system.
First of all, we will create a new test. In the main Video Gauge window menu, select File\New
Test\Using Cameras\Blank Document.
A window should appear within the main Video Gauge window that displays the video feed
from your chosen video source as in the picture below.

Fig. No. 3.10 Video gauge window menu

Ensure that you are in measurements mode by clicking the measurements button in the
navigation bar on the left side of the main window.

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On the right-hand side of the main window is a measurement toolbox. Click on the Strain
folder to expand it and click on the "Strain (%)" measurement. Single click somewhere in the
image to add a new strain measurement.

Fig. No. 3.11 Measurement toolbox window

Select the Pointer tool in the measurement toolbox or press Escape on your keyboard to
quickly select the pointer tool. You can now select the strain measurement in the video window by
left clicking on one of the handles. For a strain gauge these handles are either on the red circle in
the center of the gauge or one of the crosshairs at each end of the gauge.
You can reposition the gauge by left clicking and dragging the circle at the center of the gauge or
reposition one of the end points by left clicking and dragging one of the crosshairs at each end.
There are also some tools for helping to orientate and position the gauge that can be accessed by
right clicking on one of the handles and selecting an option from the drop-down list.
When the gauge is selected, you can see the target boxes at each end. These define the regions that
are going to be used to track the movement of the end points. They can be resized using the 8

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handles around the target rectangle. To resize the target asymmetrically, hold ctrl +shift while
dragging the handles.
Use the handles and tools to position the gauge over the specimen in the location that you want.

Fig. No. 3.12 Positioning of strain gauge

When the strain gauge has been positioned correctly, click the Graphs button in on the left-
hand side of the main window.

In the graphs control window, click the Add button to add a new graph. In the first column
select Time and in the second column select Strain 1.

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Fig. No. 3.13 The graphs control window

Next, click the Test button in the navigation bar to move in to testing mode.

Press Start Test. Video Gauge is now tracking your points and outputting results to the meter’s
window and the graphs. Press Stop Test when you are done.

Fig. No. 3.14 The meter’s window and the graphs during testing

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If you wish to examine the test results or seek to a particular part of the test for closer inspection,
this can be done in review mode. To enter review mode, click the Review button on the navigation
bar.

Fig. No. 3.15 The meter’s window and the graphs in review mode

To export the results of the test to a CSV file, select File/Export Results... in the main Video
Gauge window menu. In the resulting window press the Export button. Type in a file name in the
save window and press Save. You can then open the CSV file in your chosen program.

Modulus of Elasticity is determined from strains and corresponding stress which are recorded
by video gauge measurement system by using relationship between stress and strain within elastic
limit i.e. E= stress / strain

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3.7 Closing remark

In this chapter the process of with and without effect of fire of concrete cube and beam is
discussed. The various Indian standards used for the effect of fire at different time and temperature
is discussed. The experimental facility available in the laboratory is presented. The various
experimental test performed to carry out loss of flexural strength and compressive strength for with
and without effect of fire is discussed. Also, Video Gauge iMetrum test performed for calculating
strain of above concrete specimens for calculating modulus of elasticity. In the next chapter
analytical study is discussed.

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CHAPTER 04
RESEARCH PROBLEM FORMULATION-
ANALYTICAL PROGRAM

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CHAPTER 04
RESEARCH PROBLEM FORMULATION-
ANALYTICAL PROGRAM
4.1 Introduction

During analytical study, certain set of assumptions regarding idealization of the material; like
grade of concrete, grade of steel etc. are required to be made to simplify the analysis to simulate
with field conditions. Present analytical study aims to evaluate the effect of fire on frame members
of structure using ETABS 2016 Software. ETABS (Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of
Building System), a product of Computers and Structures, it is an engineering software product that
caters to multistory building analysis and design. ETABS has modeling tools and templates, code-
based load prescriptions, analysis methods and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-
like geometry that makes it a user-friendly tool specifically developed for building systems. Basic
or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions may be evaluated using ETABS. Seismic
analysis for understanding the response of structure using changing its material property as taken
from effect of 1hr, 2hr, 3hr etc. fire is possible in ETABS; in our present study. So, ETABS 2016
software is used to understand response of buildings after changing its properties as like the
properties of effect of fire at different fire duration.

4.2 Necessity of analytical methodology

The present study aims to evaluate the analytical performance of RC building frames with
different plans considering different material properties and sectional properties. To check variation
of bending moments, shear forces, deflection and axial forces in different frame members. To study
failure of members of structure after changing its properties and compare their results.

4.3 ETABS models for analysis

For analytical study different proto type structures are analyses using ETABS 2016 software.
The input data given to this prototype structures are similar to that given for scale down models.
The geometric and material properties of the prototype structures are given in table below. The
earlier experimental investigation reveal that the strength is reduced by effect of fire at different
fire duration. Here I change strength of concrete after one-hour fire is 20 N/mm² to 18 N/mm² and

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after two-hour fire 13 N/mm². similarly, for strength of steel after one-hour fire is 415 N/mm² to
373 N/mm² and after two-hour fire is 250 N/mm².

Table 4.1 Geometric and material properties of building frames

Sr. No. Descriptions ETABS Models

1 Model 1 2 3
2 No of stories 4 4 4
3 Ht. of top stories 3.35m 3.35m 3.35m
4 Ht. of bottom stories 4.0m 4.0m 4.0m
5 Grade of concrete M20 M18 M13
Reduction factor of
6 1 0.9 0.63
concrete
7 Grade of steel Fe415 Fe373 Fe250
Reduction factor of
8 1 0.9 0.6
steel
9 Fire duration 0 min 60 min 120 min
10 Slab thickness 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm
Size of external 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm
11
column
Size of internal 300 mm*300 mm 300 mm*300 mm 300 mm*300 mm
12
column
13 Size of beam 300mm*450mm 300mm*450mm 300mm*450mm
24.86 KN/m² at 24.86 KN/m² at 24.86 KN/m² at
left and right span left and right span left and right span
14 Dead load on floor
21.15 KN/m² at 21.15KN/m² at 21.15KN/m² at
middle span middle span middle span
13.684 KN/m² at 13.684 KN/m² at 13.684 KN/m² at
left and right span left and right span left and right span
15 Dead load on roof
8.375 KN/m² at 8.375 KN/m² at 8.375 KN/m² at
middle span middle span middle span

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7.74 KN/m² at left 7.74 KN/m² at 7.74 KN/m² at left

and right span left and right span and right span
16 Live load on floor
4 KN/m² at middle 4 KN/m² at 4 KN/m² at
span middle span middle span
3.32 KN/m² at left 3.32 KN/m² at 3.32 KN/m² at left
and right span left and right span and right span
17 Live load on roof
1.75 KN/m² at 1.75 KN/m² at 1.75 KN/m² at
middle span middle span middle span

4.4 Procedure for making models in ETAB 2016: -

Step 1) Generation of new model

Fig. No. 4.1 Generation of new model

For analytical study prototype structures are analysis using ETABS-2016. In this software
generating new model from file tabs on quick access tools select on new model. If you want to
open, save, save as, import, export, create video, print graphics, create report, capture picture,
project information, etc. all categories like other software’s are given in file tabs.

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Fig. No. 4.2 Model initialization

In this figure 4.2 you should give the model initialization like, display units, steel section
database, steel design code, concrete design code must give it to software before model design.
In India, we are gone through ‘Metric SI’ units, steel section database ‘Indian’, steel design code
IS 800:2007, concrete design code IS 456:2000.

Step 2) Data required for model

Fig. No. 4.3 Data required for model

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For preparing model you should give specific storey data which is given in new model quick
templates. First of all, you need to give storey dimensions i.e. number of storey, typical storey
height, bottom storey height as per your plan. There after gone through grid plan, if you want your
own grid spacing details as per your plan it is gives through custom grid spacing option. Then just
click on edit grid data and add structural objects which is given in fig. 4.3.

Fig. No. 4.4 Grid system data

After selecting edit grid data option there will opened a new command i.e. grid system data.
Here you need to give all spacing of grid like column to column spacing or beam dimension as per
ordinates or as per center grid spacing both X and Y directions respectively.

Step 3) Preparing a grid

Once you give all data required for model click on ok to open your model or entire plan and 3-D
model or elevation whatever you want to be open in new window which is given in fig. 4.5. If you
want to change any data regarding grid spacing or storey tool. It is in edit tab in quick access tools.

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Fig No. 4.5 Preparing a grid

Step 4) Material properties of concrete and steel

Fig. No. 4.6 Material property of section

Once your grid is ready with all dimensions, grids and stories, further gone through properties
of model, i.e. material properties. After click on define tab, open a new window there you are click
on add new material command. After click open a new window of add new material property. In
that region, material type, standard and grade you need to [Link] per your analysis you gone
through your own property.

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Fig. No. 4.7 Material property of concrete

According to my analysis my region is India, material type is rebar and concrete, standard is
India and grade is HYSD415 for rebar and M20 for concrete as shown in fig. 4.7 and fig. 4.8. Here
I am doing three models and their material properties are as follows:
1’st model is of M20 and Fe415, 2’nd model is of M18 and Fe373, 3’rd model is of M13 and Fe250
as per ISO 834.
If you want to change material properties of various sections, you may have gone through user
define command in standard tab.

Fig. No. 4.8 Material property of steel

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Step 5) Section properties for column and beam

Fig. No. 4.9 Section property of frame members

In this command you need to give section of building, i.e. frame sections or tendon sections,
slab section, wall section, etc. You need to give frame sections details in this command.

Fig. No. 4.10 Shape type of various sections

When you click on frame section tab a new window is opened, there is one more option add
new properties. Once click on that a new window of shape type is opened which is shown in fig.
4.10. there you can give shape/type of section as per your analysis. I am giving concrete rectangular
then click on ok, then open a new window.

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Fig. No. 4.11 Section property of column

Here you need to give data of your section as per your plan dimensions of columns and beams.
You need to put the width and depth of beams and column as shown in fig. 4.11 and fig. 4.12. and
you need to give reinforcement details of that section. If you are given column section or beam
section, you may select it in design type and change their reinforcement (rebar material) in design
type only.

Fig. No. 4.12 Section property of beam

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Step 6) Section properties for slab section

In this command you need to click on define tabs then click on slab section. Here you click on
add new property, once click on it a new window of slab property data is opened in that you need
to give your own slab material, types of slab and thickness must be put as per your analysis.

Fig. No. 4.13 Section property of slab section

Step 8) Drawing beam and column section

For drawing beam and column, you must click on draw tab which is given in quick access tool.
If you want to draw beam and column click on draw beam/column command. Once click on it a
new window of properties of object is opened. As per your command you need to select beam and
column and placed in plan window showing in fig. 4.14.

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Fig. No. 4.14 Drawing beam and column

Step 9) Drawing slab section

Here click on draw then click on draw floor/wall object to draw rectangular floor, wall, etc.
once you click on it a new window of property of object is opened there you select your property
of slab you already given in section property.

Fig. No. 4.15 Drawing slab section

Step 10) Fixing of support

Here you go to assign tabs then go to joints of bottom storey and select all joints. Then click
on restraints joints once you click on it, a new window of joint assignments is opened. You need to
specify then click on ok

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Fig. No. 4.16 Restraints fixing support

Step 11) Load patterns

Here you need to give load pattern as per your analysis. Click on define tabs then click on load
patterns. Once you click on it, a new window opened for all loads of structures. i.e. dead load, live
load. If you want to add any load you can gone through it. I am giving earthquake load and giving
a name to it. Then type of load (seismic), self-weight, lateral load must be given to load pattern. As
per my load pattern i.e. earthquake load, IS 1893:2002 and seismic load pattern is selected, then
click on ok.

Fig. No. 4.17 Load patterns

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Step 12) Load combinations

Fig. No. 4.18 Load combinations

In this command click on define tabs then click on load combination command, then a new
window is opened. Here if you want to create your own load combination or add default design
load combinations. Once you click on add default load combination, a new window is opened. Here
you need to select as per design perspective like, steel frame design, composite beam design,
concrete frame design, concrete shear wall design, concrete slab design. You need to select and
click on ok to add your load combination to analyzing your model shown in fig. 4.18.

Step 13) Dead load and live load

Fig. No. 4.19 Dead load of various sections

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In this command you need to select the member where you want to apply load. If you want to
apply loads on frames then go to assign tab on quick access tools. In assign you find frame loads if
you want to apply on beam or column. If you want to give load on slab then click on shell load.
Once you click on frame load you may see the point load, distributed load. If you click on distributed
load a new window or frame load assignment is opened. In that window you see load pattern, you
need to select dead load or live load as per your design criteria and give loading at uniform load
command then apply and see in plan as well as 3-D view model.

Fig. No. 4.20 Live load of various sections

Step14) Check model

Fig. No. 4.21 Model check before analyze

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In this command you need to check model before analyze. Simply click on analyze tabs then
click on check model as shown in fig. 4.21.

Step15) Lock screen / model

Lock screen command to analyze and after lock model you won’t be able to change will analyzing
model. After analyze you want to change any command or spacing or any property you need to
unlock the model to re-click on lock screen option.

Fig. No. 4.22 Lock screen / model

Step 16) Run analysis

This command is used for analyzing the ETAB model by clicking on run analysis option in
analyze tab.

Fig. No. 4.23 Run analysis

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Step 17) Shear strength and bending strength of beam

Fig. No. 4.24 Deformation of Beam and column

You can check shear strength and bending strength results and deformation after analyzing
model by click on display tabs on quick access tools which is shown in fig. 4.24 and fig. 4.25

Fig. No. 4.25 Shear strength and bending strength of section

Step 18) Axial force capacity of column

You can check axial force capacity of column results after analyzing model by click on display tabs
on quick access tools which is shown in fig. 4.26.

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Fig. No. 4.26 Axial force capacity of section

Step 19) Failure of frame members of structure

In ETAB software after analyzing the above structure we are going to check the models are
safe are may fail. Here we are clicking design tab then click on concrete frame design command
and start design check to find out faiure of frame members of structure in changing members
color to red showing in fig. 4.27.

Fig. No. 4.27 Failure of frame members of structure

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4.5 Closing remarks

The chapter concludes about analytical study for effect of fire on frame members of structure
used under application of ETAB 2016 software. Also, project is carried out bending strength and
shear strength of beam section and axial force capacity of column section for G+3 storey building.
Also, the failure of member under heating conditions material properties be carried out from this
analytical study. The development of the model in ETABS is discussed and the ETABS models for
different fire duration is analyzed.

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CHAPTER 05

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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CHAPTER 05

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Investigation is done in following way

Case 1: - Concrete specimens without effect of fire

In this case, investigate the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete specimens
for normal room temperature. First of all, casting and curing is done for concrete cubes and concrete
beams for different grade of concrete i.e. M20 and M25 grade of concrete. Then it is placed at air
dry for 24 hours at normal room temperature and various experimental tests performing on it. i.e.
compressive strength test and flexural strength test. Same grade of concrete specimens are tested
further for one-hour fire and two-hour fire respectively. These concrete specimens are compared
with concrete specimens tested at room temperature.

Fig. No. 5.1 Concrete cube without effect of fire

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Fig. No. 5.2 Concrete beam without effect of fire

Case 2: - Concrete specimens with effect of one-hour fire

In this case, various concrete specimens like cubes and beams are casted for different grade of
concrete. These concrete specimens are burnt in kiln and furnace for one-hour duration respectively.
As referred from ISO 834, after one-hour fire temperature reaches across 350℃. The temperature
given in ISO 834 for one-hour fire duration and temperature reached in furnace for one-hour fire
duration is same or not should checked. When concrete cube is heated in furnace for one-hour
duration, it is observed that temperature reaches at 350℃. So, furthermore goes to field operation
for burning concrete specimens for respected fire duration. Fire temperature checking is necessary
in furnace because we are not able to measure fire temperature for respected time at the time of
field operation. It’s difficult to measure on field, that’s why fire temperature for one-hour duration
is checked in furnace. Then field operational or fire affected burnt concrete specimens are tested in
laboratory for compressive strength test and flexural strength test and compare their results with
concrete specimens tested for room temperature or without effect of fire.

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Fig No. 5.3 Effect of fire in kiln

Fig No. 5.4 Effect of fire on field

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Case 3: - Concrete specimens with effect of two-hour fire

In this case, various concrete specimens like cubes and beams are casted for different grade
of concrete. These concrete specimens are burnt in kiln and furnace for two-hour duration
respectively. As referred from ISO 834, after two-hour fire temperature reaches across 520℃. The
temperature given in ISO 834 for two-hour fire duration and temperature reached in furnace for
two-hour fire duration is same or not should checked. When concrete cube is heated in furnace for
two-hour duration, it is observed that temperature reaches at 520℃. So, furthermore goes to field
operation for burning concrete specimens for respected fire duration. Fire temperature checking is
necessary in furnace because we are not able to measure fire temperature for respected time at the
time of field operation. It’s difficult to measure on field, that’s why fire temperature for two-hour
duration is checked in furnace. Then field operational or fire affected burnt concrete specimens are
tested in laboratory for compressive strength test and flexural strength test and compare their results
with concrete specimens tested for room temperature or without effect of fire.

Fig. No. 5.5 Concrete cubes after effect of fire

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Fig. No. 5.6 Concrete beams after effect of fire

5.2 Experimental investigation

The earlier literature reviews reveal that the strength is reduced by effect of fire at different fire
duration. All category concrete specimens are tested for with and without effect of fire at different
fire duration. A reinforced concrete structure is analyzed for different material properties and
sectional properties which taken from experimental result. These samples are also tested for
properties of hardened concrete i.e. compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of
elasticity.

Modulus of elasticity (also known as elastic modulus, the coefficient of elasticity) of a material
is a number which is defined by the ratio of the applied stress to the corresponding stain within the
elastic limit. Physically it indicates a material’s resistance to being deformed when a stress is
applied to it. Modulus of elasticity also indicates the stiffness of the material. Value of elastic
modulus is higher for the stiffer materials. The modulus of elasticity is determined using iMetrum
video gauge equipment.

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5.3 Experimental investigation of M20 grade of concrete

5.3.1 Compressive strength of M20 grade of concrete cube sample

Table No. 5.1 Experimental result of concrete cube sample at 28-days

Weight of Load On Comp. Avg. Comp.

Content Sr. No. Cube Machine Strength Strength
(kg) (kg) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)

Without Effect 1 9.144 481.2 21.38

20.475
of Fire 2 8.972 440.5 19.57

With Effect of 1 8.040 399.8 17.76

17.32
One Hour Fire 2 8.424 380 16.88

With Effect of 1 8.436 339.3 15.08

13.24
Two Hour Fire 2 8.530 256.5 11.4

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆
Compressive Strength Formula = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝒃𝒆

20.475−17.32
% Reduction of comp. strength after one-hour fire = 20.475
x100 = 15.40%

20.475−13.24
% Reduction of comp. strength after two-hour fire = x 100 = 35.33%
20.475

[Link] Observations and discussions of compressive strength of M20 grade of

concrete cube samples
• From the above experimental investigation, it is observed that compressive strength of
concrete cube is reduced by effect of fire at different fire duration.
• From the experimental result shown in table no.5.4, it is observed that compressive strength
of concrete cube after one-hour fire it is reduced by 15.40%.
• Similarly, the compressive strength of concrete cube after two-hour fire it is reduced by
35.33%.
• Above concrete cubes are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that compressive strength decreases with rise in temperature.

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5.3.2 Modulus of elasticity of M20 grade of concrete cube sample

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 1

Table No. 5.2 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000815038 2171.677885
80 3.55 0.000964852 3679.320766
120 5.33 0.000807606 6599.75285
160 7.11 0.00116604 6097.560976
200 8.88 0.0010901 8146.041648
240 10.66 0.00114695 9294.215092
280 12.44 0.00151416 8215.776404
320 14.22 0.00163991 8671.207566
360 16 0.00261798 6111.582212
400 17.77 0.00279364 6360.876849
440 19.55 0.00295564 6614.472669
480 21.33 0.0106674 1999.550031
481.2 21.38 0.0126164 1694.619701
Average 5819.742665

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25

20

15
Stress

10

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain

Graph No. 5.7 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on cube 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 2

Table No. 5.3 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000180652 9797.843367
80 3.55 0.00113596 3125.110039
120 5.33 0.00177014 3011.061272
160 7.11 0.0019278 3688.141923
200 8.88 0.00230824 3847.086958
240 10.66 0.00260836 4086.859176
280 12.44 0.00270243 4603.264469
320 14.22 0.0029056 4893.997797
360 16 0.0032916 4860.857941
400 17.77 0.0033531 5299.573529
440 19.55 0.0044712 4372.427984
440.5 19.57 0.004977 3932.087603
Average 4626.526005

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25

20

15
Stress

10

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Strain

Graph No. 5.8 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on cube 2

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Table No. 5.4 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.00026723 6623.50784
80 3.55 0.000719726 4932.43262
120 5.33 0.000975988 5461.132719
160 7.11 0.00175122 4060.026724
200 8.88 0.00213241 4164.302362
240 10.66 0.00266768 3995.981527
280 12.44 0.00432205 2878.263787
320 14.22 0.00493768 2879.895011
360 16 0.00519688 3078.770339
399.8 17.76 0.0113273 1567.893496
Average 3964.220643

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20
18
16
14
Stress 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
Strain

Graph No. 5.9 Stress-strain curve for effect of one-hour fire on cube 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Table No. 5.5 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.00104186 1698.884687
80 3.55 0.00137404 2583.62202
120 5.33 0.00163685 3256.254391
160 7.11 0.00200131 3552.672999
200 8.88 0.00281695 3152.345622
240 10.66 0.00340108 3134.298517
280 12.44 0.0043531 2857.733569
320 14.22 0.0054712 2599.064191
360 16 0.00824346 1940.93257
380 16.88 0.0126127 1338.333584
Average 2611.414215

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18
16
14

Stress 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain

Graph No. 5.10 Stress-strain curve for effect of one-hour fire on cube 2

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Table No. 5.6 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000318547 5556.479892
80 3.55 0.00101083 3511.965415
120 5.33 0.00146423 3640.138503
160 7.11 0.00149984 4740.505654
200 8.88 0.00176931 5018.905675
240 10.66 0.00239988 4441.888761
280 12.44 0.00312975 3974.758367
320 14.22 0.00373638 3805.822748
339.3 15.08 0.00435056 3466.220441
Average 4239.631717

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16

14

12

10
Stress

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005
Strain

Graph No. 5.11 Stress-strain curve for effect of two-hour fire on cube 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Table No. 5.7 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000755277 2343.511056
80 3.55 0.00129703 2737.022274
120 5.33 0.00202564 2631.267155
160 7.11 0.00214418 3315.952952
200 8.88 0.00268299 3309.740252
240 10.66 0.00320339 3327.724692
256.5 11.4 0.00381879 2985.23878
Average 2950.065309

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12

10

Stress 8

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045
Strain

Graph No. 5.12 Stress-strain curve for effect of two-hour fire on cube 2

[Link] Observations and discussions of modulus of elasticity of concrete cube

samples for M20 grade of concrete
• It is observed that concrete cube samples average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 5223.14 MPa, after one-hour fire 4101.93 MPa and after two-hour
fire 2780.74 MPa.
• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete cube samples after one-hour fire reduced
by 21.46%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete cubes after two-hour fire reduced by 46.76%.
• All concrete cubes are tested on compressive testing machine along with strain calculation
on iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at different fire
duration and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise in temperature.

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5.3.3 Flexural strength of M20 grade of concrete beam sample

Table No. 5.8 Experimental result of concrete beam sample at 28-days

Weight of Load on Flexural Avg. Flexural

Beam Machine a Strength Strength
Content Sr. No.
(kg) (kg) (mm) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)

1 12.124 520 185 2.04

Without Effect 1.85
of Fire
2 12.53 424 180 1.66

1 11.08 300 110 0.97

With Effect of 0.725
One Hour Fire
2 11.916 136 120 0.48

With Effect of 1 11.778 96 130 0.36

0.285
Two Hour Fire
2 11.67 56 110 0.21

𝐏𝐋
Flexural Strength Formula = 𝐛𝐝² for; a > 130 mm

𝟑𝐏𝐚
= for; 130 mm > a > 110 mm
𝐛𝐝²

Where,
P = force at the fracture point
L = length of the support span
b = width
d = thickness
a = length of fracture from support

1.85−0.75
% Reduction of Flexural Strength After One Hour Fire = x 100 = 59.45%
1.85

1.85−0.285
% Reduction of Flexural Strength After Two Hour Fire = 𝑥 100 = 84.59%
1.85

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[Link] Observations and discussions of flexural strength of M20 grade of

concrete beam samples
• From the above experimental investigation, it is observed that flexural strength of concrete
beam is reduced by effect of fire on different fire duration.
• All concrete beams are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that flexural strength decreases and deformation increases with rise in
temperature.
• From the experimental result shown in table no.5.5, it is observed that flexural strength of
concrete beam after one-hour fire it is reduced by 59.45%.
• Similarly, the flexural strength of concrete beam after two-hour fire it is reduced by 84.59%.

5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity of M20 grade of concrete beam sample

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 1

Table No. 5.9 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
784.8 0.1962 0.0000551 3560.798548
1569.6 0.3924 0.0000698 5621.776504
2354.4 0.5886 0.00009507 6191.227517
3139.2 0.7848 0.0001661 4724.864539
3924 0.981 0.0002544 3856.132075
4708.8 1.1772 0.0005127 2296.079579
5101.2 1.2753 0.00095069 1341.446739
Average 3941.760786

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1.4

1.2

1
Stress
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001
Strain

Graph No. 5.13 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on beam 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 2

Table No. 5.10 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
784.8 0.1962 0.0000361 5434.903047
1569.6 0.3924 0.00004445 8827.896513
2354.4 0.5886 0.00005127 11480.39789
3139.2 0.7848 0.00006345 12368.79433
3924 0.981 0.00007663 12801.77476
4159.4 1.03985 0.0001913 5435.703084
Average 9391.578271

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1.2

Stress 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025
Strain

Graph No. 5.14 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on beam 2

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Table No. 5.11 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
784.8 0.1962 0.0000311 6308.681672
1569.6 0.3924 0.0000414 9478.26087

2354.4 0.5886 0.00005692 10340.82923

2943 0.73575 0.00007412 9926.470588

Average 9013.56059

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0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Stress 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.00002 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008
Strain

Graph No. 5.15 Stress-Strain curve for effect of one-hour fire on beam 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on beam sample - 2

Table No. 5.12 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on beam sample - 2

Load Stress Strain Modulus of Elasticity

(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
784.8 0.1962 0.00004507 4353.228312
1334.1 0.333525 0.0000593 5624.367622
Average 4988.797967

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
Stress

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004 0.00005 0.00006 0.00007
Strain

Graph No. 5.16 Stress-strain curve for effect of one-hour fire on beam 2

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[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Table No. 5.13 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
784.8 0.1962 0.0002272 863.556338
941.7 0.235425 0.000338826 694.8256627
Average 779.191

0.25

0.2

0.15
Stress

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004
Strain

Graph No. 5.17 Stress-strain curve for effect of two-hour fire on beam 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two- hour fire on beam sample - 2

Table No. 5.14 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on beam sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
549.3 0.137325 0.000147121 933.415352
Average 933.415352

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0.16
0.14
0.12
Stress 0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.00002 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008 0.0001 0.00012 0.00014 0.00016
Strain

Graph No. 5.18 Stress-strain curve for effect of two-hour fire on beam 2

[Link] Observations and discussions of modulus of elasticity of concrete beam

samples for M20 grade of concrete
• It is observed that concrete beam samples average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 9202.57 MPa, after one-hour fire 4465.28 MPa and after two-hour
fire 856.31 MPa.
• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after one-hour fire reduced by
51.47%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after two-hour fire reduced by 90.69%.
• All concrete beams are tested on universal testing machine along with strain calculation on
iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise in temperature.

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5.4 Experimental investigation of M25 grade of concrete

5.4.1 Compressive strength of M25 grade of concrete cube sample

Table No. 5.15 Experimental result of concrete cube sample at 28-days

Weight of Load On Compressive Avg. Comp.

Content Sr. No Cube Machine Strength Strength
(kg) (kg) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)
Without 1 8.596 709.2 31.93
Effect of 2 8.760 654.6 28.78 28.40
Fire 3 8.626 547.6 24.5
With Effect 1 8.368 557.5 23.79
of One Hour 2 7.530 686.4 29.79 26.66
Fire 3 8.396 604.8 26.28
With Effect 1 8.334 498.9 21.64
of Two 2 7.972 339.3 15.3 18.42
Hour Fire 3 8.398 420.6 18.33

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆
Compressive Strength Formula = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝒃𝒆
28.40−26.66
% Reduction of Comp. Strength After One Hour Fire = x 100 = 6.12%
28.40

28.40−18.42
% Reduction of Comp. Strength After Two Hour Fire = x 100 = 31.61%
28.40

[Link] Observations and discussions of compressive strength of M25 grade of

concrete cube samples
• From the above experimental investigation, it is observed that compressive strength of
concrete cube is reduced by effect of fire at different fire duration.
• From the experimental result shown in table no.5.18, it is observed that compressive
strength of concrete cube after one-hour fire it is reduced by 6.12%.
• Similarly, the compressive strength of concrete cube after two-hour fire it is reduced by
31.61%.

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• Above concrete cubes are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that compressive strength decreases with rise in temperature.

5.4.2 Modulus of elasticity of M25 grade of concrete cube sample

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 1

Table No. 5.16 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (Mpa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000701936 2521.597411
80 3.55 0.000799376 4440.963952
120 5.33 0.00119956 4443.295875
160 7.11 0.00134722 5277.534478
200 8.88 0.00157618 5633.874304
240 10.66 0.0019361 5505.913951
280 12.44 0.00190266 6538.21492
320 14.22 0.00202459 7023.644293
360 16 0.00202615 7896.749994
400 17.77 0.00222491 7986.839917
440 19.55 0.00231386 8449.085079
480 21.33 0.00227993 9355.55039
520 23.11 0.00210311 10988.48848
560 24.88 0.00217364 11446.23765
600 26.66 0.00213576 12482.67596
640 28.44 0.00237575 11970.95654
680 30.22 0.00343764 8790.914697
709.2 31.51 0.006958 4528.600172
Average 7515.618781

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35

30

25

20
Stress

15

10

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
Strain

Graph No. 5.19 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on cube 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 2

Table No. 5.17 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.00100082 1768.549789
80 3.55 0.00128796 2756.296779
120 5.33 0.00156784 3399.58159
160 7.11 0.00189317 3755.605677
200 8.88 0.0019567 4538.253181
240 10.66 0.00220832 4827.198957
280 12.44 0.00230229 5403.315829
320 14.22 0.00261657 5434.595673
360 16 0.00275934 5798.488044
400 17.77 0.00289804 6131.730411
440 19.55 0.00305794 6393.192803
480 21.33 0.00321294 6638.779436
520 23.11 0.0033006 7001.757256

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560 24.88 0.00368518 6751.366283

600 26.66 0.00380517 7006.257276
640 28.44 0.00414688 6858.168069
654.6 29.09 0.00651201 4467.130732
Average 5231.192223

35

30

25
Stress

20

15

10

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
Strain

Graph No. 5.20 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on cube 2

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 3

Table No. 5.18 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on cube sample - 3

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000276606 6398.993514
80 3.55 0.000540322 6570.156314
120 5.33 0.000677126 7871.503974
160 7.11 0.000750253 9476.803158
200 8.88 0.000845392 10504.00288
240 10.66 0.000836687 12740.72622
280 12.44 0.000922796 13480.76931
320 14.22 0.000923407 15399.4934

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360 16 0.0010216 15661.70713

400 17.77 0.00107432 16540.69551
440 19.55 0.0011298 17303.9476
480 21.33 0.00146798 14530.17071
520 23.11 0.00169674 13620.23645
547.6 24.33 0.00170227 14292.67977
Average 12456.56328

30

25

20
Stress

15

10

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002

Strain

Graph No. 5.21 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on cube 3

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Table No. 5.19 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000156076 11340.62892
80 3.55 0.000333747 10636.79973
120 5.33 0.000260633 20450.2116
160 7.11 0.000206174 34485.43463
200 8.88 0.00030488 29126.21359

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240 10.66 0.000768549 13870.29324

280 12.44 0.00127914 9725.284175
320 14.22 0.00147241 9657.63612
360 16 0.0022252 7190.364911
400 17.77 0.00248483 7151.394663
440 19.55 0.00456372 4283.786034
480 21.33 0.006388 3339.073262
520 23.11 0.0200981 1149.859937
557.5 24.77 0.0347227 713.3661841
Average 11651.45336

30

25

20
Stress

15

10

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Strain

Graph No. 5.22 Stress-Strain Curve for with effect of one-hour fire on cube 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Table No. 5.20 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.00141982 1246.636898
80 3.55 0.00145277 2443.607729

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120 5.33 0.00154415 3451.737202

160 7.11 0.00157286 4520.427756
200 8.88 0.00182173 4874.487438
240 10.66 0.0018394 5795.368055
280 12.44 0.00204409 6085.837708
320 14.22 0.00228033 6235.939535
360 16 0.00259399 6168.103963
400 17.77 0.00292151 6082.471051
440 19.55 0.00352641 5543.881738
480 21.33 0.00375564 5679.458095
520 23.11 0.00425634 5429.547452
560 24.88 0.00435102 5718.199411
600 26.66 0.0052732 5055.753622
640 28.44 0.00668987 4251.203686
680 30.22 0.0113856 2654.229904
686.4 30.5 0.013005 2345.251826
Average 4643.452393

35

30

25

20
Stress

15

10

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain

Graph No. 5.23 Stress-strain curve for with effect of one-hour fire on cube 2

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[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 3

Table No. 5.21 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 3

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000328157 2137.27
80 3.55 0.000523128 1524.91
120 5.33 0.000569909 9352.37
160 7.11 0.000694886 10231.89415
200 8.88 0.00086049 10319.70157
240 10.66 0.000961552 11086.24391
280 12.44 0.00163327 7616.621869
320 14.22 0.00177946 7991.188338
360 16 0.00254303 6291.707137
400 17.77 0.00334742 5308.566
440 19.55 0.00355081 5505.786004
480 21.33 0.00407762 5230.992589
520 23.11 0.00498726 4633.80694
560 24.88 0.00770893 3227.425855
600 26.66 0.00949177 2808.749053
604.8 26.88 0.0108804 2470.497408
Average 5983.608176

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30

25

20
Stress
15

10

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
Strain

Graph No. 5.24 Stress-strain curve for with effect of one-hour fire on cube 3

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Table No. 5.22 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.00158092 1119.601245
80 3.55 0.00248717 1427.325032
120 5.33 0.00288704 1846.181556
160 7.11 0.00356536 1994.188525
200 8.88 0.00392625 2261.700096
240 10.66 0.00455578 2339.884718
280 12.44 0.00530441 2345.218413
320 14.22 0.00556506 2555.228515
360 16 0.00592476 2700.53133
400 17.77 0.00685243 2593.240646
440 19.55 0.00740773 2639.135066
480 21.33 0.00760931 2803.145095

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498.9 22.17 0.0143386 1546.176056

Average 2167.042792

25

20

15
Stress

10

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016

Strain

Graph No. 5.25 Stress-strain curve for with effect of two-hour fire on cube 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Table No. 5.23 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.000766939 2307.875855
80 3.55 0.00180268 1969.290168
120 5.33 0.00237002 2248.926169
160 7.11 0.00306897 2316.738189
200 8.88 0.00365186 2431.637576
240 10.66 0.00475897 2239.9805
280 12.44 0.00634189 1961.560355
320 14.22 0.00783957 1813.874996
339.3 15.08 0.0119476 1262.178178
Average 2061.340221

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16

14

12

10
Stress
8

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain

Graph No. 5.26 Stress-strain curve for with effect of two-hour fire on cube 2

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 3

Table No. 5.24 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on cube sample - 3

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
40 1.77 0.00249493 709.4387418
80 3.55 0.00377749 939.7774713
120 5.33 0.00456197 1168.354899
160 7.11 0.00553277 1285.070589
200 8.88 0.00619152 1434.219707
240 10.66 0.00727101 1466.096182
280 12.44 0.00746623 1666.16887
320 14.22 0.00818884 1736.509689
360 16 0.00914236 1750.095161
400 17.77 0.0111248 1597.332087
420.6 18.69 0.0198244 942.7775872
Average 1335.985544

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20
18
16
14

Stess 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Strain

Graph No. 5.27 Stress-strain curve for with effect of two-hour fire on cube 3

[Link] Observations and discussions of modulus of elasticity of concrete cube

samples for M25 grade of concrete
• It is observed that concrete cube samples average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 8401.13 MPa, after one-hour fire 7426.17 MPa and after two-hour
fire 1854.79 MPa.
• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete cubes after one-hour fire reduced by
11.60%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete cubes after two-hour fire reduced by 77.92%.
• All concrete cubes are tested on compressive testing machine along with strain calculation
on iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at different fire
duration and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise in temperature.

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5.4.3 Flexural strength of M25 grade of concrete beam sample

Table No. 5.25 Experimental result of concrete beam sample at 28-days

Weight of Load On Flexural Avg. Flexural

Content Sr. Beam Machine a Strength Strength
No (kg) (kg) (mm) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)
Without 1 12.914 720 177 2.82
3.725
Effect of Fire 2 12.800 1240 127 4.63
With Effect
1 11.944 380 165 1.49
of One Hour 1.255
Fire 2 11.996 260 170 1.02
With Effect
1 11.850 80 150 0.31
of Two Hour 0.39
Fire 2 11.724 120 195 0.47

𝐏𝐋
Flexural Strength Formula = 𝐛𝐝² for; a > 130 mm
𝟑𝐏𝐚
= for; 130 mm > a > 110 mm
𝐛𝐝²

Where,
P = force at the fracture point
L = length of the support span
b = width
d = thickness
a = length of fracture from support

3.725−1.255
% Reduction of Flexural Strength After One Hour Fire = x 100 = 66.30%
3.725

3.725−0.39
% Reduction of Flexural Strength After Two Hour Fire = x 100 = 89.53%
3.725

[Link] Observations and discussions of flexural strength of M25 grade of

concrete beam samples

• From the above experimental investigation, it is observed that flexural strength of concrete
beam is reduced by effect of fire on different fire duration.

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• From the experimental result shown in table no.5.19, it is observed that flexural strength of
concrete beam after one-hour fire it is reduced by 66.30%.
• Similarly, the flexural strength of concrete beam after two-hour fire it is reduced by 89.53%.
• All concrete beams are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that flexural strength decreases and deformation increases with rise in
temperature.

5.4.4 Modulus of elasticity of M25 grade of concrete beam sample

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 1

Table No. 5.26 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
392.4 0.0981 0.000350594 279.8109949
784.8 0.1962 0.000366273 535.6660196
1177.2 0.2943 0.000369369 796.7642114
1569.6 0.3924 0.000373894 1049.495312
1962 0.4905 0.000393768 1245.657341
2354.4 0.5886 0.000421826 1395.362069
2746.8 0.6867 0.000431426 1591.698229
3139.2 0.7848 0.000430636 1822.420792
3531.6 0.8829 0.000432463 2041.561937
3924 0.981 0.000443293 2212.983286
4316.4 1.0791 0.00044869 2405.001226
4708.8 1.1772 0.00046076 2554.90928
5101.2 1.2753 0.000485269 2628.026929
5493.6 1.3734 0.000490002 2802.845703
5886 1.4715 0.000492481 2987.932529
6278.4 1.5696 0.000498574 3148.178605

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6670.8 1.6677 0.000931203 1790.909179

7063.2 1.7658 0.00135973 1298.640171
Average 1810.436879

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Stress

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016
Strain

Graph No. 5.28 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on beam 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 2

Table No. 5.27 Modulus of elasticity of without effect of fire on beam sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
3139.2 0.7848 0.000263538 2977.938665
3531.6 0.8829 0.000354735 2488.900165
3924 0.981 0.00038918 2520.684516
4316.4 1.0791 0.000394122 2737.984685
4708.8 1.1772 0.000482886 2437.842472
5101.2 1.2753 0.00053132 2400.248438
5493.6 1.3734 0.000603526 2275.626899
5886 1.4715 0.000710383 2071.417813

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6278.4 1.5696 0.000720435 2178.683712

6670.8 1.6677 0.00082447 2022.754012
7063.2 1.7658 0.000918417 1922.656048
7455.6 1.8639 0.000925498 2013.942764
7848 1.962 0.000969 2024.767802
8240.4 2.0601 0.000971193 2121.205569
8632.8 2.1582 0.000969905 2225.166382
9025.2 2.2563 0.00098989 2279.34417
9417.6 2.3544 0.000900454 2614.681039
9810 2.4525 0.000919291 2667.816828
10202.4 2.5506 0.000957873 2662.77471
10594.8 2.6487 0.000849061 3119.563848
10987.2 2.7468 0.000757119 3627.963372
11379.6 2.8449 0.000764977 3718.935341
11772 2.943 0.00237702 1238.104854
12164.4 3.0411 0.00272425 1116.307241
Average 2394.387973

3.5

2.5
Stress

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
Strain

Graph No. 5.29 Stress-strain curve for without effect of fire on beam 2

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[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Table No. 5.28 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Modulus of
Load Stress
Strain Elasticity
(KN) (N/mm²)
(MPa)
0 0 0 0
392.4 0.0981 6.43811E-05 1523.73911
784.8 0.1962 8.72069E-05 2249.821975
1177.2 0.2943 0.000092048 3197.244916
1569.6 0.3924 0.00011236 3492.346031
1962 0.4905 0.000174462 2811.500499
2354.4 0.5886 0.000184125 3196.741344
2746.8 0.6867 0.000183282 3746.685436
3139.2 0.7848 0.000327097 2399.288285
3531.6 0.8829 0.000877774 1005.839772
3727.8 0.93195 0.000908192 1026.159667
Average 2464.936703

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Stress

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Strain

Graph No. 5.30 Stress-strain curve for with effect of one-hour fire on beam 1

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[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one- hour fire on beam sample - 2

Table No. 5.29 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of one-hour fire on beam sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
392.4 0.0981 0.000178865 548.4583345
784.8 0.1962 0.000241423 812.6814761
1177.2 0.2943 0.000252268 1166.616456
1569.6 0.3924 0.00030697 1278.300811
1962 0.4905 0.000316725 1548.662089
2354.4 0.5886 0.000355911 1653.784233
2550.6 0.63765 0.000651707 978.430491
Average 1140.990556

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
Stress

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007

Strain

Graph No. 5.31 Stress-strain curve for with effect of one-hour fire on beam 2

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[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Table No. 5.30 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on beam sample - 1

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
392.4 0.0981 0.000848643 115.5963108
784.8 0.1962 0.00167288 117.2827698
Average 116.4395403

0.25

0.2

0.15
Stress

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Strain

Graph No. 5.32 Stress-strain curve for with effect of two-hour fire on beam 1

[Link] Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two- hour fire on beam sample - 2

Table No. 5.31 Modulus of elasticity of with effect of two-hour fire on beam sample - 2

Load Stress Modulus of Elasticity

Strain
(KN) (N/mm²) (MPa)
0 0 0 0
196.2 0.04905 0.000180566 271.6458248
392.4 0.0981 0.000231692 423.4069368
588.6 0.14715 0.000297204 495.1144668

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784.8 0.1962 0.000358342 547.5216413

981 0.24525 0.000650662 376.9238099
1177.2 0.2943 0.000793925 370.6899266
Average 414.217101

0.35

0.3

0.25
Stress

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Strain

Graph No. 5.33 Stress-strain curve for with effect of two-hour fire on beam 2

[Link] Observations and discussions of modulus of elasticity of concrete beam

samples for M25 grade of concrete
• It is observed that concrete beam samples average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 2102.42 MPa, after one-hour fire 1802.97 MPa and after two-hour
fire 265.33 MPa.
• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after one-hour fire reduced by
14.24%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after two-hour fire reduced by 87.37%.
• All concrete beams are tested on universal testing machine along with strain calculation on
iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise in temperature.

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5.5 Investigation on steel and concrete as per ISO 834

The strength and deformation properties of steel undergo changes with increase in temperature.
The magnitude of the change depends on the composition and the manufacturing process. The
increasing strength of cold-drawn and cold-twisted steel rods and prestressing steel is due to
dislocation and distortion of microstructure of steel. At high temperature, this hardening effect is
neutralized. The decrease in strength of steel with temperature as per ISO 834 is as follows:

Table No. 5.32 Loss of strength of steel as per ISO 834

Time Temperature Strength

Reduction Factor
(Minutes) (Degrees Celsius) (N/mm²)
0 - - 20
60 422 0.9 18

90 486 0.83 16

120 562 0.63 13

180 650 0.45 9

240 784 0.25 5

In concrete also, the strength decreases and deformation increases with rise in temperature. It
is also seen that the critical concrete temperature, beyond which the change in properties is
noticeable, is stress dependent, i.e. higher stresses result in lower critical temperature. The trend of
decrease in strength of dense concrete with temperature as per ISO 834 is as follows:

Table No. 5.33 Loss of strength of concrete as per ISO 834

Time Temperature Strength

Reduction Factor
(Minutes) (Degrees Celsius) (N/mm²)
0 Normal 1 415
60 350 0.90 373
90 450 0.70 290
120 520 0.60 250
180 600 0.44 182
240 650 0.35 145

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5.6 Analytical investigation of frames subjected to standard fire based on ISO

834
The earlier experimental investigation reveal that the strength is reduced by effect of fire at
different fire duration. A reinforced concrete structure is analyzed for different material properties
and sectional properties which taken from ISO 834. The RCC structure analyzed in ETAB software
and check whether shear strength of beam, bending strength of beams and axial force capacity of
columns of different storey building is reduced or the structural members are safe during different
fire duration.

Fig. No. 5.34 RCC structure analyzed in ETAB software

Table 5.34 Geometric and material properties of building frames

Sr. No. Description ETABS Models

1 Model 1 2 3
2 No of stories 4 4 4
3 Ht. of top stories 3.35m 3.35m 3.35m
4 Ht. of bottom stories 4.0m 4.0m 4.0m
5 Grade of concrete M20 M18 M13
Reduction factor of
6 1 0.9 0.63
concrete
7 Grade of steel Fe415 Fe373 Fe250
8 Reduction factor of steel 1 0.9 0.6

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9 Fire duration 0 min 60 min 120 min

10 Slab thickness 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm
11 Size of external column 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm
12 Size of internal column 300 mm*300 mm 300 mm*300 mm 300 mm*300 mm
13 Size of beam 300mm*450mm 300mm*450mm 300mm*450mm
24.86 KN/m² and 24.86 KN/m² and 24.86 KN/m² and
14 Dead load on floor
21.15 KN/m² 21.15KN/m² 21.15KN/m²
13.684 KN/m² 13.684 KN/m² 13.684 KN/m²
15 Dead load on roof
and 8.375 KN/m² and 8.375 KN/m² and 8.375 KN/m²
7.74 KN/m² and 7.74 KN/m² and 7.74 KN/m² and
16 Live load on floor
4 KN/m² 4 KN/m² 4 KN/m²
3.32 KN/m² and 3.32 KN/m² and 3.32 KN/m² and
17 Live load on roof
1.75 KN/m² 1.75 KN/m² 1.75 KN/m²

5.6.1 Shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

[Link] Loss of shear strength of section of storey-1 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.35 Loss of shear strength of section of storey-1 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. No. Beam Name Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire

Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 B1 119.8673 102.1998 94.4093
2 B48 130.8411 93.0925 59.1656
3 B14 106.0838 77.4996 48.2139
4 B54 130.8872 92.2542 59.1835
5 B16 105.9341 77.3402 48.2139
6 B60 130.8955 92.2301 59.1656
7 B23 117.725 85.0915 44.1479
8 B50 142.5407 115.8833 46.3093
9 B25 106.0838 77.4996 48.3711

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10 B56 142.5016 115.1211 82.3618

11 B27 105.9341 77.0024 48.8194
12 B62 142.5066 115.0963 87.0367
13 B49 65.7229 54.8667 43.2532
14 B52 65.7345 54.2025 42.9536
15 B55 65.7442 54.2661 42.9871
16 B29 105.9199 77.3351 48.8072
17 B67 65.7511 54.2393 42.9781
18 B30 105.9678 77.3508 48.8495
19 B70 48.6343 54.2661 42.9871
20 B76 65.7229 54.8667 43.2532
21 B33 96.9719 76.4591 41.3224
130.8411

130.8872

130.8955
119.8673

140

117.725
106.0838

105.9341
102.1998

120
SHEAR STRENGTH (KN)

94.4093

93.0925

92.2542

92.2301

100 85.0915
77.4996

77.3402

80
59.1835
59.1656

59.1656

Without Fire
48.2139

48.2139

44.1479

60 1 Hr Fire
2 Hr Fire
40

20

0
B1 B48 B16 B50 B55 B70 B33

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.35 Graphical representation of loss of shear strength of section of storey-1
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for shear strength of section of storey-1

• The graph of shear strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.

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• In the above graph beams B1, B48, B16, B50, B55, B70, and B33 showing reduction in
shear strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for beam B48, shear strength of without effect of fire is 130.8411 KN,
accordingly same beams shear strength after one-hour fire is 93.0925 KN and after two-
hour fire is 59.1656 KN.
• Loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 28.85 % and after two-hour fire is
54.78%.
• Similarly, for beam B55, loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 17.45%
and after two-hour fire is 34.61%.
[Link] Loss of shear strength of section for storey-2 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.36 Loss of shear strength of section of storey-2 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No. Beam Name
Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 B1 109.8551 93.3864 86.3754
2 B48 125.7028 87.6235 68.0071
3 B14 105.8573 76.123 48.5489
4 B54 125.7762 87.6853 67.9134
5 B16 105.9315 76.1183 48.5489
6 B60 125.7883 87.6838 67.9216
7 B23 109.7875 78.321 51.4089
8 B50 146.9083 117.658 67.2783
9 B25 105.8573 76.123 48.5489
10 B56 146.8497 117.645 67.0637
11 B27 105.9315 76.1183 48.5489
12 B62 144.7205 117.6352 68.3588
13 B49 70.9642 57.8895 48.855

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14 B52 70.9861 58.0823 48.8438

15 B55 71.0046 57.9508 48.8222
16 B29 105.9225 76.1189 48.5415
17 B67 71.0176 57.9476 48.8281
18 B30 105.9258 76.1342 46.8566
19 B70 48.6343 37.0306 22.9726
20 B76 70.9642 57.8895 43.0098
21 B33 103.2852 76.4189 46.0791
125.7028

125.7762

125.7883
140
109.8551

109.7875
105.9315
105.8573

120
SHEAR STRENGTH (KN)

93.3864

87.6853

87.6838
87.6235
86.3754

100 76.1183

78.321
76.123
68.0071

67.9134

67.9216
80

51.4089
Without Fire
48.5489

48.5489

60 1 Hr Fire
2 Hr Fire
40

20

0
B1 B48 B16 B50 B55 B70 B33

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.36 Graphical representation of loss of shear strength of section of storey-2
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for shear strength of section of storey-2

• The graph of shear strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph beams B1, B48, B16, B50, B55, B70, and B33 showing reduction in
shear strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.

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 EAVALUATION OF EFFECT OF FIRE ON FRAME MEMBERS OF STRUCTURE

• As we observed that for beam B33, shear strength of without effect of fire is 103.2852 KN,
accordingly same beams shear strength after one-hour fire is 76.4189 KN and after two-
hour fire is 46.0791 KN.
• Loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 26% and after two-hour fire is
55.38%.
• Similarly, for beam B16, loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 28.14%
and after two-hour fire is 54.16%.

[Link] Loss of shear strength of section of storey-3 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.37 Loss of shear strength of section of storey-3 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No. Beam Name
Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 B1 101.3396 85.4747 53.6364
2 B48 121.595 80.7467 63.1656
3 B14 105.8536 75.6852 58.7788
4 B54 121.6413 80.9879 63.1778
5 B16 105.9386 75.6653 48.4225
6 B60 121.6358 80.9783 63.1908
7 B23 108.0253 75.7822 50.4794
8 B50 149.5886 113.1919 70.6065
9 B25 105.8536 75.6852 48.3684
10 B56 149.5424 113.7058 70.4479
11 B27 105.9386 75.6653 48.4225
12 B62 149.5479 113.7133 70.4579
13 B49 64.4668 54.7113 29.1983
14 B52 64.4988 55.3111 29.2806
15 B55 64.5248 55.1261 29.2496
16 B29 105.9154 75.6585 48.4029

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17 B67 64.5428 55.1211 29.2571

18 B30 105.9325 75.6912 48.4247
19 B70 64.5248 55.1261 29.2496
20 B76 64.4668 54.7113 29.1983
21 B33 103.8287 75.5539 46.1877

121.6413

121.6358
121.595

140

108.0253
105.9386
105.8536
101.3396

120
SHEAR STRENGTH (KN)

85.4747

80.9879

80.9783
80.7467

100

75.7822
75.6852

75.6653

63.1908
63.1778
63.1656

80
58.7788
53.6364

50.4794
Without Fire

48.4225
60 1 Hr Fire
2 Hr Fire
40

20

0
B1 B48 B16 B50 B55 B70 B33

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.37 Graphical representation of loss of shear strength of section of storey-3
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for shear strength of section of storey-3

• The graph of shear strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph beams B1, B48, B16, B50, B55, B70, and B33 showing reduction in
shear strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for beam B70, shear strength of without effect of fire is 64.5248 KN,
accordingly same beams shear strength after one-hour fire is 55.1261 KN and after two-
hour fire is 29.2496 KN.

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 EAVALUATION OF EFFECT OF FIRE ON FRAME MEMBERS OF STRUCTURE

• Loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 14.56% and after two-hour fire is
54.66%.
• Similarly, for beam B50, loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 24.33%
and after two-hour fire is 52.8%.

[Link] Loss of shear strength of section of storey-4 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.38 Loss of shear strength of section of storey-4 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No. Beam Name
Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 B1 61.916 52.015 31.2338
2 B48 77.0389 51.0937 37.8858
3 B14 65.9076 47.0723 34.6518
4 B54 77.1535 51.6876 38.9924
5 B16 66.1634 47.1675 34.882
6 B60 77.1657 51.6973 39.0075
7 B23 68.0966 47.1299 36.3316
8 B50 97.145 73.3442 52.5279
9 B25 65.9076 47.0723 34.882
10 B56 97.0505 73.9773 52.4728
11 B27 66.1634 47.1675 34.882
12 B62 97.057 73.9871 44.2324
13 B49 30.4682 29.444 20.7705
14 B52 30.481 30.0971 20.8908
15 B55 30.4917 29.8128 20.8282
16 B29 66.151 47.1609 34.8731
17 B67 30.499 29.8195 20.8377
18 B30 66.131 47.1925 34.8755
19 B70 30.4917 29.8128 20.8282

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20 B76 30.4682 29.444 20.7705

21 B33 64.2178 46.1923 33.8521

77.1657
77.1535
77.0389
90

68.0966
66.1634
80

65.9076
SHEAR STRENGTH (KN)

61.916

70

51.6973
51.6876
51.0937
52.015

47.1675

47.1299
47.0723
60

39.0075
38.9924
37.8858

36.3316
50

34.6518

34.882
31.2338

Without Fire
40
1 Hr Fire
30 2 Hr Fire
20

10

0
B1 B48 B16 B50 B55 B70 B33

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.38 Graphical representation of loss of shear strength of section of storey-4
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for shear strength of section of storey-4

• The graph of shear strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph beams B1, B48, B16, B50, B55, B70, and B33 showing reduction in
shear strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for beam B48, shear strength of without effect of fire is 77.0389 KN,
accordingly same beams shear strength after one-hour fire is 51.0937 KN and after two-
hour fire is 37.8858 KN.
• Loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 33.67% and after two-hour fire is
50.82%.
• Similarly, for beam B1, loss of shear strength is observed after one-hour fire is 16% and
after two-hour fire is 49.55%.

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5.6.2 Bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

[Link] Loss of bending strength of section of storey-1 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.39 Loss of bending strength of section of storey-1 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No. Beam Name
Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 B1 58.4903 47.743 40.5013
2 B48 79.1024 54.1931 54.2377
3 B14 35.2704 25.1128 18.7966
4 B54 79.1689 53.8153 36.8246
5 B16 35.1441 25.0814 18.7966
6 B60 79.1761 53.8058 36.8181
7 B23 56.9662 38.0124 20.3777
8 B50 79.1024 54.1931 38.8761
9 B25 35.2704 25.1128 18.7884
10 B56 79.1689 53.8153 38.4706
11 B27 35.1441 25.0814 18.7966
12 B62 74.5835 53.8058 38.0875
13 B49 59.9443 41.2225 35.1498
14 B52 60.0617 40.6814 34.842
15 B55 60.0978 40.737 34.8908
16 B29 35.1441 25.0814 18.8044
17 B67 60.1053 40.724 34.8842
18 B30 35.1069 25.0311 18.7357
19 B70 44.5567 40.737 34.8908
20 B76 59.9443 41.2225 35.1498
21 B33 51.3374 38.0124 23.2902

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79.1689

79.1761
90

BENDING MOMENT (KN-M) 80

60.0978
60.0617
58.4903
70

53.8153

53.8058
60 47.743

40.6814
40.5013

40.737
50

36.8246

36.8181

35.2704

35.1441

35.1441

35.1069
34.8908
34.842
Without Fire
40

25.1128

25.0814

25.0814

25.0311
1 Hr Fire

18.7966

18.8044
18.7884

18.7357
30 2 Hr Fire

20

10

0
B1 B54 B60 B25 B27 B52 B55 B29 B30

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.39 Graphical representation of loss of bending strength of section of storey-1
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observations and discussions for bending strength of section of storey-1

• The graph of bending strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph beams B1, B54, B60, B25, B27, B52, B55, B29 and B30 showing
reduction in bending strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for beam B54, bending strength of without effect of fire is 79.1689 Kn-
m, accordingly same beams bending strength after one-hour fire is 53.8153 Kn-m and after
two-hour fire is 36.8246 Kn-m.
• Loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire is 30% and after two-
hour fire is 53.48%.
• Similarly, for beam B27, loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire
is 28.63% and after two-hour fire is 46.51%.

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[Link] Loss of bending strength of section of storey-2 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.40 Loss of bending strength of section of storey-2 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No. Beam Name
Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 B1 47.5649 38.4671 29.0694
2 B48 73.2911 48.9639 33.1733
3 B14 34.967 24.4813 15.2622
4 B54 73.3483 49.039 37.0912
5 B16 35.1379 24.6954 15.3697
6 B60 73.3586 49.0382 37.0955
7 B23 49.5181 36.1165 26.907
8 B50 60.0723 48.9639 31.8345
9 B25 34.967 24.4813 15.1499
10 B56 72.5647 49.039 35.3334
11 B27 35.1379 24.6954 15.2563
12 B62 60.079 49.0382 31.7282
13 B49 58.6651 39.4135 28.6858
14 B52 58.714 39.3752 28.5782
15 B55 58.7747 39.3165 28.5884
16 B29 35.1379 24.6954 15.2593
17 B67 58.7877 39.3221 28.5903
18 B30 35.1362 24.6533 15.2513
19 B70 36.5737 25.4349 12.1065
20 B76 58.6651 39.4135 28.6858
21 B33 49.5181 36.1165 25.1776

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73.3483

73.3586
80

70

58.7747
BENDING MOMENT (KN-M)

58.714
60

49.0382
47.5649

49.039

39.3752

39.3165
50
38.4671

37.0912

37.0955

35.1379

35.1379

35.1362
34.967
40 Without Fire
29.0694

28.5884
28.5782
24.6954

24.6954

24.6533
24.4813
1 Hr Fire
30
2 Hr Fire

15.2563

15.2593

15.2513
15.1499
20

10

0
B1 B54 B60 B25 B27 B52 B55 B29 B30

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.40 Graphical representation of loss of bending strength of section of storey-2
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for bending strength of section of storey-2

• The graph of bending strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph beams B1, B54, B60, B25, B27, B52, B55, B29 and B30 showing
reduction in bending strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for beam B60, bending strength of without effect of fire is 73.3586 Kn-
m, accordingly same beams bending strength after one-hour fire is 49.0382 Kn-m and after
two-hour fire is 37.0912 Kn-m.
• Loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire is 33.15% and after two-
hour fire is 49.43%.
• Similarly, for beam B25, loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire
is 30% and after two-hour fire is 56.67%

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[Link] Loss of bending strength of section of storey-3 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.41 Loss of bending strength of section of storey-3 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No. Beam Name
Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 B1 41.5688 35.7995 20.5956
2 B48 72.966 46.4124 35.2391
3 B14 34.924 24.2251 15.1491
4 B54 72.9518 46.6144 35.1401
5 B16 35.145 24.5038 15.2921
6 B60 72.9533 46.6039 35.1457
7 B23 48.5766 36.2055 22.8798
8 B50 72.966 46.4124 35.2391
9 B25 34.924 24.2251 15.1004
10 B56 72.9518 46.6144 35.1401
11 B27 35.145 24.5038 15.2415
12 B62 72.9533 46.6039 35.1457
13 B49 50.5643 33.983 27.4042
14 B52 50.5653 34.1069 27.2919
15 B55 50.6462 34.0308 27.3088
16 B29 35.145 24.5038 15.2497
17 B67 50.6634 34.0384 27.3088
18 B30 35.127 24.4389 15.2248
19 B70 50.6462 34.0308 27.3088
20 B76 50.5643 33.983 27.4042
21 B33 48.5766 36.2055 25.0299

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 EAVALUATION OF EFFECT OF FIRE ON FRAME MEMBERS OF STRUCTURE

72.9518

72.9533
80

BENDING MOMENT (KN-M) 70

50.6462
50.5653
60

46.6144

46.6039
41.5688

50
35.7995

35.1401

35.1457

34.1069

34.0308
35.145

35.145

35.127
34.924
40 Without Fire

27.3088
27.2919
24.5038

24.5038

24.4389
24.2251
1 Hr Fire
20.5956

30
2 Hr Fire

15.2497
15.2415

15.2248
15.1004
20

10

0
B1 B54 B60 B25 B27 B52 B55 B29 B30

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.41 Graphical representation of loss of bending strength of section of storey-3
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for bending strength of section of storey-3

• The graph of bending strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph beams B1, B54, B60, B25, B27, B52, B55, B29 and B30 showing
reduction in bending strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for beam B52, bending strength of without effect of fire is 50.5653 Kn-
m, accordingly same beams bending strength after one-hour fire is 34.1069 Kn-m and after
two-hour fire is 27.2919 Kn-m.
• Loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire is 32.54% and after two-
hour fire is 46.02%.
• Similarly, for beam B1, loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire
is 13.87% and after two-hour fire is 50.45%.

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 EAVALUATION OF EFFECT OF FIRE ON FRAME MEMBERS OF STRUCTURE

[Link] Loss of bending strength of section of storey-4 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.42 Loss of bending strength of section of storey-4 subjected to fire
Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No. Beam Name
Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 B1 35.3613 25.5709 15.3396
2 B48 53.106 35.5754 25.9801
3 B14 22.1101 15.5228 11.0347
4 B54 53.1587 36.1369 27.8976
5 B16 22.4834 15.9237 11.294
6 B60 53.1611 36.1306 27.9068
7 B23 35.7324 27.0386 17.119
8 B50 53.106 35.5754 27.8372
9 B25 22.1101 15.5228 11.2997
10 B56 53.1587 36.1369 27.8005
11 B27 22.4834 15.9237 11.2997
12 B62 53.1611 36.1306 25.9592
13 B49 26.8915 18.804 13.2322
14 B52 26.9295 19.1361 13.2213
15 B55 27.0201 19.0083 13.2202
16 B29 22.4834 15.9237 11.2997
17 B67 27.0269 19.0179 13.2272
18 B30 22.5111 15.8635 11.3211
19 B70 27.0201 19.0083 13.2202
20 B76 26.8915 18.804 13.2322
21 B33 35.7324 27.0386 17.2832

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53.1587

53.1611
60

BENDING MOMENT (KN-M)

50

36.1369

36.1306
35.3613
40

27.9068
27.8976

27.0201
26.9295
25.5709

22.5111
22.4834

22.4834
30 Without Fire

22.1101

19.1361

19.0083
1 Hr Fire

15.9237

15.9237

15.8635
15.5228
15.3396

13.2213

13.2202
20 2 Hr Fire

11.3211
11.2997

11.2997

11.2997
10

0
B1 B54 B60 B25 B27 B52 B55 B29 B30

BEAM NAME

Fig. No. 5.42 Graphical representation of loss of bending strength of section of storey-4
subjected to fire

[Link].1 Observations and discussions for bending strength of section of storey-4

• The graph of bending strength of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph beams B1, B54, B60, B25, B27, B52, B55, B29 and B30 showing
reduction in bending strength of beams.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of beam is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for beam B55, bending strength of without effect of fire is 27.0201 Kn-
m, accordingly same beams bending strength after one-hour fire is 19.0083 Kn-m and after
two-hour fire is 13.2202 Kn-m.
• Loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire is 29.65% and after two-
hour fire is 51.07%.
• Similarly, for beam B29, loss of bending strength of section is observed after one-hour fire
is 29.17% and after two-hour fire is 49.74%.

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5.6.3 Axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

[Link] Loss of axial force capacity of section of storey-1 subjected to fire
Table No. 5.43 Loss of axial force of section of storey-1 subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. No. Column Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire

Name Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force

(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 C1 977.0889 957.6248 840.366
2 C4 1434.0539 1310.3849 1235.5158
3 C6 1434.2183 1310.3849 1235.725
4 C9 1434.0539 1310.0203 1235.5158
5 C11 1447.1222 1327.1317 1250.1608
6 C15 1436.1406 1316.7488 1237.9046
7 C17 1434.1993 1310.173 1235.6923
8 C19 1434.2183 1310.173 1235.725
9 C22 1436.1406 1316.7488 1237.9046
10 C24 977.0889 957.6248 840.366
11 C26 1549.0101 1362.7021 1325.0765
12 C28 1536.3169 1360.7583 1313.0428
13 C31 1536.5461 1360.4325 1313.2248
14 C33 1536.3169 1360.7583 1313.0428
15 C35 1549.0101 1362.7021 1325.0765
16 C37 1064.9702 961.8908 923.8186
17 C40 1536.3169 1360.7583 1313.0428
18 C43 1536.5461 1360.4325 1313.2248
19 C45 1536.3169 1360.7583 1313.0428
20 C47 1549.0101 1362.7021 1325.0765

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1536.3169

1536.5461
1800

1436.1406
1434.0539

1360.7583

1360.4325
1316.7488

1313.2248
1313.0428
1310.0203
1600

1237.9046
1235.5158
1400

1064.9702
AXIAL FORCE (KN)

977.0889

961.8908
957.6248

923.8186
1200

840.366
1000
Without Fire
800
1 Hr Fire
600 2 Hr Fire

400

200

0
C9 C22 C24 C28 C37 C43

COLUMN NAME

Fig. No. 5.43 Graphical representation of loss of axial force of section of storey-1 subjected
to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for axial force of section of storey-1

• The graph of axial force capacity of section is decreases slightly at different fire duration.
• In the above graph column C9, C22, C24, C28, C37 and C43 showing reduction in axial
forces of columns.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of column is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for column C43, axial force of without effect of fire is 1536.5461 KN,
accordingly same columns axial force after one-hour fire is 1360.4325 KN and after two-
hour fir is 1313.2248 KN.
• Loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour fire is 11.46% and after
two-hour fire is 14.5%.
• Similarly, for column C24, loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour
fire is 2% and after two-hour fire is 14%.

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[Link] Loss of axial force of section of storey-2 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.44 Loss of axial force of section of storey-2 subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. No. Column Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Name Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 C1 711.3761 699.8666 610.2091
2 C4 1040.7751 951.1234 893.5286
3 C6 1041.06 951.6296 893.8658
4 C9 1040.7751 951.1234 893.5286
5 C11 1046.3333 958.8754 900.4025
6 C15 1043.6307 958.3113 896.7058
7 C17 1041.07 951.4806 893.8676
8 C19 1041.06 951.6296 893.8658
9 C22 1043.6307 958.3113 896.7058
10 C24 711.3761 699.8666 610.2091
11 C26 1108.7915 963.437 941.8293
12 C28 1105.3843 970.6135 938.7911
13 C31 1105.8055 970.5706 939.1743
14 C33 1105.3843 970.6135 938.7911
15 C35 1108.7915 963.437 941.8293
16 C37 768.7739 690.7645 663.7737
17 C40 1105.3843 970.6135 938.7911
18 C43 1105.8055 970.5706 939.1743
19 C45 1105.3843 970.6135 938.7911
20 C47 1108.7915 963.437 941.8293

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1040.7751

1043.6307

1105.3843

1105.8055
1200

970.6135

970.5706
958.3113
951.1234

939.1743
938.7911
896.7058
893.5286
1000

768.7739
AXIAL FORCE (KN)

711.3761
699.8666

690.7645
663.7737
610.2091
800

600 Without Fire

1 Hr Fire
400 2 Hr Fire

200

0
C9 C22 C24 C28 C37 C43

COLUMN NAME

Fig. No. 5.44 Graphical representation of loss of axial force of section of storey-2 subjected
to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for axial force of section of storey-2

• The graph of axial force capacity of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph column C9, C22, C24, C28, C37 and C43 showing reduction in axial
forces of columns.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of column is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for column C22, axial force of without effect of fire is 1043.6307 KN,
accordingly same columns axial force after one-hour fire is 958.8754 KN and after two-
hour fir is 896.7058 KN.
• Loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour fire is 8% and after two-
hour fire is 14%.
• Similarly, for column C37, loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour
fire is 10% and after two-hour fire is 13.65%.

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[Link] Loss of axial force of section of storey-3 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.45 Loss of axial force of section of storey-3 subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Column Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Sr. No.
Name
Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 C1 442.3893 435.1967 375.0115
2 C4 647.1966 591.4953 548.9224
3 C6 647.4241 591.9198 549.1956
4 C9 647.1966 591.4953 548.9224
5 C11 650.0396 595.2355 552.4785
6 C15 649.4372 597.0521 551.4461
7 C17 647.4319 591.8085 549.1985
8 C19 647.4241 591.9198 549.1956
9 C22 649.4372 597.0521 551.4461
10 C24 442.3893 435.1967 375.0115
11 C26 681.8283 594.5806 570.3511
12 C28 681.2614 601.5627 570.2971
13 C31 681.6109 601.5709 570.6218
14 C33 681.2614 601.5627 570.2971
15 C35 681.8283 594.5806 570.3511
16 C37 472.8792 423.8725 403.1756
17 C40 681.2614 601.5627 570.2971
18 C43 681.6109 601.5709 570.6218
19 C45 681.2614 601.5627 570.2971
20 C47 681.8283 594.5806 570.3511

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681.6109
681.2614
800

649.4372
647.1966

601.5627

601.5709
597.0521
591.4953

570.6218
570.2971
700

551.4461
548.9224
AXIAL FORCE (KN)

472.8792
600

442.3893
435.1967

423.8725
403.1756
375.0115
500

400 Without Fire

1 Hr Fire
300
2 Hr Fire
200

100

0
C9 C22 C24 C28 C37 C43

COLUMN NAME

Fig. No. 5.45 Graphical representation of loss of axial force of section of storey-3 subjected
to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for axial force of section of storey-3

• The graph of axial force capacity of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph column C9, C22, C24, C28, C37 and C43 showing reduction in axial
forces of columns.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of column is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for column C28, axial force of without effect of fire is 681.2614 KN,
accordingly same columns axial force after one-hour fire is 601.5627 KN and after two-
hour fir is 570.2917 KN.
• Loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour fire is 11.7% and after
two-hour fire is 16%.
• Similarly, for column C24, loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour
fire is 2% and after two-hour fire is 15%.

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[Link] Loss of axial force of section of storey-4 subjected to fire

Table No. 5.46 Loss of axial force of section of storey-4 subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. No. Column Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Name Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 C1 170.4156 166.4112 137.2569
2 C4 250.9126 236.1596 201.8473
3 C6 251.0863 236.4558 202.0613
4 C9 250.9126 236.1596 201.8473
5 C11 252.4749 238.4119 203.3129
6 C15 252.262 239.2783 203.4342
7 C17 251.1049 236.4132 202.0811
8 C19 251.0863 236.4558 202.0613
9 C22 252.262 239.2783 203.4342
10 C24 170.4156 166.4112 137.2569
11 C26 259.8535 239.0894 203.3477
12 C28 259.8282 242.2294 204.2409
13 C31 260.1037 242.3117 204.5191
14 C33 259.8282 242.2294 204.2409
15 C35 259.8535 239.0894 203.3477
16 C37 177.0808 163.0668 142.6888
17 C40 259.8282 242.2294 204.2409
18 C43 260.1037 242.3117 204.5191
19 C45 259.8282 242.2294 204.2409
20 C47 259.8535 239.0894 203.3477

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259.8282

260.1037
250.9126
300

252.262

242.3117
242.2294
239.2783
236.1596

204.5191
204.2409
203.4342
201.8473
250
AXIAL FORCE (KN)

177.0808
170.4156
166.4112

163.0668
200

142.6888
137.2569
150 Without Fire
1 Hr Fire
100 2 Hr Fire

50

0
C9 C22 C24 C28 C37 C43

COLUMN NAME

Fig. No. 5.46 Graphical representation of loss of axial force of section of storey-4 subjected
to fire

[Link].1 Observation and discussion for axial force of section of storey-4

• The graph of axial force capacity of section is decreases slightly for different fire duration.
• In the above graph column C9, C22, C24, C28, C37 and C43 showing reduction in axial
forces of columns.
• Thus, result of without effect of fire of column is compared with one-hour and two-hour fire
respectively.
• As we observed that for column C43, axial force of without effect of fire is 260.1037 KN,
accordingly same columns axial force after one-hour fire is 242.3117 KN and after two-
hour fir is 204.5191 KN.
• Loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour fire is 6.85% and after
two-hour fire is 21%.
• Similarly, for column C24, loss of axial force capacity of section is observed after one-hour
fire is 2.5% and after two-hour fire is 19%.

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5.7 Analytical investigation of frames subjected to fire based on experimental

investigation

The earlier experimental investigation reveal that the strength is reduced by effect of fire at
different fire duration. A reinforced concrete structure is analyzed for different material properties
and sectional properties which taken from experimental investigation. The RCC structure and
frames analyzed in ETAB software and check whether shear strength of beam, bending strength of
beams and axial force capacity of columns of different storey building is reduced or the structural
members are safe during different fire duration.

5.7.1 Analytical investigation of frames of structure no: - 1

Fig. No. 5.47 Analytical building frame of structure no: - 1

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Table 5.47 Geometric and material properties of building frames

SR. NO. DISCRIPTION ETABS MODELS

1 Model 1 2 3
2 No of stories 4 4 4
3 Ht. of top stories 3.35 m 3.35 m 3.35 m
4 Ht. of bottom stories 3.5 m 3.5 m 3.5 m
5 Span of beam 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m
6 Strength of concrete 20 N/mm² 17.32 N/mm² 13.24 N/mm²
7 Strength of steel 415 N/mm² 373 N/mm² 250 N/mm²
8 Size of column 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm
9 Size of beam 230mm*450mm 230mm*450mm 230mm*450mm
10 Dead load on floor 24.25 KN/m² 24.25 KN/m² 24.25 KN/m²
11 Live load on floor 7.74 KN/m² 7.74 KN/m² 7.74KN/m²

[Link] Shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.48 Loss of shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 B1 107.3439 90.1045 71.5034
2 Storey-2 B3 105.7646 89.548 69.9763
3 Storey-3 B3 107.2279 90.9957 71.4039
4 Storey-4 B1 108.5083 91.254 72.6335

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced which is shown in
table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 16.05% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 33.38%.

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• For storey-2, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 15.33% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 33.83%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 15.13% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 33.40%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 15.90% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 33.06%.

[Link] Bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.49 Loss of bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 Storey-1 B3 48.0643 32.7964 24.1354
2 Storey-2 B1 47.0926 31.8525 22.9830
3 Storey-3 B1 46.7007 30.4713 24.3509
4 Storey-4 B3 51.5939 35.2337 25.2593

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced which is shown
in table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 31.76% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 49.78%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 32.36% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 51.19%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 34.75% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 47.85%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 31.70% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 51.04%.

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[Link] Axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.50 Loss of axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Column of Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 C4 1029.7199 978.7641 823.776
2 Storey-2 C4 770.5358 732.581 570.535
3 Storey-3 C5 514.2634 488.9442 309.2736
4 Storey-4 C4 259.4543 246.735 198.592

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced which is
shown in table no. 5.
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 4.94% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 20%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 4.92% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 25.95%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 4.93% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 39.86%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 4.9% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 23.45%.

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5.7.2 Analytical investigation of frames of structure no: - 2

Fig No. 5.48 Analytical building frame of structure no: - 2

Table 5.51 Geometric and material properties of building frames

SR. NO. DISCRIPTION ETABS MODELS

1 Model 1 2 3
2 No of stories 4 4 4
3 Ht. of top stories 3.2 m 3.2 m 3.2 m
4 Ht. of bottom stories 3.5 m 3.5 m 3.5 m
5 Span of external beam 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m
6 Span of internal beam 2.3 m 2.3 m 2.3 m
7 Thickness of slab 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm
8 Strength of concrete 20 N/mm² 17.32 N/mm² 13.24 N/mm²
9 Strength of steel 415 N/mm² 373 N/mm² 250 N/mm²
10 Fire duration 0 min 60 min 120 min
11 Size of column 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm 300 mm*530 mm
12 Size of beam 230 mm*450 mm 230 mm*450 mm 230 mm*450 mm

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13 Dead load on ext. beam 24.86 KN/m² 24.25 KN/m² 24.25 KN/m²
14 Dead load on int. beam 21.15 KN/m² 21.15 KN/m² 21.15 KN/m²
15 Live load on ext. beam 7.74 KN/m² 7.74 KN/m² 7.75KN/m²
16 Live load on int. beam 4 KN/m² 4 KN/m² 4 KN/m²

[Link] Shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.52 Loss of shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 B45 134.0789 110.9732 59.3962
2 Storey-2 B45 129.0181 104.0321 56.8504
3 Storey-3 B47 105.9315 76.1189 44.8293
4 Storey-4 B47 45.7101 43.3096 23.3808

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced which is shown in
table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 17.23% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 55.70%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 19.36% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 55.93%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 28.14% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 57.68%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 26.14% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 48.84%.

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[Link] Bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.53 Loss of bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 Storey-1 B45 88.34 70.6419 38.5261
2 Storey-2 B45 75.0222 56.8165 32.2486
3 Storey-3 B47 55.9342 37.8008 23.1567
4 Storey-4 B47 35.2196 28.1824 15.8947

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced which is shown
in table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 20.03% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 56.38%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 24.26% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 57.01%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 32.41% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 58.60%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 19.98% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 54.86%.

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[Link] Axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.54 Loss of axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Column of Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 C1 1167.42 1047.95 838.9453
2 Storey-2 C1 977.0889 957.6248 840.3660
3 Storey-3 C26 681.8283 594.5806 570.3511
4 Storey-4 C31 260.1037 242.3117 204.5191

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced which is
shown in table no. 5.
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 10.23% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 28.13%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 2% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 13.99%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 12.8% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 16.34%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 6.84% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 21.37%.

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5.7.3 Analytical investigation of frames of structure no: - 3

Fig. No. 5.49 Analytical building frame of structure no: - 3

Table 5.55 Geometric and material properties of building frames

SR. NO. DISCRIPTION ETABS MODELS

1 Model 1 2 3
2 No of stories 4 4 4
3 Ht. of top stories 3.2 m 3.2 m 3.2 m
4 Ht. of bottom stories 4.2 m 4.2 m 4.2 m
5 Span of beam 5m 5m 5m
6 Strength of concrete 20 N/mm² 17.32 N/mm² 13.24 N/mm²
7 Strength of steel 415 N/mm² 373 N/mm² 250 N/mm²
8 Fire duration 0 min 60 min 120 min
9 Size of column 450 mm*450 mm 450 mm*450 mm 450 mm*450 mm

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10 Size of beam 300mm*450mm 300mm*450mm 300mm*450mm

11 Dead load on floor 12 KN/m² 24.25 KN/m² 24.25 KN/m²
12 Dead load on roof 10 KN/m² 10 KN/m² 10 KN/m²
13 Live load on floor 4 KN/m² 7.74 KN/m² 7.76KN/m²
14 Live load on roof 1.5 KN/m² 1.5 KN/m² 1.5 KN/m²

[Link] Shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.56 Loss of shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 B25 67.3628 49.3582 35.7835
2 Storey-2 B25 66.6247 49.2042 33.2516
3 Storey-3 B2 66.1707 50.171 34.8371
4 Storey-4 B25 53.3457 39.3638 26.8228

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced which is shown in
table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 26.72% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 46.87%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 26.14% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 50.09%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 24.17% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 47.35%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 26.21% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 49.71%.

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[Link] Bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.57 Loss of bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 Storey-1 B17 31.6363 22.9822 17.137
2 Storey-2 B1 31.2012 21.9329 15.203
3 Storey-3 B1 31.101 21.8858 14.6196
4 Storey-4 B1 25.0525 16.5512 12.6216

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced which is shown
in table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 27.35% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 45.83%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 29.70% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 51.27%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 29.62% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 53%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 33.93% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 49.61%.

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[Link] Axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.58 Loss of axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Column of Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 C15 1186.1506 1099.153 838.9453
2 Storey-2 C15 866.1516 802.6423 760.3029
3 Storey-3 C15 555.2583 512.883 484.6329
4 Storey-4 C15 244.903 223.6141 209.4215

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced which is
shown in table no. 5.
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 7% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 29.27%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 7.33% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 12.22%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 7.63% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 12.71%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 8.69% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 14.48%.

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5.7.4 Analytical investigation of frames of structure no: - 4

Fig. No. 5.50 Analytical building frame of structure no: - 4

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Table 5.59 Geometric and material properties of building frames

SR. NO. DISCRIPTION ETABS MODELS

1 Model 1 2 3
2 No of stories 4 4 4
3 Ht. of top stories 3.2 m 3.2 m 3.2 m
4 Ht. of bottom stories 4.2 m 4.2 m 4.2 m
5 Thickness of slab 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm
6 Strength of concrete 20 N/mm² 17.32 N/mm² 13.24 N/mm²
7 Strength of steel 415 N/mm² 373 N/mm² 250 N/mm²
8 Fire duration 0 min 60 min 120 min
9 Size of column 300 mm*500 mm 300 mm*500 mm 300 mm*500 mm
10 Size of beam 230mm*450mm 230mm*450mm 230mm*450mm
11 Dead load on floor 12 KN/m² 12 KN/m² 12 KN/m²
12 Dead load on roof 10 KN/m² 10 KN/m² 10 KN/m²
13 Live load on floor 4 KN/m² 4 KN/m² 4 KN/m²
14 Live load on roof 1.5 KN/m² 1.5 KN/m² 1.5 KN/m²

[Link] Shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.60 Loss of shear strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Shear Strength Shear Strength Shear Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 B19 97.8276 69.3236 49.5107
2 Storey-2 B19 95.6883 68.7773 47.5297
3 Storey-3 B19 94.6259 67.4844 46.5873
4 Storey-4 B19 78.4947 59.8704 41.7949

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[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced which is shown in
table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 29.13% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 49.38%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 28.12% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 50.32%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 28.68% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 50.76%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire shear strength of section is reduced by 23.72% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 46.75%.

[Link] Bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.61 Loss of bending strength of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect of With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Beam Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Bending Strength Bending Strength Bending Strength
(KN-m) (KN-m) (KN-m)
1 Storey-1 B6 45.3204 32.8624 23.9322
2 Storey-2 B6 45.0825 33.2251 24.1018
3 Storey-3 B6 45.0329 34.0277 25.7249
4 Storey-4 B6 39.5615 28.7243 20.7232

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced which is shown
in table no.5
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 27.48% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 47.19%.

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• For storey-2, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 26.30% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 46.53%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 24.43% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 42.87%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire bending strength of section is reduced by 27.39% and after
two-hour fire it is reduced by 47.61%.

[Link] Axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Table No. 5.62 Loss of axial force capacity of section of different storey subjected to fire

Without Effect With Effect of One With Effect of Two

Sr. Column of Fire Hour Fire Hour Fire
Storey
No. Name Axial Force Axial Force Axial Force
(KN) (KN) (KN)
1 Storey-1 C11 1140.8453 1008.4758 945.5102
2 Storey-2 C11 837.13 739.613 688.3021
3 Storey-3 C11 539.5847 467.4855 440.4257
4 Storey-4 C11 245.4661 214.5974 194.9824

[Link].1 Observations and discussions

• It is observed that for all storey of structure after changing strength of concrete and steel
after one-hour fire and two-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced which is
shown in table no. 5.
• For storey-1, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 11.60% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 17.12%.
• For storey-2, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 11.64% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 17.77%.
• For storey-3, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 13.36% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 18.37%.
• For storey-4, after one-hour fire axial force capacity of section is reduced by 12.57% and
after two-hour fire it is reduced by 20.56%.

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5.8 Analytical investigation of failure of frame members of structure subjected

to standard fire based on ISO 834

In ETAB software after analyzing the above structure with and without effect of fire condition.
As changing their material property and section property of all 3 models by their strength as per
ISO 834. For one model is of strength of concrete 18 N/mm² and strength of steel 373 N/mm² and
another model is of strength of concrete 13 N/mm² and strength of steel 250 N/mm, both models
are checked whether any failure of frame members of structure as compared with a model of
strength of concrete 20 N/mm² and strength of steel 415 N/mm² after analyzing concrete frame
design. Check failure members in following figure:

Fig. No. 5.51 Concrete design information of 1st model

All three models are analyzing for different strength of concrete and strength of steel and
design check for concrete frame for checking failure of any frame members or not after changing
it. The strength of concrete and strength of steel is applied based on ISO 834 and the table is given
in section 5.5, table no. 5.32 for loss of strength of concrete as per ISO 834 and table no. 5.33 for
loss of strength of steel as per ISO 834.
According to these results, changing 2nd model’s strength of concrete from 20 N/mm² to 18
N/mm² and strength of steel from 415 N/mm² to 373 N/mm². Similarly changing their material

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property, section property, modulus of elasticity, strain, etc. and concrete design check for failure
of frame members after one-hour fire duration and its result in fig no.5.52.

Fig No. 5.52 Concrete design information of 2nd model

According to these results, changing 3rd model’s strength of concrete from 20 N/mm² to 13
N/mm² and strength of steel from 415 N/mm² to 250 N/mm². Similarly changing their material
property, section property, modulus of elasticity, strain, etc. and concrete design check for failure
of frame members after one-hour fire duration and its result in fig no.5.53.

Fig. No. 5.53 Concrete design information of 3rd model

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Fig. No. 5.54 Concrete frame design before failure of members

The above figure shows the frame members of 1st model. In this figure pink color indicate the
column with safe and no any failure members after analyzing and check for concrete frame design.

Fig. No. 5.55 Concrete frame design after failure of members

The above figure shows the frame members after analyzing and check for concrete frame
design. In this figure pink color indicates the column with safe and no any failure members after
analyzing and check for concrete frame design. Similarly, the fig. 5.55 shows the dotted line with
red in color indicates the failure of frame members of structure. There are 20 frame members are
failed after changing grade and various properties. Design summary is showing as follow:

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Fig. No. 5.56 Concrete design summary analyzed for without heating condition

In this design summary figure 5.56 shows rebar percentage of axial force and biaxial moment
design is 5.41 % and rebar area 4870 mm² and there is none of any failure or error occur after
analyzing for strength of concrete 20 N/mm² and strength of steel 415 N/mm².

Fig. No. 5.57 Concrete design summary analyzed for one-hour fire as per ISO 834

In this design summary figure 5.57 fails to shows rebar percentage of axial force and biaxial
moment design and rebar area. There is none of any failure or error occur after analyzing for
strength of concrete 18 N/mm² and strength of steel 373 N/mm². O/S #2 shows note at end of
summary, i.e. reinforcing required exceeds maximum allowed.

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Fig. No. 5.58 Concrete design summary analyzed for two-hour fire as per ISO 834

In this design summary figure 5.58 fails to shows rebar percentage of axial force and biaxial
moment design and rebar area. There is none of any failure or error occur after analyzing for
strength of concrete 13 N/mm² and strength of steel 250 N/mm². O/S #2 shows note at end of
summary, i.e. reinforcing required exceeds maximum allowed.

5.9 Analytical investigation of failure of frame members of structure subjected

fire based on experimental investigation

In ETAB software after analyzing the above structure with and without effect of fire condition.
As changing their material property and section property of all 3 models by their strength as per
experimental investigation. For one model is of strength of concrete 17.32 N/mm² and strength of
steel 373 N/mm² and another model is of strength of concrete 13.24 N/mm² and strength of steel
250 N/mm, both models are checked whether any failure of frame members of structure as
compared with a model of strength of concrete 20.475 N/mm² and strength of steel 415 N/mm² after
analyzing concrete frame design. Check failure members in following figure:
All three models are analyzing for different strength of concrete and strength of steel and design
check for concrete frame for checking failure of any frame members or not after changing it. The
strength of concrete and strength of steel is applied based on experimental investigation and the
table is given in section 5.3.1, table no. 5.1 for loss of strength of concrete as per experimental
investigation and section 5.5, table no. 5.33 for loss of strength of steel as per ISO 834.

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Fig. No. 5.59 Concrete design information of 1st model

According to these results, changing 2nd model’s strength of concrete from 20.475 N/mm² to
17.32 N/mm² and strength of steel from 415 N/mm² to 373 N/mm². Similarly changing their
material property, section property, modulus of elasticity, strain, etc. and concrete design check for
failure of frame members after one-hour fire duration and its result in fig no.5.60.

Fig No. 5.60 Concrete design information of 2nd model

According to these results, changing 3rd model’s strength of concrete from 20.475 N/mm² to
13.24 N/mm² and strength of steel from 415 N/mm² to 250 N/mm². Similarly changing their

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material property, section property, modulus of elasticity, strain, etc. and concrete design check for
failure of frame members after one-hour fire duration and its result in fig no.5.61.

Fig. No. 5.61 Concrete design information of 3rd model

Fig. No. 5.62 Concrete frame design before failure of members

The above figure shows the frame members of 1st model. In this figure pink color indicate the
column with safe and no any failure members after analyzing and check for concrete frame design.

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Fig. No. 5.63 Concrete frame design after failure of members

The above figure shows the frame members after analyzing and check for concrete frame
design. In this figure pink color indicates the column with safe and no any failure members after
analyzing and check for concrete frame design. Similarly, the fig. 5.63 shows the dotted line with
red in color indicates the failure of frame members of structure. There are 20 frame members are
failed after changing grade and various properties. Design summary is showing as follow:

Fig. No. 5.64 Concrete design summary analyzed for without heating condition

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In this design summary figure 5.64 shows rebar percentage of axial force and biaxial moment
design is 5.48 % and rebar area 4929 mm² and there is none of any failure or error occur after
analyzing for strength of concrete 20.475 N/mm² and strength of steel 415 N/mm².

Fig. No. 5.65 Concrete design summary analyzed for one-hour fire as per experimental
investigation

In this design summary figure 5.65 fails to shows rebar percentage of axial force and biaxial
moment design and rebar area. There is none of any failure or error occur after analyzing for
strength of concrete 17.32 N/mm² and strength of steel 373 N/mm². O/S #2 shows note at end of
summary, i.e. reinforcing required exceeds maximum allowed.
In this design summary figure 5.66 fails to shows rebar percentage of axial force and biaxial
moment design and rebar area. There is none of any failure or error occur after analyzing for
strength of concrete 13.24 N/mm² and strength of steel 250 N/mm². O/S #2 shows note at end of
summary, i.e. reinforcing required exceeds maximum allowed.

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Fig. No. 5.66 Concrete design summary analyzed for two-hour fire as per experimental
investigation

5.10 Closing remarks

The chapter concludes about experimental and analytical study for effect of fire on frame
members of structure used under laboratory test on instrument and application of ETAB-2016
software. The various results carried out experimentally by testing of concrete specimens. These
are compared with result obtained from ISO 834. i.e. compressive strength of concrete cube samples
and flexural strength of concrete beam samples. Also evaluate their modulus of elasticity by using
iMetrum video gauge instrument for calculating strain percentage while performing experimental
tests. The analytical results are obtained by using ETAB-2016 software for various fire duration is
discussed. These analysis is carried out bending strength of section, shear strength of section and
axial fore capacity of section for G+3 storey building. Also discussed the failure of frame members
of structure under heating conditions of various properties and strength carried out from this
analytical study.

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CHAPTER 06
CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 06
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion from experimental study

1) M20 grade of concrete

➢ Concrete cubes
• It is observed that concrete cube samples average compressive strength for normal or
without effect of fire is 20.475 N/mm², after one-hour fire 17.32 N/mm² and after two-
hour fire 13.24 N/mm².
• It is observed that compressive strength of concrete cube after one-hour fire it is reduced
by 15.40%.
• Similarly, the compressive strength of concrete cube after two-hour fire it is reduced by
35.33%.
• All concrete cubes are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that compressive strength is decrease with rise in temperature.
➢ Concrete beams
• It is observed that concrete beam samples average flexural strength for normal or
without effect of fire is 1.85 N/mm², after one-hour fire 0.725 N/mm² and after two-hour
fire 0.285 N/mm².
• It is observed that flexural strength of concrete beam after one-hour fire it is reduced by
59.45%.
• Similarly, the flexural strength of concrete beam after two-hour fire it is reduced by
84.59%.
• All concrete beams are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that flexural strength decreases and deformation increases with rise in
temperature.
➢ Modulus of elasticity
• It is observed that concrete cube sample average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 5223.14 MPa after one-hour fire 4101.93 MPa and after two-
hour fire 2780.74 MPa.

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• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete cube samples after one-hour fire
reduced by 21.46%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete cubes after two-hour fire reduced by
46.76%.
• All concrete cubes are tested on compressive testing machine along with strain
calculation on iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at
different fire duration and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise
in temperature.
• It is observed that concrete beam samples average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 9202.57 MPa, after one-hour fire 4465.28 MPa and after two-
hour fire 856.31 MPa.
• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after one-hour fire reduced by
51.47%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after two-hour fire reduced by
90.69%.
• All concrete beams are tested on universal testing machine along with strain calculation
on iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at different fire
duration and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise in temperature.

2) M25 grade of concrete

➢ Concrete cubes
• It is observed that concrete cube samples average compressive strength for normal or
without effect of fire is 28.40 N/mm², after one-hour fire 26.66 N/mm² and after two-
hour fire 18.42 N/mm².
• It is observed that compressive strength of concrete cube after one-hour fire it is reduced
by 6.12%.
• Similarly, the compressive strength of concrete cube after two-hour fire it is reduced by
31.61%.
• All concrete cubes are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that compressive strength decreases with rise in temperature.

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➢ Concrete beams
• It is observed that concrete beam samples average flexural strength for normal or
without effect of fire is 3.725 N/mm², after one-hour fire 1.255 N/mm² and after two-
hour fire 0.39 N/mm².
• It is observed that flexural strength of concrete beam after one-hour fire it is reduced by
66.30%.
• Similarly, the flexural strength of concrete beam after two-hour fire it is reduced by
89.53%.
• All concrete beams are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that flexural strength decreases and deformation increases with rise in
temperature.
➢ Modulus of elasticity
• It is observed that concrete cube samples average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 8401.13 MPa, after one-hour fire 7426.17 MPa and after two-
hour fire 1854.79 MPa.
• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete cubes after one-hour fire reduced by
11.60%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete cubes after two-hour fire reduced by
77.92%.
• All concrete cubes are tested on compressive testing machine along with strain
calculation on iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at
different fire duration and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise
in temperature.
• It is observed that concrete beam samples average modulus of elasticity for normal or
without effect of fire is 2102.42 MPa, after one-hour fire 1802.97 MPa and after two-
hour fire 265.33 MPa.
• It is observed that modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after one-hour fire reduced by
14.24%.
• Similarly, modulus of elasticity of concrete beam after two-hour fire reduced by
87.37%.

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• All concrete beams are tested on universal testing machine along with strain calculation
on iMetrum video gauge instrument for with and without effect of fire at different fire
duration and it is revealed that modulus of elasticity is decrease with rise in temperature.

6.2 Conclusion from analytical study

1) According to analysis of frame using ETAB software it is observed that bending strength
and shear strength of beam section is reduced after changing its material property taken
from ISO 834.
2) It is observed that for all storey average shear strength of section is reduced by 30% for one-
hour fire and 47% for two-hour fire.
3) Similarly, average bending strength of section is reduced by 29% for one-hour fire and 50%
for two-hour fire.
4) Similarly, average axial force capacity of section is reduced by 9% for one-hour fire and
15% for two-hour fire.
5) From all the analysis it is observed that effect of fire on beam is more than column.

6.3 Failure of frame members of structure

1) All the models are analyzed in ETAB-2016 software with changing its strength of concrete
and steel as per ISO 834 and check for concrete frame design.
2) It is observed that after changing its property and grades as per fire duration, frame members
of structure has failed for concrete frame design.
3) There are 20 frame members are failed because of reinforcement required exceed allowed
for interior column members of bottom storey under heating condition.
4) Failure members are: C26, C27, C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35, C38, C39, C40,
C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, C46, C47.
5) The failure of frame members should either decrease the load on that member or increase
the capacity of the member.
6) It is concluded that the failure members of structure are resulted by overstressed of failure
members.
7) All the models are analyzed in ETAB-2016 software with changing its strength of concrete
and steel as per experimental investigation and check for concrete frame design.

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8) It is observed that after changing its property and grades as per fire duration, frame members
of structure has failed for concrete frame design.
9) There are 20 frame members are failed because of reinforcement required exceed allowed
for interior column members of bottom storey under heating condition.
10) Failure members are: C26, C27, C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35, C38, C39, C40,
C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, C46, C47.
11) The failure of frame members should either decrease the load on that member or increase
the capacity of the member.
12) It is concluded that the failure members of structure are resulted by overstressed of failure
members.
13) As we compared for both the result, it concluded that there is nothing to change in result of
failure of frame members of structure by analyzed on application of software as per ISO
834 and as per experimental investigation.

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REFERENCES

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REFERENCES

Journals International/National:

1) Anchor, R. D. Malhotra, H.L. and Purkess, J.A., Design of structures against Fire, Elsevier
Applied Science, London, 1986.
2) Bruce Ellingwood and T. D. Lin members, ASCE, “Flexure and shear behavior of concrete
beams during fire.” Vol.117, No. 2, February, 1991
3) Elghazouli, A. Y., and Izzuddin, B. A. ~2004. ‘‘Failure of lightly reinforced concrete
members under fire. II: Parametric studies and design considerations.’’ J. Struct. Eng.,
130~1!, 18–31.
4) FIP/CEB Model Code for Fire Design of Concrete Structures, FIP/CEB, London, 1969.
5) James A. Milke, P.E., Member, ASCE, “Analytical methods to evaluate fire resistance of
structural members.” Vol. 125, No. 10, October, 1999
6) Kodur, V. K. R., and Lie, T. T. (1995a). "Fire resistance of hollow steel columns filled with
steel fibre reinforced concrete." Proc.• 2nd Univ. Industry Workshop on Fibre Reinforced
Concrete and Other Composites, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 289-302.
7) K.H tan and Y. Yao, “Fire resistance of four-face heated reinforced concrete columns.” J.
Struct. Eng; 2003,129(9): 1220-29
8) T. T. Lie and R. J. Irwin, “fire resistance steel columns filled with bar-reinforcement
concrete.” Vol. 121, No. 5, May, 1995.
9) W. S. Toh, K. H. Tan and T. C. Fung,” compressive resistance of steel columns in fire r
ankine approach.” Vol. 126, No. 3, March, 2000.
10) Y. Sakumoto, T. Okada, M. Yoshidaand S. tasaka, “fire resistance of concrete filled fire
resistance steel tube columns.” Vol. 6, No. 2, May, 1994.

Reference books:

a) Concrete Technology- M. S. Shetty.

b) Design of Concrete Mixes- N. Krishna Raju.
c) Concrete Technology Book by M.L. Gambhir.
d) Concrete Technology Book by P.K. Mehta.
e) Design of RCC structure Book by B. C. Punmia

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I.S. Codes:

❖ I.S. 456-2000, Indian standard code of practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (fourth
revision), Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
❖ I.S 800-2007, Indian standard general construction in steel- code of practice.
❖ I.S. 10262-2009 Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design.
❖ I.S. 1199-1959 Method of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete.
❖ I.S. 383-1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregate for concrete.
❖ I.S. 516-1959 Method of Test for Strength of Concrete.
❖ ISO 834-2014, Fire resistance Test.

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PUBLICATIONS
A) Published

Pankaj Subhash Rathod, Mr. Chetan G. Konapure, “Evaluation of Effect of Fire on Frame
Members of Structure” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, July 2020,
Volume 7, Issue 7, ISSN:2349-5162.

B) Communicated for publication

Pankaj Subhash Rathod, Mr. Chetan G. Konapure, “Evaluation of Effect of Fire on Frame
Members of Structure” Journal of Engineering science and Technology, hosting by Elsevier B.V.

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Investigation of fire burnt 1st floor building of regional office, State

Bank of India, Balives, Solapur
1. Introduction
Fire is one of the most severe hazards that building structures may experience during their
lifetime. If structure is damaged by fire, it is necessary to investigate the cause of the fire and
evaluate reusability of the damaged structure. In terms of economic efficiency, it may be a better
approach to retrofit the damaged components of the structure, instead of demolishing it partially or
completely. This decision must be made based on the result of investigations such as the visual
inspection of the damaged structure, test on the structural components, non-destructive test and
analytical investigation.
Concrete is a structural material, which performs well under fire conditions due to its low thermal
conductivity and incombustibility. Furthermore, a reinforced concrete (RC) structure with proper
reinforcement details can effectively redistribute loads from damaged region to undamaged
components even if the part of the structure is severely damaged by fire. Therefore, it is not common
for fire damaged RC structures to completely collapse during or after an even of fire.

2. Visual inspection of damaged structural components

Collapse occur due to any one of the major structure load carrying members is removed
suddenly from a building due to any unfavorable condition & if the remaining structural element
are not capable of supporting the whole weight of the building. As we have visited the bank in
which the first floor destroyed by burning whether the structure is fail or not we have taken various
test on that frame structure so the structure is capable to take load. Non-destructive test is carried
on that structure.

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Fig. No. 2.1 Ground floor plan of S.B.I

Changes of concrete in fire

Concrete and masonry may be “non-combustible”, but it cannot be considered completely fire
proof. Concrete does not burn it cannot be ‘set on fire’ like other material in a building and it does
not emit any toxic fumes when affected by fire. It will also not produce smoke or drip molten
particles, unlike some plastic melts, so it does not to the fire load. When the concrete is hotter than
77° F, the process of hydration is spent up and generates internal heat. When a fire exposes concrete
to high heat, extensive damage can occur because of the temperature shock to the material. If
extreme heat penetrates concrete enough to weaken the steel reinforcement component within the
concrete, the structural integrity of the entire could be adversely affected. Strength of concrete will
be decrease and failure could be occurred from loss of bending or tensile strength; loss of bond
strength, loss of shear strength, loss of compressive strength can be occurred in the concrete.

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Fig. No. 2.2 Fire affected area

Fig. No. 2.3 Burnt buildings room

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3. Experimental investigation
3.1 Non-destructive test:-
a) Rebound hammer test
b) Core Test
a) Rebound hammer test
Rebound Hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of concrete by using
rebound hammer as pr IS:13311 (Part-2)-1992. The rebound of elastic mass depends on the
hardness of the surface against which its mass strikes. When the plunger of the rebound hammer is
pressed against the surface of the concrete, the spring controlled mass rebound and the extent of
such a rebound depend upon the surface hardness of concrete. The surface hardness and therefore
the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound value is
read from a graduated scale and is designed as the rebound number or rebound index. Hence
rebound are related to compressive strength of matterial.

Fig. No. 3.1 Rebound hammer

Use :- It is used for estimating compressive strength of concrete

Limitation :- The accuracy of predicated strength is ±25 %

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b) Core test

When compressive strength tests of State Bank of India fire affected building fail to meet the
specified acceptance criteria, core tests are commonly used to verify the strength and to obtain
acceptance of the in-plane concrete. In this method the core samples are taken from the structural
members, usually extracted by drilling using a diamond tipped core cutter cooled with water. 75
mm, 100 mm or 150 mm diameter cores are taken on site using state of the art core cutting machines.
Cover meter is used to locate the reinforcement steel before core cutting. This prevents structural
damage to the RCC member by avoiding the reinforcement. These cores are dressed at State Bank
of India and tested using standard compression testing methods to determine compressive strength
and arrive at equivalent cube strength of concrete. The cylindrical strength is then co-related to cube
strength IS 516 suggest a multiplying factor of 1.25 for converting cylindrical strength to equivalent
cube strength.

Results on the field :-

A) Non-Destructive test was carried out on exposed surfaces of slab, beams and columns. The test
was carried out using digital rebound hammer (make:- Proceq). Tests were conducted at
locations which were accessible.
Reerence: - IS 13311 (Part-II) : 1992
Table no. 3.1 NDT results for members
Average Compressive
Sr. Description of Members/Location Strength of Concrete
No.
(N/mm²)
1 Column C58
Test was conducted at two locations: Average result of
15.6
lintel & sill levels location
2 Column C58
Test was conducted at two locations: Average result of
16.8
lintel & sill levels location
3 Major primary Beam B109
Test was conducted at three locations: Average result of
14.7
Mid span &end location

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4 Major primary Beam B109

Test was conducted at three locations: Average result of
15.4
Mid span &end location
5 Secondary Beam B63
Test was conducted at three locations: Average result of
15.75
Mid span & end location
6 Secondary Beam B55
Test was conducted at three locations: Average result of
15.1
Mid span & end location
7 Slab panel between Beam B71 & B63 Average result of
16.3
location
8 Slab panel between Beam B63 & B55 Average result of
16.9
location

B) The cores of concrete were also taken by us on next day 16-2-2020. The core tests were also
conducted to confirm the NDT results. The cores of approx. two and three inches diameter were
taken. The results of cores of concrete are as follows:-

Table no. 3.2 Results of concrete cores

Equivalent Cube
Equivalent Compressive
Sr. Strength of Concrete
Strength of Cylinder of
No. Identification Mark Core [Compressive
Concrete Core (N/mm²)
Strength (N/mm²)]
1 Column C58
C1 11.2 14.00
2 Column C61
C4 12.09 15.12
3 Major primary Beam B109
Beam C3 C4 10.56 13.20
4 Major primary Beam B107
Beam C1 C2 11.08 13.85

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5 Secondary Beam B63

Beam A 11.76 14.7

3.2 Experimental investigation of M20 grade of concrete

The earlier investigation reveal that the strength is reduced by effect of fire at different fire
duration. All category concrete specimens are tested for with and without effect of fire at different
fire duration. A reinforced concrete structure is analyzed for different material properties and
sectional properties which taken from experimental result. These samples are also tested for
properties of hardened concrete i.e. compressive strength. In this case study, concrete cubes are
casted for checking compressive strength whether reduced by effect of two-hour fire. These cubes
are casted as per design criteria existed at S.B.I. bank. These cubes are plastered, cured in water for
28-days then gone through effect of two-hour fire and tested for compression strength test in
laboratory.

Table no. 3.2 Compressive strength of M20 grade of concrete cube sample
Weight of Load on Comp. strength Avg. Comp.
cube machine (N/mm²) strength
Content
(kg) (KN) (N/mm²)
11.556 474.7 21.09
Without effect of
10.67 429.7 19.09 19.65
fire
11.17 422.4 18.77
9.702 192.8 8.56
With effect of
8.892 175 7.77 10.49
one-hour fire
8.698 341.2 15.16
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆
Compressive Strength Formula = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒖𝒃𝒆

19.65−10.49
% Reduction of comp. strength after two-hour fire = x 100 = 46.52%
19.65

3.3 Observations and discussions of compressive strength of M20 grade of

concrete cube samples
• From the above experimental investigation, it is observed that compressive strength of
concrete cube is reduced by effect of fire at different fire duration.

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• From the experimental result shown in table, it is observed that compressive strength of
concrete cube after two-hour fire is reduced by 46.52%.
• Above concrete cubes are tested for with and without effect of fire at different fire duration
and it is revealed that compressive strength decreases with rise in temperature.
4. Analytical investigation

The earlier experimental investigation reveal that the strength is reduced by effect of fire after
two-hour. A reinforced concrete structure is analyzed for different material properties and sectional
properties which taken from ISO 834. The RCC structure analyzed in ETAB software and check
whether shear strength of beam, bending strength of beams and axial force of columns of different
storey building is reduced or the structural members are safe during different fire duration.

Table 4.1 Geometric and material properties of building frames

Sr. No. Content Descriptions

1 Model 1 2
2 No of stories 2 4
3 Ht. of top stories 3.2 m 3.2 m
4 Ht. of bottom stories 3.2 m 3.2 m
5 Grade of concrete M20 M13
6 Reduction factor of concrete 1 0.9
7 Grade of steel Fe415 Fe250
8 Reduction factor of steel 1 0.63
9 Fire duration 0 min 120 min
10 Slab thickness 120 mm 120 mm
11 Wall thickness (external) 230 mm 230 mm
12 Wall thickness (internal) 150 mm 150 mm
13 Size of column 350 mm*470 mm 350 mm*470 mm
14 Size of main beam 300 mm*750 mm 300 mm*750 mm
15 Size of secondary beam 230mm*650mm 230mm*650mm
16 Dead load on slab 3.75 KN/m² 3.75 KN/m²
17 Live load 3 KN/m² 3 KN/m²

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18 Floor finish 0.75 KN/m² 0.75 KN/m²

19 Dead load on external wall 4.6 KN/m² 4.6 KN/m²
20 Dead load on internal wall 3 KN/m² 3 KN/m²

Fig. No. 4.1 Fire affected portion

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4.1 Shear strength of section is affected after two-hour fire

Shear Strength (KN)

Sr. No. Beam Name
Without Effect of With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire
1 B37 7.8588 5.5157
2 B38 7.168 5.4852
3 B40 135.0091 125.1518
4 B41 196.5704 185.2033
5 B42 144.7403 138.7068
6 B36 203.4533 186.5889
7 B43 9.3385 7.4566
8 B44 12.6669 12.0539
9 B16 6.4527 4.2746
10 B17 6.1543 4.0917
11 B18 6.6821 4.7178
12 B31 42.2198 39.108
13 B30 33.6106 30.2724
14 B22 136.9868 115.5921
15 B23 143.9965 126.117
16 B24 144.0386 131.0973
17 B32 46.6412 39.8741
18 B33 42.2699 37.3078
19 B35 42.2973 37.2335
20 B34 39.9255 35.1647
21 B21 6.7931 4.703
22 B20 6.3237 4.2596
23 B19 6.8906 4.9331

4.2 Bending strength of section is affected after two-hour fire

Bending Strength (KN-m)

Sr. No. Beam Name
Without Effect of With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire
1 B37 7.4749 5.889
2 B38 8.797 7.8505
3 B40 56.8509 54.9093
4 B41 257.12 237.9665

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5 B42 77.8614 70.7143

6 B36 243.7645 216.1673
7 B43 7.0571 5.3394
8 B44 10.6242 10.5515
9 B16 4.8074 3.5086
10 B17 3.6902 2.548
11 B18 6.0438 4.5432
12 B31 28.984 20.577
13 B30 20.5217 20.307
14 B22 131.3515 112.7827
15 B23 59.1236 49.2586
16 B24 233.3097 216.1554
17 B32 37.1171 36.7583
18 B33 29.2462 24.4907
19 B35 31.9103 31.2129
20 B34 28.1397 24.8405
21 B21 7.6303 6.863
22 B20 3.7813 2.6394
23 B19 8.2927 6.544

4.3 Axial forces capacity of section is affected after two-hour fire

Axial Force Capacity (KN)

Sr. No. Beam Name Without Effect of With Effect of Two
Fire Hour Fire
1 C1 48.345 35.4861
2 C2 55.2603 44.4017
3 C3 57.9861 46.7089
4 C4 47.4205 34.673
5 C5 44.1192 31.1455
6 C6 78.7183 66.8496
7 C7 74.0775 61.3549
8 C8 46.0559 33.0414
9 C9 88.9195 75.3969
10 C10 694.3335 620.8896
11 C11 783.5692 711.8985
12 C12 97.1381 82.9362

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ANNEXURE-I
PHOTOGRAPH DURING TESTING OF CONCRETE
SPECIMENS

Beam specimens with and without effect of fire

Cube specimens with and without effect of fire

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Flexural strength test

Failed beam specimen after flexure

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Compressive strength test

Failed cube specimen after Compression

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Strain measurement using video gauge equipment

Determination of modulus of elasticity using video gauge measurement system

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Fire affected area of S.B.I building

Fire affected beam

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Checking slab while testing NDT

NDT of case study

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Name: - Mr. Pankaj Subhash Rathod

Address: - Sagunai Niwas, Vyasnagar, Naldurg.

Ta: - Tuljapur Dist: - Osmanabad 413602

Email Id: - pnkjrathod464@[Link]

Mobile No.: - +91-8484848311

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