ADVANCED TOPICS

IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA

ADVANCED TOPICS
IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA

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and physics.
Wohua Zhang
Yuanqiang Cai

Continuum Damage
Mechanics and Numerical
Applications

W it h 425 figures

~ Springer
~ ZHEJIANG UNIVERS ITY PRESS

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Authors
Prof. Wohua Zhang Prof. Yuanqiang Cai
Geotechnical Engineering Institute Geotechnical Engineering Institute
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310027, China 310027, China
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1995-6819 e-ISSN 1995-6827

Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China

ISBN 978-7-308-06589-4
Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou

ISBN 978-3-642-04707-7 e-ISBN 978-3-642-04708-4

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Preface

The progress of failure in metals, under various loading conditions, is as-

sumed to involve the degradation of a structure due to nucleation and growth
of defects, such as microvoids and microcracks, and their coalescence into
macrocracks. This process, generically termed damage, was first used to pre-
dict material failure and rupture in-service in an elevated condition. Although
damage mechanics provides a measure of material degradation on a microme-
chanics scale, the damage variables are introduced to reflect average material
degradation on a macromechanics scale and thus continuum damage mechan-
ics (CDM) was developed. In the micro-cracking of materials under different
stress conditions, damage is regarded as the progressive degradation. This ma-
terial degradation is reflected in the non-linear behaviour of the structures.
Non-linear analysis based on CDM provides conservative and realistic results.
Since the pioneering work of Kachanov in 1958, continuum damage mechan-
ics has been widely accepted to describe progressive failure due to material
degradation. The reason for its popularity is as much the intrinsic simplic-
ity and versatility of the approach, as well as its consistency based on the
theory of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. When the crack pro-
files are not known a priori, the continuum damage mechanics approaches are
computationally very attractive. CDM is a very applicable and rapidly de-
veloping discipline. Now many papers are published and several international
conferences, e.g., IUTAM-Symposia or EUROMECH-Colloquia, take place.
Furthermore, a special International Journal of Damage Mechanics stresses
the importance of this branch of solid mechanics.
Based on the concept of Kachanov, many constitutive equations have been
developed to describe the phenomenological aspects of the damage process. In
addition to rupture times, secondary and tertiary progressive failure behavior
of materials can be well predicted using the phenomenological equations in
which the material is treated as a continuum. Since the detailed process of
degradation of the material is not easily examined, a theoretical description of
the damage state in a continuum and its evolution can be rather complicated
and some assumptions or postulates are made to describe the rate of damage
VI Preface

evolution. The usual assumptions have a certain generality, which allows the
resulting equations to be fitted to different experimental data with a degree
of success but they are not based on microstructural observations or phys-
ical reasoning. The material constants in these equations do not have clear
physical meanings and the dominant damage mechanisms cannot be modeled
using the equations. So experimental investigations of damage mechanism in
this field are difficult, especially under multiaxial stress and non-proportional
loading. Therefore, entitative experimental data are scarcely available, so that
intrinsic comparisons between theory and the hypost atic experiment are of-
ten impossible. Material scientists studying damage are not content with this
vague description of damage. The dissatisfaction is reinforced when attempts
are made to model the growth of voids or cracks during degradation which
can lead to equations that do not appear to resemble those of the contin-
uum treatment. The weakness of the approach is further demonstrated by
the obvious experimental fact that t here are several mechanisms of complex
damage, while the continuum equations appear to describe only one. Thus the
research on different damages has been extended into the area of categoriz-
ing damage mechanisms. Mathematical representations of the corresponding
damage mechanisms, damage evolution, and their effects on nonlinear defor-
mation have been studied and developed. Based on the development of the
understanding of the damage mechanisms, physically inspired , multivariable
damage models have been proposed and used for t he modeling of complex
rupture of materials.
This book presents a systematic development of the theory of Contin-
uum Damage Mechanics and its numerical engineering applications using a
unified form of t he mathematical formulations used in engineering for eit her
anisotropic or isotropic damage models. The principles presented in this book
include the latest progress in continuum damage mechanics and research in
this area developed by the authors. The presentation is theoretical in na-
ture emphasizing the detailed derivations of the various models and formu-
lations. The advanced works of various active researchers in t his area are
also presented. The theoretical framework of this book is based on the ther-
modynamic theory of energy and material dissipation and is described by a
set of fundamental formulations of constitutive equations of damaged mate-
rials, development equations of the damaged state and evolution equations of
micro-structures. The theoretical framework of continuum damage mechanics
presented in this book is constructed based on thermodynamics that deals
with the theory of energy and material dissipation employing internal state
variables and is described by a set of fundamental formulations of constitu-
tive equations of damaged materials, development equations of the damaged
state and evolution equations of micro-structures. According to concepts of
damage-dissipation of the material stat e and effective evolution of material
properties, all these advanced equations, which take the non-symmetrized ef-
fects of damage aspects into account, are developed and modified from the
traditional general failure models so they are more easily applied and verified
 Preface VII

in a wide range of engineering practices by experimental testing. A number of

practical applications for continuum damage mechanics developed in this book
are presented in different engineering topics analyzed by different numerical
methods.
The book is divided into (1) an introduction; (2) review of damage me-
chanics; (3) basis of isotropic damage mechanics; (4) theory of isotropic elasto-
plastic damage mechanics; (5) basis of anisotropic damage mechanics; (6)
brittle damage mechanics of brittle materials; (7) theory of anisotropic elasto-
plastic damage mechanics; (8) theory of elasto-visco-plastic damage mechan-
ics; (9) dynamic damage problems of damaged materials.
Finally, the first author wishes to thank his hierophants Professor S. Val-
liapan of the University of New South Wales in Australia and Professor Xu
Zhixin of Tongji University in China, without whose academic guidance this
book would not have appeared. The authors would like to acknowledge the
financial support for their research works provided by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China.

Wohua Zhang
Yuanqiang Cai
Hangzhou, China
Contents

1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
References .................................................. 10

2 Review of Damage Mechanics ............................. 15

2.1 Development of Damage Mechanics ........................ 15
2.2 Survey of Damage Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
2.2.1 Different Damage Definitions due to Different
Measurements .................................... 17
2.2.2 Damage Described by Micro-cracks and Macro-cracks .. 21
2.2.3 Damage Descriptions by Constrained Cavity
Nucleation and Growth ............................ 24
2.2.4 Damage State Described by Continuum Cavity
Growth ........................................ 24
2.2.5 Damage State Described by Ductile Void Growth ...... 24
2.3 Survey of Constitutive Relations for Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
2.3.1 Constitutive Relations for Damaged Materials. . . . . . . .. 27
2.3.2 Constitutive Models for Brittle Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
2.3.3 Constitutive Models for Ductile Damage ............. 29
2.3.4 Constitutive Models for Damage due to Super-Plastic
Void Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
2.3.5 Constitutive Models for Creep Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
2.3.6 Constitutive Models for Anisotropic Damage. . . . . . . . .. 33
2.4 Survey of Kinetic Equations for Damaged Materials. . . . . . . . .. 35
2.4.1 Kinetic Behaviors due to Micro-Structural Changes. . .. 35
2.4.2 Creep Damage Growths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
2.4.3 Damage Evolution due to Cavity Nucleation and
Growth ........................................ 37
2.4.4 Damage Evolution due to Super-Plastic Void Growth .. 38
2.4.5 Brittle and Ductile Damage Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
2.4.6 Fatigue Damage Growths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
References 43
X Contents

3 Basis of Isotropic Damage Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59

3.1 Introduction............................................ 59
3.2 Isotropic Damage Variable ................................ 59
3.3 Concept of Effective Stress ............................... 60
3.4 Different Basic Hypothesis of Damage Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
3.4.1 Hypothesis of Strain Equivalence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
3.4.2 Hypothesis of Stress Equivalence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
3.4.3 Hypothesis of Elastic Energy Equivalence ............ 64
3.4.4 Damage Varia bles Based on the Two Hypotheses . . . . .. 68
3.5 Thermodynamic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
3.5.1 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics ........... 71
3.5.2 Thermodynamic Potential and Dissipation Inequality.. 72
3.5.3 Dissipation Potential and Dual Relationship .......... 74
3.6 Damage Strain Energy Release Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
3.7 Isotropic Damage Model of Double Scalar Variables .......... 85
3.7.1 Alternative Approach of Isotropic Damage Variables ... 86
3.7.2 Different Forms of Elastic Damaged Stress-Strain
Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
3.7.3 Isotropic Double Scalar Damage Variables ........... 88
3.7.4 Strain Energy Release Rate with Double Scalar
Damage Variables ................................. 96
3.7.5 Discussions of Characteristic of Double Scalars
Damage Model ................................... 102
3.7.6 Modeling of Alternative Double Scalar Damage
Theory ........................................ 108
3.8 Generalized Theory of Isotropic Damage Mechanics .......... 119
3.8.1 Modelling of Generalized Damage Constitutive ........ 120
3.8.2 Discussion and Analysis of Generalized Damage Model. 124
3.8.3 Aspects of Damage Effective Functions ............... 125
3.8.4 Dissipative Potential and Damage Evolution for
Generalized Theory ................................ 130
References .................................................. 132

4 Isotropic Elasto-Plastic Damage Mechanics ................ 135

4.1 Introduction ............................................ 135
4.2 Associated Flow Rule Model .............................. 136
4.2.1 Re-expression of Lemaitre's Model ................... 136
4.2.2 Damage Evolution Equations ....................... 138
4.2.3 Evaluated Damage Variables by Different Hypothesis
Models ........................................... 142
4.3 Non-Associated Flow Rule Model ......................... 144
4.3.1 Basic Equations of Elasto-Plasticity for Isotropic
Damaged Materials ................................ 144
4.3.2 Static Elasto-Plastic Damage Model without Damage
Growth .......................................... 146
 Contents XI

4.3.3 Elasto-Plastic Model with Damage Growth ........... 147

4.3.4 Nonlinear Kinetic Evolution Equations of
Elasto-Plastic Damage ............................. 149
4.3.5 Model of Combined Dissipation Potential ............. 152
4.4 Damage Plastic Criteria for Numerical Analysis ............. 155
4.4.1 Damage-Plastic Potential Functions ................. 155
4.4.2 Damage-Plastic Yield Function ...................... 157
4.4.3 Different Modeling of Damage Yield Criteria .......... 159
4.4.4 Expression for Numerical Computation ............... 161
4.5 Shakedown Upper Bound Model of Elasto-Plastic Damage .... 168
4.5.1 Simplified Damage Constitutive Model ............... 168
4.5.2 Upper Bound on Damage of Structures ............... 169
4.6 Gradual Analysis of Double Scale Elasto-Plastic Damage
Mechanics ............................................. 172
4.6.1 Gradual Constitutive Relation Coupled with Double
Scale Damage ..................................... 172
4.6.2 Damage Evolution Criterion Based on Double Scale of
Damage .......................................... 174
4.6.3 Damage Evolution Equation-Time Type ............ 177
4.6.4 Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions for Solving
Problems ......................................... 181
4.7 Analysis of Coupled Isotropic Damage and Fracture
Mechanics ............................................ 183
4.7.1 Gradual Analysis for Developing Crack under
Monotonous Loading .............................. 183
4.7.2 Basic Equation of Gradual Field near Developing
Crack .......................................... 187
4.7.3 Boundary Condition and Solution Method of Studied
Problem .......................................... 191
4.8 Verify Isotropic Damage Mechanics Model by Numerical
Examples ............................................... 193
4.8.1 Example of Bar Specimen .......................... 193
4.8.2 Compression of Plastic Damage Behavior Based on
Different Hypothesis ............................... 196
4.9 Numerical Application for Damaged Thick Walled Cylinder ... 198
4.9.1 Plastic Damage Analysis for Damaged Thick Walled
Cylinder ......................................... 198
4.9.2 Analysis for Local Damage Behaviors ................ 201
4.9.3 Analysis for Damaged Thick Walled Cylinder Based
on Shakedown Theory ............................. 204
4.9.4 Numerical Results of Gradual Analysis for Developing
Crack under Monotonous Loading ................... 208
References .................................................. 213
XII Contents

5 Basis of Anisotropic Damage Mechanics ................... 217

5.1 Introduction ............................................ 217
5.2 Anisotropic Damage Tensor ............................... 218
5.2.1 Micro description of Damage on Geometry ........... 218
5.2.2 Damage Tensor Associated with One Group of Cracks . 221
5.2.3 Damage Tensor Associated with Multi-Groups of
Cracks .......................................... 224
5.3 Principal Anisotropic Damage Model ...................... 225
5.3.1 Three Dimensional Space ........................... 225
5.3.2 Two Dimensional Space ........................... 230
5.4 Decomposition Model of Anisotropic Damage Tensor ........ 232
5.4.1 Review of Definition of Damage Variable ............. 232
5.4.2 Decomposition of Damage Variable in One Dimension .. 233
5.4.3 Decomposition of Symmetrized Anisotropic Damage
Tensor in 3-D ..................................... 237
5.5 Basic Relations of Anisotropic Damage Based on
Thermodynamics ........................................ 241
5.5.1 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics of
Anisotropic Materials .............................. 241
5.5.2 Thermodynamic Potential and Dissipation Inequality
in Anisotropy ..................................... 242
5.5.3 Dissipation Potential and Dual Relationship in
Anisotropy ....................................... 244
5.5.4 Damage Strain Energy Release Rate of Anisotropic
Damage .......................................... 245
5.6 Elastic Constitutive Model for Anisotropic Damaged Materials 247
5.6.1 Elastic Matrix of Damaged Materials in Three
Dimensions ....................................... 247
5.6.2 Elastic Matrix of Damaged Materials in Two
Dimensions ...................................... 250
5.6.3 Property of Anisotropic Damage Elastic Matrix ....... 255
5.7 Different Models of Damage Effective Matrix ............... 257
5.7.1 Principal Damage Effective Matrix in Different
Symmetrization Schemes ........................... 257
5.7.2 Matrix [lP] Expressed by Second Order Damage
Tensor in Different Schemes ........................ 266
5.8 Different Modeling of Damage Strain Energy Release Rate .... 279
5.8.1 Overview of the Topic .............................. 279
5.8.2 Modification of [lP] Based on Different Symmetrization
Models ........................................... 280
5.8.3 Different Forms of Damage Strain Energy Release Rate 281
5.8.4 Discussion and Conclusions ......................... 288
5.9 Effects of Symmetrization of Net-Stress Tensor in Anisotropic
Damage Models ......................................... 289
5.9.1 Review of Symmetrization Models ................... 289
 Contents XIII

5.9.2 Effects of Symmetrization on Net-Stress Tensor ....... 291

5.9.3 Influence of Symmetrization on Deviatiom Net-Stress
Thnwr ........................................... 2~
5.9.4 Effects of Symmetrization on Net-Stress Invariant ..... 295
5.9.5 Effects of Symmetrization on Net Principal Stresses
and Directions .................................... 298
5.9.6 Effects of Symmetrization on Damage Constitutive
Relations ......................................... 303
5.10 Simple Damage Evolution Modeling ....................... 307
5.10.1 Damage Kinetic Equations ......................... 307
5.11 Verify Anisotropic Damage Model by Numerical Modeling .... 311
5.11.1 Stiffness Matrix of Anisotropic Elastic Damage Model
in F.E.M ......................................... 311
5.11.2 Numerical Verifying for Elastic Damage Constitutive
Relationship ...................................... 312
5.11.3 Numerical Verifying for Symmetrization Comments ... 314
5.12 Numerical Application to Analysis of Engineering Problems ... 322
5.12.1 Anisotropic Damage Analysis for Excavation of
Underground Cavern ............................... 322
5.12.2 Damage Mechanics Analysis for Stability of Crag
Rock Slope ....................................... 328
5.12.3 Damage Mechanics Analysis for Koyna Dam due to
Seismic Event ..................................... 340
References .................................................. 353

6 Brittle Damage Mechanics of Rock Mass .................. 357

6.1 Introduction and Objective ............................... 357
6.2 General Theory of Brittle Damage Mechanics ............... 359
6.2.1 Thermodynamic Basic Expression of Brittle Damage
Mechanics ........................................ 359
6.2.2 General Constitutive Relationship of Brittle Damage
Materials ......................................... 367
6.3 Application of Thermodynamic Potential to Brittle Damage
Materials ............................................... 372
6.3.1 Dissipation Potential and Effective Concepts due to
Damage .......................................... 372
6.3.2 Effective Operations for Anisotropic Damage .......... 373
6.3.3 Progressive Unilateral Character of Damage .......... 376
6.3.4 Case Study of Damage in Anisotropic Materials ....... 378
6.4 Micro-mechanics of Brittle Damage Based on Mean Field
T~ory ................................................. 3~
6.4.1 Introduction and Objective ......................... 383
6.4.2 Mean Field Theory of Micro-Mechanics .............. 385
6.4.3 Strain Energy due to Presence of a Single Slit ......... 388
XIV Contents

6.4.4Compliances of 2-D Elastic Continuum Containing

Many Slits ....................................... 393
6.4.5 Critical State and P ercolation Theory ................ 403
6.4.6 Higher Order Models for Rectilinear Slits ............. 413
6.5 Non-linear Brittle Damage Model of Porous Media ........... 415
6.5.1 Relationship between Damage and Porosity ........... 415
6.5.2 Brittle Damage Model Based on Modified
Mohr-Coulomb Porous Media ....................... 417
6.5.3 Influence of Damage on Shear Strength of Porous
Media ........................................... 427
6.6 Brittle Damage Model for Crack-Jointed Rock Mass ......... 434
6.6.1 Aspects of Brittle of Crack-Jointed Rock Mass ........ 434
6.6.2 Constitutive Model of Crack-Jointed Rock Mass ....... 435
6.6.3 Determination of Pressure and Shear Conductive
Coefficients C n and C s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
6.6.4 Energy Equivalent Model of Brittle Damage for
Jointed Rock Mass ................................ 447
6.6.5 General Model of Constitutive Equations for Jointed
Rock Mass ....................................... 452
6.6.6 Brittle Elasto-plastic Damage Model for Jointed Rock
Mass ............................................ 455
6.6.7 Application to Engineering Project .................. 457
References .................................................. 463

7 Anisotropic Elasto-plastic Damage Mechanics . ............. 469

7.1 Introduction ............................................ 469
7.2 Failure Models of Anisotropic Damaged Materials ........... 470
7.2.1 Characteristic of Anisotropic Failure ................. 470
7.2.2 Model for Modified Hill 's Criterion .................. 472
7.2.3 Model for Modified Hoffman's Criterion .............. 475
7.3 Influence of Anisotropic Orientation ....................... 479
7.3.1 Influence of Orientation on Hill's Model .............. 479
7.3.2 Influence of Orientation on Hoffman's Model .......... 483
7.4 Anisotropic Damage Strain Energy Release Rate ............ 487
7.5 Anisotropic Damage Elasto-plastic Theory .................. 490
7.5.1 Elasto-plastic Equations without Damage Growth ..... 491
7.5.2 Elasto-plastic Equations with Damage Growth ........ 493
7.5.3 Equivalent Principle of Damage State ................ 496
7.6 Anisotropic Hardening Model ............................. 497
7.7 Anisotropic Elasto-plastic Damage Equations for Numerical
Analysis ................................................ 505
7.8 Coupled Damage and Plasticity in General Effective Tensor
Models ................................................. 510
7.8.1 Stress Transformation Based on Configurations ........ 510
7.8.2 Strain State and Strain Transformation .............. 514
 Contents XV

7.8.3 Coupled Constitutive Model ........................ 520

7.8.4 Application of Anisotropic Gurson Plastic Damage
Model to Void Growth ............................. 527
7.8.5 Corotational Effective Spin Tensor ................... 530
7.9 Elasto-plastic Damage for Finite-Strain .................... 531
7.9.1 Configuration of Deformation and Damage ........... 531
7.9.2 Description of Damage Tensors ...................... 532
7.9.3 Corresponding Damage Effective Tensor for
Symmetrized Model II ............................. 533
7.9.4 Elasto-plastic Damage Behavior with Finite Strains .... 535
7.9.5 Thermodynamic Description of Finite Strain Damage .. 549
7.9.6 Damage Behavior of Elasto-plastic Finite Deformation. 555
7.10 Numerical Results in Applications ......................... 556
7.10.1 Perforated Specimen ............................... 556
7.10.2 Cracked Plate Subjected to Tension ................. 559
7.11 Numerical Analysis for Anisotropic Gurson's Plastic Damage
Model .................................................. 564
7.11.1 Plasticity of Gurson's Yield Criterion ................ 564
7.11.2 An Application of Hill Quadratic Anisotropic Yield
Criterion ......................................... 565
7.11.3 Anisotropic Gurson's Plastic Model Based on Hill's
Failure Criterion .................................. 568
7.11.4 Finite Element Analysis for Voids Growth of Gurson's
Plastic Model .................................... 575
References .................................................. 586

8 Theory of Visco-elasto-plastic Damage Mechanics .......... 589

8.1 Introduction ............................................ 589
8.2 Thermodynamics of Visco-elastic Damage Mechanics ......... 594
8.2.1 General Thermodynamics Framework ................ 594
8.2.2 Stated Equivalence of Thermodynamic Entropy ....... 598
8.2.3 Visco-elasticity with Temperature Coupled to Damage. 600
8.3 Asymptotic Expansion of Visco-plastic Damage Mechanics .... 610
8.3.1 About Visco-plastic Damage ........................ 610
8.3.2 Description of Visco-plastic Damage System .......... 612
8.3.3 Recursive Integration Method for Visco-plastic Damage 617
8.3.4 Outline of Visco-plastic Damage Equations and
Algorithm ........................................ 624
8.4 Integrated Model of Isotropic Creep Damage ................ 627
8.4.1 Uniaxial Creep Damage Behavior ................... 627
8.4.2 Multiaxial Creep Damage Modeling .................. 630
8.4.3 Generalization of Damage Creep Law ................ 635
8.5 Visco-elasto-plastic Damage Mechanics Based on Minimum
Dissipative Energy Principle .............................. 637
8.5.1 Generalized Principle of Minimum Dissipative Energy .637
XVI Contents

8.5.2 Theoretical Modeling of Visco-elasto-plastic Damage

Mechanics ........................................ 641
8.5.3 Numerical Modeling of Visco-elasto-plastic Damage
Mechanics ........................................ 646
8.6 Generalized Variational Principles of Visco-elastic Damage
Problems ............................................... 650
8.6.1 Preferences of Variational Principles ................. 650
8.6.2 Generalized Variational Principles for Visco-elastic
Damage Mechanics ................................ 651
8.6.3 Application of Generalized Variational Principle ....... 658
8.7 Numerical Studies on Visco-elasto-plastic Damage Behaviors .. 662
8.7.1 Application of Coupled Visco-elastic Damage Model
to Swirl-Mat Composites ........................... 662
8.7.2 Observation of Asymptotic Integration for
Visco-plastic Damage Problems ..................... 668
8.7.3 Numerical Studies of Visco-plastic Damage Behavior
in Simple Structures ............................... 673
8.8 Effects of Localization Approach to Creep Fracture Damage .. 677
8.8.1 Effects of Mesh-dependence Due to Local Approach ... 677
8.8.2 Numerical St udy for Effects of Localization Approach
to Creep Damage .................................. 681
8.8.3 Regularizations to Suppress Mesh-dependence ......... 687
8.9 Engineering Applications of Visco-elasto-plastic Damage
Mechanics .............................................. 692
8.9.1 F. E. Modeling of Thermal Visco-elasto-plastic
Damage Behavior ................................. 692
8.9.2 Applied Example of Four-point Bending Tests of
Stiffened Plates ................................... 696
8.9.3 Applied Example for Analysis of Pylon Members with
a Bolt Hole ....................................... 699
8.9.4 Two Dimensional Dynamic Finite Element Analysis
for Visco-elasto-plastic Damage in Longtan Concrete
Gravity Dam Project .............................. 704
References .................................................. 715

9 Dynamic Damage Problems of Damaged Materials ........ 723

9.1 Introduction ............................................ 723
9.2 Fundamentals of Dynamic Damage Mechanics ............... 724
9.2.1 Basic Equations of Dynamic Evolutional System ...... 724
9.2.2 Variation Principle of Dynamic Evolutional
Continuous System ................................ 727
9.2.3 Unified Description of Dynamic Evolutionary
Continuous System ................................ 728
9.2.4 Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Equations for Dynamic
Evolutionary System ............................... 730
 Contents XVII

9.2.5 Schemes of Numerical Solutions ..................... 733

9.3 Dynamic Damage Evolutionary Equations .................. 734
9.3.1 Damage Growth Equations ......................... 734
9.3.2 Concept of Damage Propagation .................... 737
9.4 Numerical Method of Analysis for Dynamic Damage Problems 738
9.4.1 Governing Equations of Motion for Anisotropic
Damaged Structures ............................... 738
9.4.2 Finite Element Discretization of Dynamic Damaged
Body ............................................ 739
9.4.3 Finite Element Discretization of Dynamic Damage
Evolution ........................................ 741
9.4.4 Damping for Damaged Materials .................... 746
9.5 Wave Propagation in Damaged Media and Damage Wave ..... 749
9.5.1 Introduction of Wave with Damage .................. 749
9.5.2 Wave Propagation Characters in Damaged Media ..... 750
9.5.3 Analysis for Examples of One-Dimensional Wave
Propagation in Damaged Media ..................... 761
9.5.4 Kinematic Wave Applied to Crack Tips .............. 777
9.5.5 Damage Wave in Elastic-Brittle Materials ............ 784
9.6 Analysis for Dynamic Response of Damaged Simple
Structures ........................................... 797
9.6.1 An Introduction of Dynamic Response of Damaged
Structures ........................................ 797
9.6.2 Response of Damaged Simple Structure under
Dynamic Loading ................................. 800
9.6.3 Lagrangian F E Analysis for Dynamics of Damaged
Deep Beam ....................................... 808
9.6.4 Damage Evolution in Deep Beam during Dynamic
Response ......................................... 812
9.6.5 Influence of Damage on Dynamic Behavior ........... 820
9.7 Dynamic Damage Analysis for Brittle Rock and Its
Application ........................................... 832
9.7.1 Purpose of Brittle Rock Dynamic Damage Studies ..... 833
9.7.2 Wave Propagation in Brittle Jointed Rock ............ 834
9.7.3 Analysis for Dynamic Damage in Micro-jointed Rock
Mass ............................................ 839
9.7.4 Impact Response Behavior of Dynamic Damaged
Brittle Rock ..................................... 842
9.7.5 Example of Numerical Applications and Validation .... 845
9.7.6 Fragmentation of Brittle Rock Due to Dynamic
Damage ........................................ 849
9.8 Engineering Application of Dynamic Damage Analysis ....... 858
9.8.1 Dynamic Damage Analysis for Earthquake Responses
of Arch Dams ..................................... 858
XVIII Contents

9.8.2 Dynamic Analysis of Brittle Damage in Arch Dam

Due to Blast Load ................................. 880
9.8.3 Damage Analysis for Penetration of Limited-thickness
Concrete Targets .................................. 892
References .................................................. 900

Index .......................................................... 911